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CN107300294B - 一种烟气碳捕集系统的二氧化碳液化装置及方法 - Google Patents

一种烟气碳捕集系统的二氧化碳液化装置及方法 Download PDF

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CN107300294B
CN107300294B CN201710658357.2A CN201710658357A CN107300294B CN 107300294 B CN107300294 B CN 107300294B CN 201710658357 A CN201710658357 A CN 201710658357A CN 107300294 B CN107300294 B CN 107300294B
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CN107300294A (zh
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汪世清
郭东方
牛红伟
刘练波
郜时旺
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Huaneng Clean Energy Research Institute
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种烟气碳捕集系统的二氧化碳液化装置及方法，该装置包括缓冲罐，缓冲罐入口与来自碳捕集系统的再生气管道相连，缓冲罐出口与低温除湿器高温侧入口相连，低温除湿器高温侧出口依次连接活性炭塔、分子筛塔、第一CO2压缩机、冷凝器、节流阀和气液分离器，气液分离器液体出口与升压泵入口相连，升压泵出口与液态CO2储罐入口相连，气液分离器气体出口与低温除湿器低温侧入口相连，低温除湿器低温侧出口与第二CO2压缩机入口相连，第二CO2压缩机出口与冷凝器入口相连；本发明还公开了该装置进行二氧化碳液化的方法；利用高压超临界CO2节流膨胀实现自身液化，然后通过升压泵增压实现液态CO2过冷，从而省去了独立的氨冷机制冷系统。

