CN105492463A - 肿瘤免疫调节 - Google Patents
肿瘤免疫调节 Download PDFInfo
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- CN105492463A CN105492463A CN201480046383.4A CN201480046383A CN105492463A CN 105492463 A CN105492463 A CN 105492463A CN 201480046383 A CN201480046383 A CN 201480046383A CN 105492463 A CN105492463 A CN 105492463A
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Abstract
描述了治疗增殖性疾病的方法。具体地,提供了使用GITR激动剂和PD-1拮抗剂的联合治疗。
Description
发明领域
本发明涉及晚期肿瘤治疗中的肿瘤免疫调节。具体地,本发明提供了PD-1拮抗剂与GITR激动剂的组合以增强针对晚期肿瘤的抗肿瘤应答。
发明背景
肿瘤微环境是癌症生物学的一个重要方面,其促成肿瘤发生、肿瘤进程和对治疗的应答。免疫系统的细胞和分子是肿瘤微环境的基本组成部分。重要的是,治疗策略可以利用免疫系统来特定地靶向肿瘤细胞,并且这一策略由于可能诱导肿瘤特异性免疫记忆(其可能在癌症患者中造成长期持久的消退并防止复发)而显得特别有吸引力。
肿瘤微环境的组成和特征变化很大并且对于确定抗肿瘤免疫应答很重要。例如,免疫系统的某些细胞,包括自然杀伤细胞、树突状细胞(DC)和效应T细胞,能够驱动强有力的抗肿瘤应答。然而,肿瘤细胞常常诱导免疫抑制性微环境,其有利于发展免疫细胞的免疫抑制性群体,如髓源性抑制细胞和调节性T细胞。理解肿瘤免疫调节的复杂性对于发展免疫疗法很重要。正在发展各种策略以增强抗肿瘤免疫应答,包括基于DC的疫苗和抑制性信号通路的拮抗剂以克服“免疫检查点”。
糖皮质素诱导的TNFR相关蛋白(GITR)(TNFR超家族的一员)在固有和适应性免疫系统的许多组分中表达(参见,例如,Hanabuchi等人(2006)Blood107:3617-3623;和Nocentini和Riccardi(2005)Eur.J.Immunol.2005.35:1016-1022)。其膜表达在T细胞活化后有所增加(Hanabuchi,同上;和Nocentini与Riccardi,同上);其触发共同激活效应T淋巴细胞并调节调节性T细胞(Treg)活性(参见,例如,McHugh等人(2002)Immunity2002.16:311-323;Shimizu,等人(2002)Nat.Immunol..3:135-142;Ronchetti,等人(2004)Eur.J.Immunol.34:613-622;和Tone,等人(2003)Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA100:15059-15064)。
GITR由GITR配体(GITRL)激活,该配体主要在APC上表达并且已被认为通过其胞质结构域来递送信号(虽然需要进一步的研究以明确该生化信号转导)(Nocentini,同上;Ronchetti,同上;Suvas等人(2005)J.Virol.79:11935-11942;和Shin等人(2002)Cytokine19:187-192)。
