CN106457773B - 用于平视显示器(hud)的具有小的厚度的复合玻璃 - Google Patents
用于平视显示器(hud)的具有小的厚度的复合玻璃 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及用于平视显示器的具有上边缘(O)和下边缘(U)的复合玻璃(10),其至少包括由玻璃制成的外板(1)和由玻璃制成的内板(2),它们经热塑性的中间层(3)彼此连接在一起,其中,内板(2)具有小于1.2mm的厚度,并且其中,中间层(3)的厚度于在下边缘(U)和上边缘(O)之间的竖直的走向上以小于或等于0.3mrad的最大的楔角(α)至少局部可变。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及复合玻璃和用于平视显示器的投影装置、用于制备复合玻璃的方法及其用途。
背景技术
现代汽车越来越多地装备有所谓的平视显示器(HUD)。利用投影机(例如在仪表板的区域中或在车顶区域中)将图像投影到挡风玻璃上,在该处被反射并且被驾驶员作为在挡风玻璃之后的虚拟的图像(从该驾驶员所看到的)感知。由此重要的信息能够投影到驾驶员的视野中,例如当前的行驶速度、导航指示或警告指示,驾驶员能够感知它们,而驾驶员的目光不必从车道处转向。平视显示器能够由此显著地有助于提高交通安全。
在上面描述的平视显示器中出现如下问题,即投影机图像在挡风玻璃的两个表面处反射。由此驾驶员不仅感知期望的主图像,而且还感知轻微偏移的、通常强度较弱的幻像(Nebenbild)。后者通常还称为重影(Geisterbild)。该问题通常由此得以解决,即反射表面相对彼此以有意选择的角度来布置,以便主图像和重影重叠,由此重影不再引起干扰。楔角在用于平视显示器的传统复合玻璃的情况下通常为约0.5mrad。
挡风玻璃由两块玻璃板构成,它们经热塑性的薄膜相互层压在一起。如果玻璃板的表面应该如描述的那样成一角度来布置,则通常的是,使用具有非恒定的厚度的热塑性的薄膜。还提到了楔状的薄膜或楔形薄膜。在薄膜的两个表面之间的角度称为楔角。楔角可在整个的薄膜上是恒定的(线性的厚度变化)或取决于位置来改变(非线性的厚度变化)。带有楔形薄膜的复合玻璃例如由WO2009/071135A1、EP1800855B1或EP1880243A2已知。
楔形薄膜通常借助于挤出制备,其中,使用楔状的挤出喷嘴。具有期望的楔角的楔形薄膜的制备(所述楔角尤其取决于具体的板的几何形状和平视显示器的投影装置)是非常贵并且复杂的。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于,提供用于平视显示器的改善的复合玻璃,所述复合玻璃能够比按照类型传统的复合玻璃成本更低地并且更简单地制备。
本发明的目的根据本发明通过根据权利要求1的复合玻璃来实现。优选的实施方案由从属权利要求得知。
根据本发明的用于平视显示器(HUD)的复合玻璃具有上边缘和下边缘。上边缘是指复合玻璃的如下侧边缘,所述侧边缘设置成,在安装位置中向上指向。下边缘是指如下侧边缘,所述侧边缘设置成,在安装位置中向下指向。如果复合玻璃为机动车的挡风玻璃,则上边缘常常还被称为车顶边缘并且下边缘被称为发动机边缘。
根据本发明的复合玻璃(或复合板)包括外板和内板,它们经热塑性的中间层彼此连接在一起。复合玻璃设置成,在开口尤其是车辆的窗口中,将内部空间与外部环境隔开。内板在本发明的意义中是指复合板的朝向内部空间(车辆内部空间)的板。外板是指朝向外部环境的板。
