CN106385925A - Nitrogen fertilizer applying method for reducing Hg content of rice grains in heavy mercury pollution type rice field - Google Patents
Nitrogen fertilizer applying method for reducing Hg content of rice grains in heavy mercury pollution type rice field Download PDFInfo
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- 241000209094 Oryza Species 0.000 title claims abstract description 58
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 57
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 57
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 36
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 36
- 235000013339 cereals Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 32
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 17
- 239000000618 nitrogen fertilizer Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 110
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 55
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 230000004720 fertilization Effects 0.000 abstract description 14
- 229910001385 heavy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 9
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 240000002582 Oryza sativa Indica Group Species 0.000 abstract description 3
- 240000008467 Oryza sativa Japonica Group Species 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 3
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007689 inspection Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008520 organization Effects 0.000 description 2
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000030527 Minamata disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- JJWSNOOGIUMOEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Monomethylmercury Chemical compound [Hg]C JJWSNOOGIUMOEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000009507 Nervous System Mercury Poisoning Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010029350 Neurotoxicity Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010044221 Toxic encephalopathy Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003905 agrochemical Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009418 agronomic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003321 amplification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000693 bioaccumulation Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium atom Chemical compound [Cd] BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- ATZBPOVXVPIOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylmercury Chemical compound C[Hg]C ATZBPOVXVPIOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007135 neurotoxicity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000228 neurotoxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000003199 nucleic acid amplification method Methods 0.000 description 1
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/007—Determining fertilization requirements
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/20—Cereals
- A01G22/22—Rice
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种降低重度汞污染稻田中水稻籽粒汞含量的氮肥施用方法，属于农产品重金属污染防治技术领域。其特征是：在重度汞污染稻田中(土壤Hg浓度为2mg/kg，达到国家限定标准的4倍)，总施氮量为225kg/hm2(中施氮水平，以纯N计)，分三次施用，分别在水稻栽秧前3天(基肥)施总施氮量的1/2，栽秧后30天(分蘖肥)、抽穗前5天(粒肥)各施总施氮量的1/4。其实施效果与水稻实际生产中常用的高水平、分二次施用的氮肥施用方法相比，水稻籽粒的汞含量下降幅度大(籼稻下降56.76％，粳稻下降51.72％)，而水稻产量没有明显下降。The invention relates to a nitrogen fertilizer application method for reducing the mercury content of rice grains in heavily mercury-polluted paddy fields, and belongs to the technical field of prevention and control of heavy metal pollution of agricultural products. Its characteristics are: in heavily mercury-polluted paddy fields (soil Hg concentration is 2mg/kg, which is 4 times the national limit standard), the total nitrogen application rate is 225kg/hm 2 (medium nitrogen application level, calculated as pure N), divided into three times Application: 1/2 of the total nitrogen application rate was applied 3 days before rice seedling planting (base fertilizer), 1/4 of the total nitrogen application rate was applied 30 days after planting seedlings (tiller fertilizer) and 5 days before heading (grain fertilizer) . Compared with the high-level nitrogen fertilization method commonly used in actual rice production, the mercury content in rice grains decreased significantly (56.76% in indica rice and 51.72% in japonica rice), but the rice yield did not decrease significantly. .
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明为一种降低重度汞污染稻田中水稻籽粒汞含量的氮肥施用方法，属于农产品重金属污染防治技术。The invention relates to a nitrogen fertilizer application method for reducing the mercury content of rice grains in heavily mercury-polluted paddy fields, which belongs to the prevention and control technology of heavy metal pollution of agricultural products.