GITR活化增加对肿瘤和病毒感染的抵抗力,其涉及自体免疫/炎症过程并调控白细胞外渗(Nocentini,同上;Cuzzocrea等人(2004)J.Leukoc.Biol.76:933-940;Shevach等人(2006)Nat.Rev.Immunol.6:613-618;Cuzzocrea等人(2006)J.Immunol.177:631-641;和Cuzzocrea等人(2007)FASEBJ.21:117-129)。在肿瘤小鼠模型中,将DTA-1(激动剂GITR抗体)与拮抗剂CTLA-4抗体组合,并且在一些测试组小鼠中显示出晚期肿瘤完全的肿瘤消退的协同结果(Ko等人(2005)J.Exp.Med.7:885-891)。
程序性死亡受体(PD-1)是免疫抑制性受体,其主要在活化的T和B细胞上表达。与其配体的相互作用已显示在体外和体内均会减弱T细胞应答。阻断PD-1与其配体之一,PD-L1之间的相互作用已被证实会增强肿瘤特异性CD8+T细胞免疫并且可以因此有助于免疫系统对肿瘤细胞的清除。
PD-1(由基因Pdcd1编码)是免疫球蛋白超家族的一员,与CD28和CTLA-4有关。已显示当与其配体(PD-L1和/或PD-L2)接合时,PD-1会负调控抗原受体信号转导。鼠PD-1的结构以及鼠PD-1与人类PD-L1的共晶结构均已被揭示(Zhang,X.等人,(2004)Immunity20:337-347;Lin等人,(2008)Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA105:3011-6)。PD-1及类似家族成员是I型跨膜糖蛋白,含有负责配体结合的Ig可变型(V型)结构域和负责信号分子结合的胞质尾区。PD-1的胞浆尾部含有两个基于酪氨酸的信号基序:ITIM(免疫受体酪氨酸基抑制基序)和ITSM(免疫受体酪氨酸基转换基序)。
在人类中,已通过免疫组化评价在多例原发性肿瘤的活检中发现了PD-1(在肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞上)和/或PD-L1(在肿瘤细胞上)的表达。此类组织包括肺癌、肝癌、卵巢癌、宫颈癌、皮肤癌、结肠癌、神经胶质瘤、膀胱癌、乳腺癌、肾癌、食道癌、胃癌、口腔鳞状上皮细胞癌、泌尿道上皮细胞癌和胰腺癌以及头部和颈部的肿瘤(Brown,J.A.等人,(2003)J.Immunol.170:1257-1266;DongH.等人,(2002)Nat.Med.8:793-800;Wintterle等人,(2003)CancerRes.63:7462-7467;Strome,S.E.等人,(2003)CancerRes.63:6501-6505;Thompson,R.H.等人,(2006)CancerRes.66:3381-5;Thompson等人,(2007)Clin.CancerRes.13:1757-61;Nomi,T.等人,(2007)Clin.CancerRes.13:2151-7)。更惊人的是,已经将PD配体在肿瘤细胞上的表达与多个肿瘤类型的癌症患者的不良预后相关联(综述于Okazaki和Honjo,(2007)Int.Immunol.19:813-824)。
到目前为止,已有大量研究表明PD-1与其配体(PD-L1和PD-L2)的相互作用导致在体外和体内对淋巴细胞增殖的抑制。阻断PD-1/PD-L1相互作用可导致增强的肿瘤特异性T细胞免疫并且因此有助于免疫系统对肿瘤细胞的清除。为了解决这个问题,进行了大量研究。在侵袭性胰腺癌的小鼠模型中(Nomi,T.等人(2007)Clin.CancerRes.13:2151-2157),证实了PD-1/PD-L1阻断的疗效。施用PD-1或PD-L1定向的抗体显著地抑制了肿瘤生长。抗体阻断有效地促进了肿瘤反应性CD8+T细胞浸润到肿瘤中,导致抗肿瘤效应子(包括IFNγ、粒酶B和穿孔素)的上调。另外,作者证实PD-1阻断可以与化学疗法有效地结合以产生协同效应。在另一项研究中,使用小鼠鳞状上皮细胞癌模型,PD-1或PD-L1的抗体阻断显著抑制了肿瘤生长(Tsushima,F.等人,(2006)OralOncol.42:268-274)。