Description

一种烟气碳捕集系统的二氧化碳液化装置及方法
技术领域
本发明属于温室气体减排以及气体液化技术领域，具体涉及一种烟气碳捕集系统的二氧化碳液化装置及方法。
背景技术
二氧化碳(CO2)是最主要的温室气体。工业生产(石油、电力、化工、水泥等)过程中向大气排放大量的二氧化碳气体，导致全球性的气候变化，威胁人类文明社会的可持续发展。
烟气二氧化碳捕集、利用与封存(CCUS)技术被广泛认为是实现大规模温室气体减排、遏制气候变化的重要技术途径。采用有机胺作为二氧化碳吸收溶剂的化学吸收法是当前主流的烟气二氧化碳捕集技术，已开发百万吨级工业级示范装置。由于CCUS技术链条中的二氧化碳利用与封存往往与捕集装置的地理位置有一定的距离，需要将CO2从捕集点运输到利用/封存地点。为了便于运输，需要将捕集的CO2气体进行液化，然后通过罐车进行运输。
通过化学吸收法从烟气中捕集并再生出来的二氧化碳再生气温度约为40-50℃，压力约为150-200kPa(绝对压力)，CO2纯度约为95％，另外还有近5％的水分以及微量O2、N2、NO、氨气等杂质气体。常规的液化方式如图1所示。
常规液化系统的工艺流程如下：
来自碳捕集系统的CO2再生气(150kPa,40℃)经缓冲罐1缓冲后进入低温除湿器2降温除湿,除去再生气中约5％的水分；经过除湿后的CO2气体被CO2压缩机3压缩至约2.5MPa，压缩机自带冷却系统，将压缩后的气体冷却至35～40℃；压缩后的CO2气体进入活性炭塔4除去有机挥发物VOCs和氨气等微量杂质气体,然后进入分子筛塔5进行深度除湿，以满足工业级CO2标准；净化后的气体进入氨冷器6冷却到约‐20℃(过冷液体)，过冷CO2液体然后在系统压力的作用下被注入液态CO2储罐7进行存储。
常规CO2液化方法是核心设备是氨冷系统，它由氨压缩机8、氨冷凝器9、节流阀10和氨冷器6组成。氨冷器6又称氨蒸发器，在氨冷器6中，冷侧液氨在‐33℃下蒸发吸热，将热测高压CO2气体冷凝液化。氨冷器6冷侧出口的低温氨蒸汽进入低温除湿器2，将流经低温除湿器2热测的CO2气流降温除湿；低温除湿器2冷侧出口的氨气进入氨压缩机8，压缩至约1.5～2MPa，然后经过冷凝器9冷凝至35～40℃，高压氨气经过节流阀10节流膨胀降温发生部分液化，液氨进入氨冷器6，对流经氨冷器6的CO2气体进行降温液化，完成氨制冷循环。
常规CO2液化系统采用氨冷机作为制冷系统，氨冷机需要定时补充液氨，因此，需要在电厂进行液氨的存储和运输。液氨是一种易燃、带有刺激性气味的危险化学品，因此电厂对于氨的管理和使用非常严格。可见，寻求一种不使用氨冷机的CO2液化系统，提高电厂碳捕集系统的安全性，是十分有意义的。
发明内容
为了克服上述现有技术存在的问题，本发明的目的在于提供一种烟气碳捕集系统的二氧化碳液化装置及方法，利用高压超临界CO2节流膨胀实现自身液化，然后通过升压泵增压实现液态CO2过冷，从而省去了独立的氨冷机制冷系统。
为了达到上述目的，本发明采用如下技术方案：
一种烟气碳捕集系统的二氧化碳液化装置，包括缓冲罐1，缓冲罐1入口与来自碳捕集系统的再生气管道相连，缓冲罐1出口与低温除湿器2高温侧入口相连，低温除湿器2高温侧出口与活性炭塔3入口相连，活性炭塔3出口与分子筛塔4入口相连，分子筛塔4出口与第一CO2压缩机5入口相连，第一CO2压缩机5出口与冷凝器6入口相连，冷凝器6出口与节流阀7入口相连，节流阀7出口与气液分离器8入口相连，气液分离器8液体出口与升压泵9入口相连，升压泵9出口与液态CO2储罐10入口相连，气液分离器8气体出口与低温除湿器2低温侧入口相连，低温除湿器2低温侧出口与第二CO2压缩机11入口相连，第二CO2压缩机11出口与冷凝器6入口相连。
所述烟气碳捕集系统的二氧化碳液化装置的二氧化碳液化方法：
来自碳捕集系统的CO2再生气(150kPa,40℃)经缓冲罐1缓冲后进入低温除湿器2降温除湿,除去再生气中约5％的水分；；经过除湿后的CO2气体进入活性炭塔3除去有机挥发物VOCs和微量杂质气体,然后进入分子筛塔4进行深度除湿，以满足工业级CO2标准；分子筛塔4流出的CO2气体被第一CO2压缩机5压缩至10～15Mpa的超临界状态，然后经过冷凝器6冷却至35～40℃，超临界CO2经过节流阀7节流膨胀，压力降至1.5～2MPa，温度降至-25℃，CO2发生部分液化；液化后的CO2经过气液分离罐8分离，然后经过升压泵9升压至2.5MPa，得到过冷的液体CO2，并压入液态CO2储罐10进行存储；气液分离罐8分离出来的未液化的低温CO2气体经过低温除湿器2，对热测CO2气体进行降温除湿，然后经第二CO2压缩机11压缩至10～15MPa的超临界，与第一CO2压缩机5出口的超临界CO2混合后进入冷凝器6，然后进行节流膨胀液化。
与常规CO2液化装置相比，本发明有以下特点：
1)常规CO2液化装置是通过独立的制冷循环，对CO2产品气进行间接换热达到冷却液化的目的；而本发明所述CO2液化装置没有独立的制冷循环，而是通过对CO2产品气进行压缩、节流膨胀达到自身降温液化。
2)常规CO2液化装置使用氨作为制冷工质；本发明所述CO2液化装置没有独立的制冷循环，因此不涉及制冷工质的使用。
3)常规的CO2液化装置无论是CO2压缩机还是氨压缩机压力都在2.5MPa以下；本发明所述CO2液化装置涉及10MPa以上的高压系统，对压力要求较高。
4)本发明所述CO2液化装置与常规CO2液化装置的能耗水平相当。
附图说明
图1为常规的烟气碳捕集系统二氧化碳液化装置示意图。
图2为本发明所述的烟气碳捕集系统二氧化碳液化装置示意图。
具体实施方式
为清楚说明本发明，下面结合实施例及附图，对本发明进行进一步详细说明。本领域技术人员了解，下述内容不是对本发明保护范围的限制，任何在本发明基础上做出的改进和变化，都在本发明的保护范围之内。
根据本发明优选的实施例，烟气碳捕集系统的二氧化碳液化装置工艺流程和系统装置连接结构如图2所示。
本发明一种烟气碳捕集系统的二氧化碳液化装置，包括如下设备：
缓冲罐1、低温除湿器2、活性炭塔3、分子筛塔4、CO2压缩机5、冷凝器6、节流阀7、气液分离罐8、升压泵9、液态CO2储罐10、CO2压缩机11。
所述工艺各系统和设备连接方式如下：
缓冲罐1入口与来自碳捕集系统的再生气管道相连，缓冲罐1出口与低温除湿器2高温侧入口相连，低温除湿器2高温侧出口与活性炭塔3入口相连，活性炭塔3出口与分子筛塔4入口相连，分子筛塔4出口与第一CO2压缩机5入口相连，第一CO2压缩机5出口与冷凝器6入口相连，冷凝器6出口与节流阀7入口相连，节流阀7出口与气液分离器8入口相连，气液分离器8液体出口与升压泵9入口相连，升压泵9出口与液态CO2储罐10入口相连，气液分离器8气体出口与低温除湿器2低温侧入口相连，低温除湿器2低温侧出口与第二CO2压缩机11入口相连，第二CO2压缩机11出口与冷凝器6入口相连。
本发明所述系统的工艺流程如下：
来自碳捕集系统的CO2再生气(150kPa,40℃)经缓冲罐1缓冲后进入低温除湿器2降温除湿,除去再生气中约5％的水分；；经过除湿后的CO2气体进入活性炭塔3除去有机挥发物VOCs和氨气等微量杂质气体,然后进入分子筛塔4进行深度除湿，以满足工业级CO2标准；分子筛塔4流出的CO2气体被第一CO2压缩机5压缩至10～15MPa(超临界)，然后经过冷凝器6冷却至35～40℃，超临界CO2经过节流阀7节流膨胀，压力降至约1.5～2MPa，温度降至约-25℃，CO2发生部分液化。液化后的CO2经过气液分离罐8分离，然后经过升压泵9升压至2.5MPa，得到过冷的液体CO2，并压入液态CO2储罐10进行存储。气液分离罐8分离出来的未液化的低温CO2气体经过低温除湿器2，对热测CO2气体进行降温除湿，然后经第二CO2压缩机11压缩至10～15MPa(超临界)，与第一CO2压缩机5出口的超临界CO2混合后进入冷凝器6，然后进行节流膨胀液化。