内板具有小于1.2mm的厚度。中间层的厚度在复合玻璃的下边缘和上边缘之间的竖直的走向(verlauf)上以小于或等于0.3mrad的最大的楔角α至少局部(abschnittsweise)可变。但楔角至少局部具有有限的楔角,即大于0°的楔角。“局部”在此是指,在下边缘和上边缘之间的竖直的走向具有至少一个区段,在所述区段中中间层的厚度取决于位置来改变。但厚度还可在若干个区段中或在整个的竖直的走向上改变。竖直的走向是指在下边缘和上边缘之间以基本上垂直于提及的边缘的走向方向的走向。
楔角是指在中间层的两个表面之间的角度。如果楔角不恒定,则为了所述楔角的在一个点处的测量使切线移到表面处。
本发明的优点在于至少一块薄板(内板)和中间层的小的楔角的组合。通过使用至少一块板(其显著比用于挡风玻璃的典型的板(约2.1mm)薄),使得反射表面彼此更接近。由此使得主图像和重影较不明显地相对彼此移位,从而它们能够以相对小的楔角重叠。根据本发明的小于或等于0.3mrad的楔角明显小于用于传统复合玻璃的在0.5mrad的范围中的楔角。也就是说使用更薄的板使得能够使用具有仅小的楔角的热塑性的薄膜,所述薄膜可比具有更大的楔角的薄膜成本更低地并且更简单地制备。尤其这种薄膜可通过拉伸(Recken)具有恒定的厚度的薄膜来获得以代替通过挤出来获得。
此外本发明的小的楔角减少用于平视显示器的复合玻璃的常常出现的缺点。通过在复合玻璃的不同的表面处的折射和反射可在透射中出现双图像 - 通过复合玻璃观察到的物体在此双重显现。这种效果能够通过在HUD上优化的楔形薄膜(其具有通常从下向上增加的厚度,经优化用于避免在反射中的重影)来加强。本发明使得能够使用非常小的楔角,由此减弱在透射中的双图像问题。
至少一块薄板此外还减少复合玻璃的重量,这有助于车辆的更少的燃料消耗。仍然满足对车窗玻璃(Fahrzeugscheiben)的鉴于稳定性和断裂强度尤其是耐刮性和耐石击性的要求,外板和内板鉴于它们的厚度的非对称性也有助于此。
根据本发明的复合玻璃优选地为车辆、尤其是机动车、例如轿车的挡风玻璃。
外板可基本上具有在用于复合玻璃的传统的范围中、尤其是在2.1mm至3.0mm的范围中、例如2.1mm或2.6mm的厚度。在一个特别有利的实施方案中外板同样地为较薄的板并且具有小于2.1mm的厚度。由此根据本发明的复合玻璃的上面提及的优点增强地出现。
外板的厚度优选地为1.2mm至2.0mm、特别优选地1.4mm至1.8mm、相当特别优选地1.5mm至1.7mm。内板的厚度优选地为0.3mm至1.1mm、特别优选地为0.5mm至0.9mm、相当特别优选地0.6mm至0.8mm。通过这些厚度实现鉴于反射特性的良好性质并且重影能够有效地通过本发明的小的楔角来避免。同时复合玻璃是足够稳定的,以便用作车辆安装玻璃(Verglasung)。较厚的外板和较薄的内板的非对称的组合被证明提高耐石击性和断裂强度。
内板和外板优选地由玻璃、特别优选地由钠钙玻璃构成,这被证明对于窗玻璃有利。但所述板还可由其它的玻璃种类构成,例如硼硅玻璃或硅酸铝玻璃。但备选地所述板可基本上由塑料制成、尤其是聚碳酸酯或PMMA。
最大的楔角α优选地小于或等于0.2mrad。在一个相当特别有利的实施方案中最大的楔角α小于或等于0.15mrad、优选地小于或等于0.1mrad。楔角越小,中间层可越简单地通过拉伸来制备,并且在透射中的双图像的问题越较不显著地表现出来。最大的楔角是指在中间层中出现的最大的楔角。
HUD的图像距离(Bildweite)(也就是说虚拟的图像与复合玻璃的间距)越大,楔角必须越小以避免双图像。