存在对通过使用调节肿瘤免疫的药剂来治疗免疫和增殖性疾病(例如,肿瘤和癌症)的改善的方法和组合物的需求。本发明通过提供PD-1拮抗剂与GITR激动剂的组合以治疗晚期肿瘤而满足了这一需求。
附图简述
图1A-1K显示了抗GITR抗体单独施用或与抗PD-1抗体组合施用对植入了MC38细胞系的小鼠(n=10/组)的抗肿瘤应答的影响。当肿瘤达到240-360mm3时,开始治疗。
图2A-2F显示了在施用单剂量的抗GITR抗体一周后接着施用单剂量的抗PD-1抗体(图2B)或以相反顺序施用(图2C)的抗肿瘤功效。将之与单独施用任一种抗体进行比较(图2E-2F;n=10/组)。
图3A-3D显示了在CT26肿瘤模型中(n=10/组),相比于共同施用两种抗体(图3A),仅施用抗GITR或抗PD-1抗体的单一疗法的抗肿瘤功效(图3C-3D)。
图4A-4D显示了单独施用抗GITR和抗PD-1抗体或同时施用两种抗体对植入了MB49细胞系的小鼠(n=10/组)的抗肿瘤应答的影响。当肿瘤达到85-122mm3时,开始治疗。
图5A-5B显示了在混合淋巴细胞反应(MLR)中,抗GITR(MK-4166)和抗PD-1(MK-3475)的组合在Treg(图5A)和Treg:CD8细胞比率(图5B)上的剂量依赖效应。
图6显示了与MK-4166和MK-3475的组合温育导致MLR中减弱的Treg抑制活性。
发明概述
本发明通过提供治疗肿瘤患者的方法而满足了本领域的这些及更多需求,所述方法包括向患者施用PD-1拮抗剂和GITR激动剂,其中所述PD-1拮抗剂和GITR激动剂为同时施用或依次施用。在某些实施方案中,PD-1拮抗剂为抗体或其抗原结合片段,其结合PD-1或PD-L1,且GITR激动剂为抗体或其抗原结合片段,其结合GITR。GITR激动剂和PD-1或PD-L1拮抗剂均结合人类蛋白质。抗体或其结合片段是人源化的或全人源的。
在另外的实施方案中,PD-1拮抗剂选自BMS-936558、MK-3475和MPDL3280A,而GITR激动剂选自具有SEQIDNO:1-66的至少一个CDR的抗体、TRX518和TRX385。GITR激动剂可以是这样的抗体,其具有:SEQIDNO:1-11的重链CDR1、SEQIDNO:12-22的CDR2和SEQIDNO:23-33的CDR3和/或SEQIDNO:34-44的轻链CDR1、SEQIDNO:45-55的CDR2和SEQIDNO:56-66的CDR3。在还另外的实施方案中,GITR激动剂是这样的抗体,其具有:SEQIDNO:67、69、71、73、75、77、79、81、83、85和87的可变重链和/或SEQIDNO:68、70、72、74、76、78、80、82、84、86和88的可变轻链。
本发明还设想了将PD-1拮抗剂和GITR激动剂同时施用至少一次。在某些实施方案中,将PD-1拮抗剂和GITR激动剂同时施用至少2次。在某些实施方案中,肿瘤为晚期肿瘤并且可以选自鳞状细胞癌、小细胞肺癌、非小细胞肺癌、胃肠道癌、胰腺癌、成胶质细胞瘤、神经胶质瘤、宫颈癌、卵巢癌、肝癌如肝癌(hepaticcarcinoma)和肝细胞瘤(hepatoma)、膀胱癌、乳腺癌、结肠癌、结肠直肠癌、子宫内膜癌、骨髓瘤(如多发性骨髓瘤)、唾液腺癌、肾癌如肾细胞癌和肾母细胞瘤(Wilms'tumor)、基底细胞癌、黑素瘤、前列腺癌、外阴癌、甲状腺癌、睾丸癌和食道癌。