Claims (2)

1.一种烟气碳捕集系统的二氧化碳液化装置，包括缓冲罐(1)，缓冲罐(1)入口与来自碳捕集系统的再生气管道相连，其特征在于：缓冲罐(1)出口与低温除湿器(2)高温侧入口相连，低温除湿器(2)高温侧出口与活性炭塔(3)入口相连，活性炭塔(3)出口与分子筛塔(4)入口相连，分子筛塔(4)出口与第一CO2压缩机(5)入口相连，第一CO2压缩机(5)出口与冷凝器(6)入口相连，冷凝器(6)出口与节流阀(7)入口相连，节流阀(7)出口与气液分离器(8)入口相连，气液分离器(8)液体出口与升压泵(9)入口相连，升压泵(9)出口与液态CO2储罐(10)入口相连，气液分离器(8)气体出口与低温除湿器(2)低温侧入口相连，低温除湿器(2)低温侧出口与第二CO2压缩机(11)入口相连，第二CO2压缩机(11)出口与冷凝器(6)入口相连。
2.权利要求1所述烟气碳捕集系统的二氧化碳液化装置的二氧化碳液化方法，其特征在于：来自碳捕集系统的CO2再生气经缓冲罐(1)缓冲后进入低温除湿器(2)降温除湿,除去再生气中约5％的水分；经过除湿后的CO2气体进入活性炭塔(3)除去有机挥发物VOCs和微量杂质气体,然后进入分子筛塔(4)进行深度除湿，以满足工业级CO2标准；分子筛塔(4)流出的CO2气体被第一CO2压缩机(5)压缩至10～15Mpa的超临界状态，然后经过冷凝器(6)冷却至35～40℃，超临界CO2经过节流阀(7)节流膨胀，压力降至1.5～2MPa，温度降至-25℃，CO2发生部分液化；液化后的CO2经过气液分离器(8)分离，然后经过升压泵(9)升压至2.5MPa，得到过冷的液体CO2，并压入液态CO2储罐(10)进行存储；气液分离器(8)分离出来的未液化的低温CO2气体经过低温除湿器(2)，对热测CO2气体进行降温除湿，然后经第二CO2压缩机(11)压缩至10～15MPa的超临界，与第一CO2压缩机(5)出口的超临界CO2混合后进入冷凝器(6)，然后进行节流膨胀液化。
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