大的图像距离尤其在所谓的“增强现实”HUD中出现,在其中不是仅仅将信息投影到挡风玻璃的受限的区域上,而是将外部环境的元素包括到图示中。对此的实例为行人的标记、与在前行驶的车辆的间距的显示或导航数据直接在车道上的投影、例如以用于标记待选择的车路。对于增强现实HUD的典型的图像距离而言,通常小于或等于0.15mrad的楔角是足够的。
楔角可在竖直的走向上为恒定的,这导致中间层的线性的厚度变化,其中,厚度通常从下向上变得更大。方向说明“从下向上”表示从下边缘到上边缘的方向,也就是说竖直的走向。但还可存在更复杂的厚度轮廓(profil),在其中楔角从下向上是可变的(即在竖直的走向上是依赖于位置的)、线性或非线性的。
优选地中间层的厚度在竖直的走向上从下向上至少局部增加。
中间层的可变的厚度可受限于竖直走向的区段。所述区段优选地至少相当于复合玻璃的所谓的HUD区域,也就是说如下区域,在其中HUD投影机产生图像。但区段还可更大。中间层的厚度可在整个的竖直的走向上是可变的,例如从下边缘到上边缘基本上持续增加。
中间层的厚度可在水平的截面中(即约平行于上边缘和下边缘的截面)是恒定的。那么厚度轮廓在复合玻璃的宽度上是恒定的。但厚度也可在水平的截面中是可变的。那么厚度不仅在竖直的、而且在水平的走向上可变。
中间层通过至少一个热塑性的薄膜构造而成。在一个有利的实施方案中楔角通过拉伸在薄膜中产生。楔状的薄膜不是挤出的,而是最初作为具有基本上恒定的厚度的传统薄膜来提供并且通过拉伸变形,使得所述薄膜具有期望的楔角。这比通过挤出的制备更简单并且成本更低。本领域技术人员后来认识到,楔角通过拉伸或通过挤出来构造,尤其是在靠近下边缘和/或上边缘的典型的厚度走向。
中间层优选地具有0.5mm至1mm、特别优选地0.6mm至0.9mm的最小厚度。最小厚度是指在中间层的最薄的部位处的厚度。带有较薄的中间层的复合玻璃常常具有过小的稳定性,以能够用作车窗玻璃。热塑性的薄膜、尤其是PVB薄膜以标准厚度0.76mm来销售。由这些薄膜可通过拉伸有利地引入根据本发明的楔角。因为根据本发明的楔角是非常小的,故薄膜局部不会如此显著变薄,以至于出现复合玻璃的稳定性的问题。
中间层优选地至少含有聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)、乙烯醋酸乙烯酯(EVA)、聚氨酯(PU)或它们的混合物或共聚物或衍生物、特别优选地PVB。中间层在一个优选的实施方案中由PVB薄膜构造而成。
中间层可通过单个的薄膜构造而成或也可通过多于一个的薄膜构造而成。在后一种情况中薄膜中的至少一个必须构造有楔角。中间层还可由所谓的声学薄膜构造而成,所述薄膜具有抗噪声的作用。这种薄膜通常由至少三层构成,其中,中间的层(例如由于增塑剂的更高的比例)比包围所述中间的层的外部的层具有更高的塑性或弹性。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,外板和/或内板为化学预应力(chemischvorgespannte)板,优选地较薄的内板,其经受较小的石击负荷,为化学预应力板。在化学预应力的情况下,通过离子交换使玻璃在表面的区域中的化学组成改变。在一个特别优选的实施方案中,外板和内板为非预应力板。在另一特别优选的实施方案中,外板为非预应力板并且内板为化学预应力板。
外板、内板和热塑性的中间层可为澄清的并且无色的,但也可为调色的或着色的。尤其当复合玻璃为挡风玻璃时,通过复合玻璃的总透射在一个优选的实施方案中大于70%。术语总透射基于通过ECE-R 43,附录3,§ 9.1规定的用于检测机动车窗玻璃的透光性的方法。
复合玻璃优选地在空间的一个或若干个方向上弯曲,如对于机动车窗玻璃常见的那样,其中,典型的曲率半径处于约10cm至约40m的范围内。但例如当复合玻璃设置为用于公共汽车、火车或拖拉机的窗玻璃时,复合玻璃也可为平坦的。