本发明提供了通过向患者施用双特异性抗体来治疗肿瘤的方法,所述双特异性抗体包含结合PD-1或PD-L1并拮抗PD-1活性的第一臂和结合GITR并促进GITR活性的第二臂。在某些实施方案中,第一臂选自来自BMS-936558、MK-3475和MPDL3280A的抗原结合片段,而第二臂选自具有SEQIDNO:1-66的至少一个CDR的抗体、TRX518和TRX385的抗原结合片段。在还另外的实施方案中,第二臂具有SEQIDNO:1-11的重链CDR1、SEQIDNO:12-22的重链CDR2和SEQIDNO:23-33的重链CDR3和/或SEQIDNO:34-44的轻链CDR1、SEQIDNO:45-55的轻链CDR2和SEQIDNO:56-66的轻链CDR3。在某些实施方案中,第二臂具有SEQIDNO:67、69、71、73、75、77、79、81、83、85和87的可变重链和/或SEQIDNO:68、70、72、74、76、78、80、82、84、86和88的可变轻链。
本发明提供了治疗肿瘤的方法,其中所述肿瘤为晚期肿瘤。在某些实施方案中,晚期肿瘤选自鳞状细胞癌、小细胞肺癌、非小细胞肺癌、胃肠道癌、胰腺癌、成胶质细胞瘤、神经胶质瘤、宫颈癌、卵巢癌、肝癌如肝癌(hepaticcarcinoma)和肝细胞瘤(hepatoma)、膀胱癌、乳腺癌、结肠癌、结肠直肠癌、子宫内膜癌、骨髓瘤(如多发性骨髓瘤)、唾液腺癌、肾癌如肾细胞癌和肾母细胞瘤(Wilms'tumor)、基底细胞癌、黑素瘤、前列腺癌、外阴癌、甲状腺癌、睾丸癌和食道癌。
本发明提供了包含PD-1拮抗剂和GITR激动剂的药物组合物。还提供了PD-1拮抗剂与GITR激动剂的组合在治疗晚期肿瘤上的用途。
发明详述
如本文中所用,包括所附权利要求书在内,除非上下文另外明确指出,否则词语的单数形式如“一(个、种......)”(“a”、“an”)和“所述(the)”包括它们对应的复数指代物。以下表15提供了本申请中所用序列标识符的列表。本文中所引用的所有参考文献均以与其各自单独出版的相同程度通过引用作为参考并入,数据库条目(例如,GenBank序列或GeneID条目)、专利申请或专利均被具体且单独指明以通过引用作为参考并入。本文中对参考文献的引用并非旨在承认上述中的任一者为相关的现有技术,其也并不构成任何对这些出版物或文件的内容或日期的承认。
I.定义
术语“糖皮质素诱导的TNF受体”(在本文中缩写为“GITR”)也被称为TNF受体超家族18(TNFRSF18)、TEASR和312C2,如本文中所用,其指代肿瘤坏死因子/神经生长因子受体家族的一员。GITR是具有241个氨基酸的I型跨膜蛋白质,其通过胞外结构域中的三个半胱氨酸伪重复序列来表征,并且专门保护T细胞受体诱导的细胞凋亡,但其不保护细胞免受其它细胞凋亡信号(包括Fas触发、地塞米松治疗或UV照射)的影响(Nocentini,G.等人(1997)Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA94:6216-622)。人类GITR(hGITR)(其有三种剪接变体)的核酸和氨基酸序列是已知的并且可见于,例如GenBank登录号gi:40354198、gi:23238190、gi:23238193和gi:23238196。
“GITR激动剂”意指通过激活GITR信号转导而激发免疫反应的任何化学化合物或生物分子。在WO2011/028683和WO2006/105021中提供了激动剂抗GITR抗体的序列以及TRX-385和TRX-518的序列。还设想了可溶性GITR-L蛋白,一种GITR结合伴侣。
“PD-1拮抗剂”意指阻断癌细胞上所表达的PD-L1与免疫细胞(T细胞、B细胞或NKT细胞)上所表达的PD-1的结合并且优选地还阻断癌细胞上所表达的PD-L2与免疫细胞所表达的PD-1的结合的任何化学化合物或生物分子。PD-1及其配体的可选名称或同义词包括:对于PD-1:程序性死亡受体1、PDCD1、PD1、CD279和SLEB2;对于PD-L1:PDCD1L1、PDL1、B7H1、B7-4、CD274和B7-H;和对于PD-L2:程序性死亡受体配体2、PDCD1L2、PDL2、B7-DC、Btdc和CD273。在本发明的、其中人类个体正在接受治疗的任何治疗方法、药物和用途中,PD-1拮抗剂阻断人类PD-L1与人类PD-1的结合,并优选地同时阻断人类PD-L1和PD-L2两者与人类PD-1的结合。人类PD-1氨基酸序列可见于NCBILocusNo.:NP_005009。人类PD-L1和PD-L2氨基酸序列可分别见于NCBILocusNo.:NP_054862和NP_079515。