背景技术Background technique
在中国的工业区及经济发达地区，随着人口的增加、工业的发展及农用化学品的大量使用，农田土壤的重金属污染日益严重。据调查，全国受重金属污染的农业土地面积约有2500万公顷，每年被重金属污染的粮食多达1200万吨。农业部环保监测系统对全国24省、市320个严重污染区8223万亩土地调查发现，大田类农产品农田污染超标面积约占污染农田面积的20％，其中80％的土壤和农作物污染超标是由于重金属污染。In China's industrial areas and economically developed areas, with the increase of population, the development of industry and the extensive use of agricultural chemicals, the heavy metal pollution of farmland soil is becoming more and more serious. According to the survey, the area of agricultural land polluted by heavy metals in the country is about 25 million hectares, and the amount of food polluted by heavy metals is as high as 12 million tons every year. The environmental protection monitoring system of the Ministry of Agriculture surveyed 82.23 million mu of land in 320 seriously polluted areas in 24 provinces and cities across the country and found that the area of farmland polluted by large-scale agricultural products accounted for about 20% of the polluted farmland area, and 80% of the soil and crop pollution exceeded the standard. Heavy metal pollution.
我国是世界上汞(Hg)污染严重的国家之一，特别在工业发达、人口密集的城市及周边地区。据统计，我国每年产生污染环境的Hg达1.9×108kg，被Hg污染的耕地面积有3.2×104hm2，问题十分严重。据研究，在苏南一些地区，土壤Hg污染比较严重，表层土壤Hg含量达到背景值的10倍以上，而且垂直剖面分布明显，说明工业化进程中污染物的输入是土壤Hg积累的主导因素。根据江苏省农产品质量监督检验测试中心对全省蔬菜地土壤重金属污染状况进行抽样检测，苏南地区蔬菜地重金属污染情况较严重。依据我国无公害农产品及绿色食品认证工作重点监测的5种重金属，有54.8％的蔬菜地综合污染指数大于1，且Hg和镉的分担率较高。江苏省2006年被取消的6个无公害农产品中，有4个是因为土壤Hg含量超标所致。my country is one of the countries with serious mercury (Hg) pollution in the world, especially in industrially developed and densely populated cities and surrounding areas. According to statistics, the amount of Hg that pollutes the environment in China reaches 1.9×10 8 kg every year, and the cultivated land area polluted by Hg is 3.2×10 4 hm 2 , which is a very serious problem. According to research, in some areas of southern Jiangsu, soil Hg pollution is relatively serious, and the surface soil Hg content is more than 10 times the background value, and the vertical profile distribution is obvious, indicating that the input of pollutants in the process of industrialization is the dominant factor for soil Hg accumulation. According to the Jiangsu Province Agricultural Products Quality Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center's sampling inspection of heavy metal pollution in vegetable soil in the province, the heavy metal pollution in vegetable soil in southern Jiangsu is relatively serious. According to the five kinds of heavy metals monitored in my country's pollution-free agricultural products and green food certification work, 54.8% of the vegetable fields have a comprehensive pollution index greater than 1, and the share of Hg and cadmium is relatively high. Among the 6 non-pollution agricultural products canceled in Jiangsu Province in 2006, 4 were due to excessive soil Hg content.
汞是地球上对环境影响大、对生物有严重毒性的环境污染物。更为重要的是，Hg及其化合物无论是在好氧还是在厌氧条件下，都可以经微生物的作用，转变成毒性更强的甲基汞或二甲基汞。Hg的有机化合物具有严重的神经毒性，经生物富集和食物链放大后将产生更加严重的后果。自1956年日本的“水俣病”事件以来，受到Hg污染的自然环境向人类发出的警示不断增加，Hg在土壤--植物系统和陆生食物链中的传递速度不断加快，Hg污染问题引起了人们的广泛关注和重视。Hg已被联合国环境规划署(UNEP)、世界卫生组织(WHO)、国际粮农组织(FAO)及很多国家政府列为优先控制的环境污染物。因此，Hg在土壤-农作物-人类系统中的移动和累积受到高度关注。Mercury is an environmental pollutant that has a great impact on the environment and is highly toxic to organisms. More importantly, Hg and its compounds can be converted into more toxic methylmercury or dimethylmercury through the action of microorganisms no matter under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. The organic compound of Hg has serious neurotoxicity, and it will produce more serious consequences after bioaccumulation and food chain amplification. Since the "Minamata disease" incident in Japan in 1956, the warnings sent to humans by the natural environment polluted by Hg have been increasing, and the transmission speed of Hg in the soil-plant system and terrestrial food chain has been accelerating. The problem of Hg pollution has caused people to extensive attention and attention. Hg has been listed as a priority environmental pollutant by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and many national governments. Therefore, the movement and accumulation of Hg in the soil-crop-human system is of high concern.