根据本发明的复合玻璃可具有功能性涂层,例如反射IR或吸收IR的涂层、反射UV或吸收UV的涂层、赋色的(farbgebende)涂层、低的发射率的涂层、可加温的涂层、带有天线功能的涂层、粘合碎片的(splitterbindende)涂层或用于屏蔽电磁辐射的涂层。功能性涂层优选地布置在外板上。较厚的外板可比较薄的内板技术上更简单且成本更低地涂布,例如通过物理气相沉积(如溅射)。功能性涂层优选地布置在外板的朝向热塑性的中间层的表面上,在该处保护所述涂层免受腐蚀和损害。功能性涂层还可布置于在中间层中的例如由聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)制成的嵌入薄膜(Einlagefolie)上。
复合玻璃还可通过如下方式配备有附加功能,即除功能性涂层以外或替代功能性涂层,中间层具有功能性嵌入物(Einlagerungen),例如具有吸收IR的、吸收UV的、赋色的或声学的性质的嵌入物。嵌入物例如为有机或无机离子、化合物、附聚物、分子、晶体、颜料或染料。
本发明另外包括用于平视显示器的投影装置,其至少包括本发明的复合玻璃和投影机,所述投影机对准复合玻璃的区域,其中,中间层的厚度至少在竖直走向上的该区域中可变。
投影机对准的区域为如下区域,在其中可通过投影机产生图像。该区域还被称为复合玻璃的HUD区域。中间层的厚度优选地至少在HUD区域中可变,尤其至少在整个HUD区域中,以便有效避免重影。但具有可变厚度的区段还可比HUD区域大。
本发明另外通过用于制备用于平视显示器的带有上边缘和下边缘的复合玻璃的方法实现,其中,(a)提供热塑性的中间层,其厚度在两个处于相对的边缘(即设置为下边缘和上边缘的边缘)之间的走向上以小于或等于0.3mrad的最大的楔角α至少局部可变;
(b)厚度小于1.2mm的中间层布置在由玻璃制成的外板和由玻璃制成的内板之间,其中,上述边缘(在它们之间厚度是可变的)指向上边缘和下边缘定向;以及
(c)内板和外板通过层压彼此连接在一起。
上文涉及复合玻璃描述的优选的实施方案相应地适用于根据本发明的方法。
热塑性的中间层作为薄膜来提供。在一个优选的实施方案中,这为传统的热塑性的薄膜、尤其是PVB薄膜,其具有(在初始状态中)基本上恒定的厚度。具有根据本发明的楔角的可变的厚度通过拉伸薄膜,也就是说通过合适的牵拉的机械作用力来引入。根据本发明的小的楔角可通过拉伸来实现,这比通过挤出来制备楔形薄膜明显成本更低。备选地热塑性的中间层还可通过借助于楔状的挤出喷嘴的挤出来制备。
如果复合玻璃应该是弯曲的,则外板和内板优选地在层压之前经受弯曲工艺。优选地外板和内板一起(也就是说同时并且通过相同的工具)完全一致地(kongruent)弯曲,因为由此板的形状为了之后进行的层压而最理想地彼此协调了的。用于玻璃弯曲工艺的典型的温度为例如500°C至700°C。
在一个优选的实施方案中,内板和或外板配备有化学预应力。在弯曲之后将板有利地缓慢冷却,优选地以0.05°C/sec至0.5°C/sec的冷却速率直到冷却至400°C的温度,以避免热应力。在这之后可进一步冷却,还以更高的冷却速率,因为在400°C以下产生热应力的风险是小的。化学预应力优选地在300°C至600°C、特别优选地400°C至500°C的温度下进行。板在此使用熔盐来处理,例如浸入到熔盐中。在处理期间使尤其是玻璃的钠离子被更大的离子尤其是更大的碱金属离子交换,其中,期望的表面压应力出现。熔盐优选地为钾盐、特别优选地硝酸钾(KNO3)或硫酸钾(KSO4)、相当特别优选地硝酸钾(KNO3)的熔体。通常的持续时间为2小时至48小时。在用熔盐处理之后使板冷却至室温。接下来优选地用硫酸(H2SO4)净化板。