可用于本发明的任何治疗方法、药物和用途中的PD-1拮抗剂包含单克隆抗体(mAb)或其抗原结合片段,其特异性结合PD-1或PD-L1,并且优选地特异性结合人类PD-1或人类PD-L1。mAb可以是人源抗体、人源化抗体或嵌合抗体,并且可包含人源恒定区。在一些实施方案中,人源恒定区选自IgG1、IgG2、IgG3和IgG4恒定区,并且在优选的实施方案中,人源恒定区为IgG1或IgG4恒定区。在一些实施方案中,抗原结合片段选自Fab、Fab'-SH、F(ab')2、scFv和Fv片段。
结合人类PD-1并且可用于本发明的治疗方法、药物和用途中的mAb的实例在US7521051、US8008449和US8354509中描述。可作为PD-1拮抗剂用于本发明的治疗方法、药物和用途中的特定的抗人类PD-1mAb包括:
MK-3475,一种人源化IgG4mAb,其结构在WHODrugInformation,Vol.27,No.2,第161-162页(2013)中描述,并且其包含图6中所示重链和轻链的氨基酸序列;nivolumab(BMS-936558),一种人源IgG4mAb,其结构在WHODrugInformation,Vol.27,No.1,第68-69页(2013)中描述,且其包含图7中所示重链和轻链的氨基酸序列;pidilizumab(CT-011,也被称为hBAT或hBAT-1);和人源化抗体h409A11、h409A16和h409A17,其在WO2008/156712中描述。
结合人类PD-L1并且可用于本发明的治疗方法、药物和用途中的mAb的实例在WO2013/019906、W02010/077634A1和US8383796中描述。可作为PD-1拮抗剂用于本发明的治疗方法、药物和用途中的特定的抗人类PD-L1mAb包括MPDL3280A、BMS-936559、MEDI4736、MSB0010718C以及在WO2013/019906中,分别包含SEQIDNO:24和SEQIDNO:21的重链和轻链可变区的抗体。
本文中所用的术语“施用”指代将包含GITR激动剂和至少一种另外的癌症治疗剂(例如,PD-1拮抗剂)的组合物物理引入到癌症患者体内。根据本发明设想了任何及所有引入方法;方法不依赖于任何特定的引入手段。引入手段是本领域技术人员熟知的,本文中提供了其实例。
本文中所用的术语“共同施用”意指一种方法,其向同一患者施用GITR激动剂和至少一种另外的癌症治疗剂(例如,PD-1拮抗剂)的组合。GITR激动剂和PD-1拮抗剂可以同时施用或依次施用。如果依次施用,则GITR激动剂和/或PD-1拮抗剂可在给定的另外的癌症治疗剂或治疗之前或之后施用。GITR激动剂和PD-1拮抗剂治疗不需要借助于同一媒介物施用。GITR激动剂和PD-1拮抗剂可以施用一次或更多次,并且组合的每种组分的施用次数可以相同或不同。此外,GITR激动剂和PD-1拮抗剂治疗不需要在同一部位施用。
如本文中所用的术语“治疗有效量”或“治疗有效组合”指代GITR激动剂的量或剂量,连同另外的药剂或治疗(例如,PD-1拮抗剂)的量或剂量,足以调节(例如,激发)个体的全身性免疫应答。在给定的治疗有效组合中,每种分子的量对于不同个体和不同肿瘤类型可以是不同的,并且其将取决于组合中所包含的一种或多种另外的药剂或治疗。使用本领域技术人员所常规采用的程序来确定“治疗有效量”,从而得到“改善的治疗成果”。