在土壤汞污染地区，水稻籽粒中的汞含量不但会受到土壤汞污染状况及水稻品种的影响，还会受到栽培技术的影响。在水稻生长过程中，施肥、水分管理等农艺措施会改变土壤的理化状况和水稻的生长状况，因而会改变土壤中汞的存在状态和对植物的有效性，影响水稻对汞的吸收及分配。不同的稻田施氮量和施用方法对汞在水稻植株中的吸收和迁移会有不同的影响。但关于氮肥的施用水平及施用时期对水稻籽粒汞含量的影响方面，还非常缺乏研究。In areas with soil mercury pollution, the mercury content in rice grains will not only be affected by soil mercury pollution and rice varieties, but also by cultivation techniques. During the growth of rice, agronomic measures such as fertilization and water management will change the physical and chemical conditions of the soil and the growth of rice, which will change the existence of mercury in the soil and its availability to plants, and affect the absorption and distribution of mercury by rice. Different nitrogen application rates and application methods in paddy fields have different effects on the uptake and migration of mercury in rice plants. However, there is still a lack of research on the effect of nitrogen fertilizer application level and application period on rice grain Hg content.
本发明在申请人多年研究的基础上，公开了一种降低重度汞污染稻田中水稻籽粒汞含量的氮肥施用方法，能大幅度降低水稻籽粒的汞含量，而水稻产量没有明显下降。Based on years of research by the applicant, the present invention discloses a nitrogen fertilizer application method for reducing the mercury content of rice grains in heavily mercury-polluted paddy fields, which can greatly reduce the mercury content of rice grains without significantly reducing the rice yield.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明所要解决的技术问题是：提供一种降低重度汞污染稻田中水稻籽粒汞含量的氮肥施用方法，可以大幅度降低重度汞污染稻田中水稻籽粒的汞含量，而水稻产量没有明显下降。The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a nitrogen fertilizer application method for reducing the mercury content of rice grains in heavily mercury-polluted paddy fields, which can greatly reduce the mercury content of rice grains in heavily mercury-polluted paddy fields without significantly reducing the rice yield.
本发明解决其技术问题所采用的技术方案是：一种降低重度汞污染稻田中水稻籽粒汞含量的氮肥施用方法，其特征是：在重度汞污染稻田中(土壤Hg浓度为2mg/kg，达到国家限定标准的4倍)，总施氮量为225kg/hm2(中施氮水平，以纯N计)，分三次施用，分别在水稻栽秧前3天(基肥)施总施氮量的1/2，在栽秧后30天(分蘖肥)、抽穗前5天(粒肥)各施总施氮量的1/4。The technical solution adopted by the present invention to solve the technical problems is: a nitrogen fertilizer application method for reducing the mercury content of rice grains in heavily mercury-polluted paddy fields, which is characterized in that: in heavily mercury-polluted paddy fields (soil Hg concentration is 2mg/kg, reaching 4 times the national limit standard), the total nitrogen application rate is 225kg/hm 2 (medium nitrogen application level, calculated as pure N), divided into three applications, and 1% of the total nitrogen application rate is applied 3 days before rice seedling planting (basic fertilizer). /2, each applied 1/4 of the total nitrogen rate 30 days after seedling planting (tiller fertilizer) and 5 days before heading (grain fertilizer).
在施氮前先将稻田灌薄层水(约3cm)，将氮肥均匀撒施到稻田中，让水层自然落干后再灌水。Before applying nitrogen, first fill the paddy field with a thin layer of water (about 3 cm), spread nitrogen fertilizer evenly in the paddy field, and let the water layer dry naturally before watering.