复合玻璃通过层压来制备使用通常的、为本领域技术人员已知的方法,例如热压法、真空包装法、真空环法(Vakuumringverfahren)、压延法、真空层压法或它们的组合进行。外板和内板的连接在此通常在热、真空和/或压力的作用下进行。
本发明另外包括根据本发明的复合玻璃在机动车优选地轿车中作为挡风玻璃的用途,所述挡风玻璃用作平视显示器的投影面。
附图说明
在下面按照附图和实施例进一步阐述本发明。附图为示意性的图示并且不完全按比例。附图绝不限制本发明。
其中:
图1示出根据本发明的复合玻璃的一个实施方案的俯视图,
图2示出根据图1的复合玻璃的横截面,
图3示出图2的复合玻璃,作为根据本发明的投影装置的组成部分,以及
图4示出根据本发明的方法的一个实施方式的流程图。
具体实施方式
图1和图2分别示出根据本发明的复合玻璃10的细节,所述复合玻璃由外板1和内板2构成,它们经热塑性的中间层3彼此连接在一起。复合玻璃设置为机动车的挡风玻璃,所述机动车装备有平视显示器。外板1在安装位置中朝向外部环境,内板2朝向车辆内部空间。复合玻璃的上边缘O在安装位置中向上指向车辆顶(顶边缘),下边缘U向下指向发动机舱(发动机边缘)。
外板1由具有1.6mm的厚度的钠钙玻璃构成。内板2同样由钠钙玻璃构成并且具有仅仅0.7mm的厚度。也就是说外板1和尤其是内板2明显薄于传统复合玻璃的板,所述传统复合玻璃的板的厚度通常在1.8mm至2.6mm的范围内,在挡风玻璃的情况中通常为2.1mm。
中间层3的厚度在从下边缘U到上边缘O的竖直的走向上持续增加。厚度增加在该图中为简单起见线性示出,但也可具有更复杂的轮廓。中间层3由单个的由PVB制成的薄膜构造而成。薄膜在初始状态中为具有0.76mm的标准厚度的PVB薄膜。厚度增加通过在下边缘U处的拉伸也就是说牵拉引入到薄膜中。楔角α为约0.1mrad。用于HUD的传统复合玻璃的楔角在0.5mrad左右的范围内。
在该图中还标出区域B,其对应于复合玻璃的HUD区域。在该区域中图像应该通过HUD投影机来产生。由于中间层的楔状构造使这两个图像(它们通过投影机图像在外板1和内板2的两个背向中间层3的表面处的反射产生)彼此重叠。干扰性的重影因此在小的程度上出现。
外板1和内板2的小的厚度导致,需要非常小的楔角α,所述楔角可顺利地通过拉伸来产生。这比通过挤出来制备楔形薄膜明显更简单和成本更低。此外,大的楔角常常导致透射中的显著的双图像,这在此也可被避免。
图3示出图1和2的复合玻璃10,作为用于HUD的投影装置的部件。所述装置除了复合玻璃10之外还包括投影机4,所述投影机对准区域B。在区域B(HUD区域)中可通过投影机产生图像,所述图像由观察者5(车辆驾驶员)感知为在复合玻璃10的背向所述车辆驾驶员的侧面上的虚拟的图像。在区域B中的楔角导致外板1和内板2的彼此倾斜的表面,由此可避免重影。
图4示出根据本发明的用于制备根据本发明的复合玻璃10的方法的一个实施例的流程图。
附图标记列表:
10 复合玻璃
1 外板
2 内板
3 热塑性的中间层
4 投影机
5 观察者/车辆驾驶员
O 上边缘
U 下边缘
B 复合玻璃的区域/HUD区域
α 楔角
A-A' 截面线。
Claims (17)
1.用于平视显示器的具有上边缘(O)和下边缘(U)的复合玻璃(10),其至少包括由玻璃制成的外板(1)和由玻璃制成的内板(2),它们经热塑性的中间层(3)彼此连接在一起,其中,所述内板(2)具有0.5mm至0.9mm的厚度,