如本文中所用,术语“改善的治疗成果”和“增强的疗效”相对于癌症指代的是减缓或减少癌细胞或实体瘤的生长,或降低癌细胞总数或肿瘤总负荷。因此,“改善的治疗成果”或“增强的疗效”意指根据任何临床上可接受的标准的患者的状况改善,所述标准包括:例如,肿瘤变小、肿瘤进展时间变长、无进展生存期变长、总生存期变长、预期寿命变长或生活质量改善。具体地,“改善的”或“增强的”指代相比任何临床上可接受的指标,治疗成果或疗效有1%、5%、10%、25%、50%、75%、100%或大于100%的提高或增强。
如本文中所用,术语“抗体”指代表现出期望的生物活性的任何形式的抗体。因此,其被最广义地使用并且特别涵盖了单克隆抗体(包括全长单克隆抗体)、多克隆抗体、多特异性抗体(例如,双特异性抗体)、嵌合抗体、人源化抗体、全人源抗体等,只要其表现出期望的生物活性。
如本文中所用,术语“GITR、PD-1或PD-L1结合片段”、“其结合片段”或“其抗原结合片段”涵盖了抗体的片段或衍生物,其仍然基本上保留了其诱导GITR信号转导的生物活性(在本文中被称为“GITR诱导活性”)。可选地,PD-1或PD-L1结合片段涵盖了抗体的片段或衍生物,其抑制PD-1活性(例如,结合PD-L1或PD-L2)。术语“抗体片段”或“GITR、PD-1或PD-L1结合片段”指代全长抗体的一部分,通常为其抗原结合或可变区。抗体片段的实例包括Fab、Fab'、F(ab')2和Fv片段;双特异抗体(diabody);线性抗体;单链抗体分子,例如,sc-Fv;以及由抗体片段形成的多特异性抗体。通常,结合片段或衍生物保留至少10%的其GITR激动剂活性。尽管具有足够亲和力以发挥期望的生物效应的任何结合片段都将是可用的,但是优选地,结合片段或衍生物保留至少25%、50%、60%、70%、80%、90%、95%、99%或100%(或更多)的其GITR激动剂或PD-1拮抗剂活性,还预期GITR、PD-1或PD-L1结合片段可以包括具有保守氨基酸置换的变体,所述置换未实质上改变其生物活性。
术语”单克隆抗体”,如本文中所用,指代由一组基本上均一的抗体(即,构成该组的单个抗体除了可能的天然的、可能少量存在的突变之外,都是相同的)所得到的抗体。单克隆抗体是高度特异性的,其被导向针对单个抗原表位。相比之下,常规的(多克隆)抗体制剂通常包含大量被导向针对(或专门针对)不同表位的抗体。修饰语“单克隆”表明了抗体的特点是其得自一组基本上均一的抗体,并且不应将其理解为需要通过任何特定的方法来生产该抗体。例如,根据本发明所使用的单克隆抗体可以通过杂交瘤方法制得,该方法在Kohler等人(1975)Nature256:495中首次描述,或通过重组DNA方法制得(参见,例如,美国专利号4,816,567)。“单克隆抗体”还可以分离自噬菌体抗体文库,例如,使用在Clackson等人,(1991)Nature352:624-628和Marks等人,(1991)J.Mol.Biol.222:581-597中所述的技术。
本文中的单克隆抗体特别包括了“嵌合”抗体(免疫球蛋白)以及此类抗体的片段,只要其表现出期望的生物活性,其中所述“嵌合”抗体的重链和/或轻链的一部分与来衍生自特定物种或属于特定抗体类或亚类的抗体的对应序列相同或同源,而该链的其余部分与来衍生自另一物种或属于另一抗体类或亚类的抗体的对应序列相同或同源。美国专利号4,816,567;Morrison等人,(1984)Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA81:6851-6855。
“结构域抗体”是具有免疫功能的免疫球蛋白片段,其仅含有重链的可变区或轻链的可变区。在一些情况下,两个或更多个VH区通过肽接头共价地接合以生成二价结构域抗体。二价结构域抗体的两个VH区可以靶向相同或不同的抗原。