本发明的有益效果是：在稻田重度汞污染地区实施后，可以大幅度降低水稻籽粒的汞含量，水稻产量没有明显下降。与水稻实际生产中常用的高水平、分二次施用的氮肥施用方法(总施氮量为300kg/hm2，基肥、分蘖肥各施总施氮量的1/2)相比，水稻籽粒的汞含量下降幅度大(籼稻下降56.76％，粳稻下降51.72％)，而水稻产量没有明显下降(籼稻仅下降2.62％，粳稻仅下降3.10％)。在稻田重度汞污染地区(土壤Hg浓度为2mg/kg，达到国家限定标准的4倍)，通过该申请专利技术方案的实施，可以使水稻籽粒的汞含量大幅度下降，能将水稻籽粒的汞含量控制在国家卫生标准限值(0.02mg/kg，GB2762-2012)以下，可以消除水稻汞污染对人体健康的威胁。The beneficial effects of the invention are: after being implemented in areas heavily polluted by mercury in paddy fields, the mercury content of rice grains can be greatly reduced, and the rice yield does not decrease significantly. Compared with the high-level nitrogen fertilizer application method (total nitrogen application rate of 300kg/hm 2 , 1/2 of the total nitrogen application rate of basal fertilizer and tillering fertilizer) commonly used in actual rice production, the rice grain Mercury content decreased greatly (56.76% in indica rice and 51.72% in japonica rice), but the rice yield did not decrease significantly (only 2.62% in indica rice and 3.10% in japonica rice). In areas with severe mercury pollution in paddy fields (the soil Hg concentration is 2 mg/kg, which is 4 times the national standard), through the implementation of the patented technical solution, the mercury content of rice grains can be greatly reduced, and the mercury content of rice grains can be reduced. The content is controlled below the national health standard limit (0.02mg/kg, GB2762-2012), which can eliminate the threat of rice mercury pollution to human health.
具体实施方式detailed description
实施例1：一种降低重度汞污染稻田中水稻籽粒汞含量的氮肥施用方法，在整个水稻生产周期内，总施氮量为225kg/hm2(中施氮水平，以纯N计)，折合每亩15kg。分3次施用，分别在水稻栽秧前3天(基肥)施总施氮量的1/2，在栽秧后30天(分蘖肥)、抽穗前5天(粒肥)各施总施氮量的1/4。由于不同氮肥品种的含N量有差异，施氮时要根据具体肥料品种的含N量计算出具体施肥量。Embodiment 1: a kind of nitrogen fertilizer application method that reduces the mercury content of rice grain in heavy mercury pollution paddy field, in the whole rice production cycle, total nitrogen application rate is 225kg /hm Mu 15kg. Apply in 3 times, respectively apply 1/2 of the total nitrogen application rate 3 days before rice seedling planting (base fertilizer), and apply the total nitrogen application rate 30 days after planting seedlings (tiller fertilizer) and 5 days before heading (grain fertilizer) 1/4 of. Since the N content of different nitrogen fertilizer varieties is different, the specific fertilization amount should be calculated according to the N content of the specific fertilizer variety when applying nitrogen.
在施氮前先将稻田灌薄层水(约3cm)，将氮肥均匀撒施到稻田中，让水层自然落干后再灌水，水层落干前不要排水。Before applying nitrogen, fill the paddy field with a thin layer of water (about 3cm), spread the nitrogen fertilizer evenly in the paddy field, let the water layer dry naturally before watering, and do not drain before the water layer dries up.
下面通过列表的方式进一步证明本实施例可以大幅度降低重度汞污染稻田中水稻籽粒的汞含量，而水稻产量没有明显下降。表中数据是在土壤Hg含量为2mg/kg、达到国家限定标准的4倍(重度污染程度)条件下获得的，其它管理措施按水稻生产常规进行。The following table further proves that this example can greatly reduce the mercury content of rice grains in heavily mercury-polluted paddy fields without significantly reducing the rice yield. The data in the table are obtained under the condition that the soil Hg content is 2 mg/kg, which is 4 times of the national limit standard (heavy pollution degree), and other management measures are carried out according to the rice production routine.