并且其中,所述中间层(3)的厚度于在所述下边缘(U)和所述上边缘(O)之间的竖直的走向上以小于或等于0.2mrad的最大的楔角(α)至少局部可变。
2.根据权利要求1所述的复合玻璃(10),其为车辆-挡风玻璃。
3.根据权利要求1所述的复合玻璃(10),其中,所述外板(1)具有小于2.1mm的厚度。
4.根据权利要求3所述的复合玻璃(10),其中,所述外板(1)的厚度为1.2mm至2.0mm。
5.根据权利要求4所述的复合玻璃(10),其中,所述外板(1)的厚度为1.4mm至1.8mm。
6.根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的复合玻璃(10),其中,所述内板(2)的厚度为0.6mm至0.8mm。
7.根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的复合玻璃(10),其中,所述楔角(α)小于或等于0.15mrad。
8.根据权利要求7所述的复合玻璃(10),其中,所述楔角(α)小于或等于0.1mrad。
9.根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的复合玻璃(10),其中,所述中间层(3)通过至少一个热塑性的薄膜构造而成,在该薄膜中所述楔角(α)通过拉伸产生。
10.根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的复合玻璃(10),其中,所述中间层(3)具有0.5mm至1mm的最小厚度。
11.根据权利要求10所述的复合玻璃(10),其中,所述中间层(3)具有0.6mm至0.9mm的最小厚度。
12.根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的复合玻璃(10),其中,所述中间层(3)至少含有聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)、乙烯醋酸乙烯酯(EVA)、聚氨酯(PU)或它们的混合物或共聚物或衍生物。
13.根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的复合玻璃(10),其中,所述外板(1)和/或所述内板(2)为化学预应力板。
14.用于平视显示器的投影装置,其至少包括根据权利要求1至13中任一项所述的复合玻璃(10)和投影机(4),所述投影机对准所述复合玻璃的区域(B),其中,所述中间层(3)的厚度至少在该区域(B)中可变。
15.用于制备用于平视显示器的具有上边缘(O)和下边缘(U)的复合玻璃(10)的方法,其中,
(a)提供热塑性的中间层(3),其厚度于在两个处于相对的边缘之间的走向上以小于或等于0.2mrad的最大的楔角(α)至少局部可变;
(b)所述中间层(3)以0.5mm至0.9mm的厚度布置在由玻璃制成的外板(1)和由玻璃制成的内板(2)之间,其中,上述边缘指向上边缘(O)和下边缘(U)定向;以及
(c)所述内板(2)和所述外板(1)通过层压彼此连接在一起。
16.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中,在方法步骤(a)中所述楔角(α)通过拉伸引入到具有恒定的厚度的热塑性的薄膜中。
17.根据权利要求1至13中任一项所述的复合玻璃在机动车中作为挡风玻璃的用途,所述挡风玻璃用作平视显示器的投影面。
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