“二价抗体”包含两个抗原结合位点。在一些情况下,这两个结合位点具有相同的抗原特异性。然而,二价抗体可以是双特异性的(见下)。
如本文中所用,术语“单链Fv”或“scFv”抗体指代包含抗体的VH和VL结构域的抗体片段,其中这些结构域存在于单个多肽链中。通常,Fv多肽还包含VH和VL结构域之间的多肽接头,其使得sFv能够形成期望的结构用于抗原结合。关于sFv的综述,参见Pluckthun(1994)ThePharmacologyofMonoclonalAntibodies,vol.113,Rosenburg和Moore编撰,Springer-Verlag,NewYork,pp.269-315。
本文中的单克隆抗体还包括驼源化单结构域抗体。“结构域抗体片段”是具有免疫功能的免疫球蛋白片段,其仅含有重链的可变区或轻链的可变区。在一些情况下,两个或更多个VH区通过肽接头共价地接合以生成多价结构域抗体片段。二价结构域抗体片段的两个VH区可以靶向相同或不同的抗原。参见,例如,Muyldermans等人,(2001)TrendsBiochem.Sci.26:230;Reichmann等人,(1999)J.Immunol.Methods231:25;WO94/04678;WO94/25591;美国专利号6,005,079)。在一个实施方案中,本发明提供了包含两个VH结构域的单结构域抗体,所述VH结构域经修饰而形成了单结构域抗体。
如本文中所用,术语“双特异抗体”指代具有两个抗原结合位点的小抗体片段,所述片段包含在同一条多肽链中连接至轻链可变结构域(VL)的重链可变结构域(VH)(VH-VL或VL-VH)。通过使用太短以致在同一条链上的两个结构域之间无法形成配对的接头,迫使这些结构域与另一条链的互补结构域配对并生成两个抗原结合位点。双特异抗体在,例如,EP404,097、WO93/11161和Holliger等人,(1993)Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA90:6444-6448中有更全面的描述。有关经工程改造的抗体变体的综述通常参见Holliger和Hudson(2005)Nat.Biotechnol.23:1126-1136。
如本文中所用,术语“人源化抗体”指代一类抗体形式,其含有来自非人类(例如,鼠)抗体以及人类抗体的序列。此类抗体含有最少量的来衍生自非人类免疫球蛋白的序列。通常,基本上所有的人源化抗体将包含至少一个(且通常是两个)可变结构域,其中所有或基本上所有高变环均对应于非人类免疫球蛋白的那些(高变环),而所有或基本上所有FR区均为人类免疫球蛋白序列的那些。任选地,人源化抗体还将包含免疫球蛋白(通常为人类免疫球蛋白)恒定区(Fc)的至少一部分。必要时,在抗体克隆名称中加上前缀“人”(“hum”、“hu”或“h”)以区分人源化抗体和亲本啮齿类抗体。啮齿类抗体的人源化形式将通常包含与亲本啮齿类抗体相同的CDR序列,但是可以包含某些氨基酸置换以增加人源化抗体的亲和力、增加稳定性或出于其它原因。
术语“全人源抗体”指代仅包含人类免疫球蛋白蛋白质序列的抗体。如果其是在小鼠中、在小鼠细胞中或在衍生自小鼠细胞的杂交瘤中生产,那么全人源抗体可能含有鼠糖链。类似地,“小鼠抗体”或“大鼠抗体”分别指代仅包含小鼠或大鼠免疫球蛋白序列的抗体。可通过噬菌体展示或其它分子生物学方法,在人体内、在具有人类免疫球蛋白种系序列的转基因动物体内生成全人源抗体。可用于制造抗体的示例性技术在美国专利:6,150,584、6,458,592、6,420,140中描述。其它技术,如使用文库,是本领域已知的。