表1稻田不同施氮方法下水稻籽粒汞含量比较(单位：mg/kg)Table 1 Comparison of mercury content in rice grains under different nitrogen fertilization methods in paddy fields (unit: mg/kg)
注：稻田施氮时期代码Note: The code of nitrogen fertilization period in paddy field
A：作为基肥一次性施用。A: One-time application as base fertilizer.
B：分二次施用，分别在水稻栽秧前3天(基肥)和栽秧后30天(分蘖肥)各施总施氮量的1/2。B: divided into two applications, 1/2 of the total nitrogen application amount was applied 3 days before rice seedling planting (base fertilizer) and 30 days after rice seedling planting (tiller fertilizer).
C：分三次施肥，即分别在水稻栽秧前3天(基肥)施总施氮量的1/2，在栽秧后30天(分蘖肥)、抽穗前5天(粒肥)各施总施氮量的1/4。C: Fertilize three times, that is, apply 1/2 of the total nitrogen application 3 days before rice seedling planting (base fertilizer), and apply total nitrogen application 30 days after planting seedlings (tiller fertilizer) and 5 days before earing (grain fertilizer). 1/4 of the amount of nitrogen.
表2稻田不同施氮用方法下的水稻产量比较(单位：kg/hm2)Table 2 Comparison of rice yield under different nitrogen application methods in paddy fields (unit: kg/hm 2 )
从施氮水平和施氮时期两个方面，对表1和表2进行分析可见：From the two aspects of nitrogen application level and nitrogen application period, the analysis of Table 1 and Table 2 shows that:
(1)从施氮水平分析(1) Analysis from the level of nitrogen application
在不同的施氮水平下，水稻籽粒的汞含量和水稻产量有不同的变化。就水稻籽粒的汞含量而言，高施氮水平下水稻籽粒的汞含量最高，中施氮水平与低施氮水平的水稻籽粒汞含量相当；就水稻产量而言，不同的施氮水平下的顺序为：高施氮水平>中施氮水平>低施氮水平，但高施氮水平与中施氮水平间差异幅度小，而中施氮水平与低施氮水平间差异幅度大。Under different nitrogen application levels, the Hg content of rice grains and rice yield had different changes. As far as the mercury content of rice grains is concerned, the mercury content of rice grains under high nitrogen application levels is the highest, and the mercury content of rice grains under medium nitrogen application levels is similar to that of low nitrogen application levels; in terms of rice yield, the mercury content of rice grains under different nitrogen application levels The order was: high nitrogen application level > medium nitrogen application level > low nitrogen application level, but the difference between high nitrogen application level and medium nitrogen application level was small, while the difference between medium nitrogen application level and low nitrogen application level was large.
(2)从施氮时期分析(2) Analysis from the period of nitrogen application
在不同的施氮时期中，水稻籽粒汞含量的顺序为：分二次施氮>一次性施氮>分三次施氮。而且，分三次施氮的水稻产量也最高。In different nitrogen fertilization periods, the order of mercury content in rice grains was as follows: nitrogen fertilization twice > nitrogen fertilization once > nitrogen fertilization three times. Moreover, rice yields were also highest in three nitrogen fertilizations.
综合施氮水平和施氮时期对水稻籽粒汞含量及水稻产量的影响，选择中施氮水平、分三次施用的施氮方法，既能大幅度降低水稻籽粒的汞含量，水稻产量也没有明显下降。Considering the effects of nitrogen fertilization level and nitrogen fertilization period on the mercury content of rice grains and rice yield, the nitrogen fertilization method of medium nitrogen fertilization level and three-time application can not only greatly reduce the mercury content of rice grains, but also not significantly reduce the rice yield .
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