本发明的抗体还包括这样的抗体:其具有经修饰的(或被阻断的)Fc区以提供改变的效应子功能。参见,例如,美国专利号5,624,821、WO2003/086310、WO2005/120571、WO2006/0057702、Presta(2006)Adv.DrugDeliveryRev.58:640-656。此类修饰可被用于增强或抑制免疫系统的多种反应,其可能有益于诊断与治疗。Fc区的改动包括氨基酸变化(置换、缺失和插入)、糖基化或去糖基化以及添加多个Fc。对Fc的改变还可以改变治疗抗体的抗体半衰期,而更长的半衰期将导致更低频率的给药以及随之而来的方便程度增加和材料使用减少。参见Presta(2005)J.AllergyClin.Immunol.116:731于734-35。
本发明的抗体还包括具有提供完全效应子功能的完整的Fc区的抗体,例如,同种型IgG1的抗体,其在靶细胞中诱导补体依赖性细胞毒性(CDC)或抗体依赖细胞介导的细胞毒性(ADCC)。
本发明的抗体还包括与细胞毒性有效载荷(如细胞毒性剂或放射性核素)缀合的抗体。此类抗体缀合物可与抗GITR、抗PD-1或抗PD-L1治疗相结合而被用于免疫疗法中,以选择性地靶向并杀死在其表面表达某些抗原的细胞。示例性的细胞毒性剂包括蓖麻毒素、长春花生物碱、甲氨蝶呤、铜绿假单胞菌(Psuedomonas)外毒素、皂素、白喉毒素、顺铂、阿霉素、相思豆毒素、白树毒素和美洲商陆抗病毒蛋白。用于使用本发明的抗体的免疫疗法中的示例性放射性核素包括125I、131I、90Y、67Cu、211At、177Lu、143Pr和213Bi。参见,例如,美国专利申请公开号2006/0014225。
双特异性抗体也可用于本方法和组合物。如本文中所用,术语“双特异性抗体”指代对至少两种不同的抗原表位具有结合特异性的抗体(通常是单克隆抗体)。在一个实施方案中,表位来自相同的抗原。在另一个实施方案中,表位来自两种不同的抗原。用于制造双特异性抗体的方法是本领域已知的。例如,可以使用两种免疫球蛋白重链/轻链配对的共表达来重组产生双特异性抗体。参见,例如,Milstein等人(1983)Nature305:537-39。可选地,可以使用化学键合来制备双特异性抗体。参见,例如,Brennan等人(1985)Science229:81。双特异性抗体包括双特异性抗体片段。参见,例如,Holliger等人(1993)Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A.90:6444-48,Gruber等人(1994)J.Immunol.152:5368。
术语“多特异性的”包括对不止一种靶抗原具有特异性的结合分子。此类分子具有不止一种位点,其中每种结合位点特异性地结合(例如,与之发生免疫反应)不同的靶分子或同一靶标上不同的抗原位点。在一个实施方案中,本发明的多特异性结合分子为对至少两种靶标(例如,不止一种靶分子或同一靶分子上的不止一种表位)具有结合特异性的双特异性分子(例如,抗体、微抗体、结构域缺失抗体或融合蛋白)。
如本文中所用,术语“高变区”指代抗体上负责抗原结合的氨基酸残基。高变区包含来自“互补决定区”或“CDR”的氨基酸残基(例如,轻链可变结构域中的残基24-34(CDRL1)、50-56(CDRL2)和89-97(CDRL3)以及重链可变结构域中的残基31-35(CDRH1)、50-65(CDRH2)和95-102(CDRH3)(Kabat等人,(1991)SequencesofProteinsofImmunologicalInterest,第5版PublicHealthService,NationalInstitutesofHealth,Bethesda,Md.)和/或来自“高变环”的那些残基(例如,轻链可变结构域中的残基26-32(L1)、50-52(L2)和91-96(L3)以及重链可变结构域中的26-32(H1)、53-55(H2)和96-101(H3)(Chothia和Lesk(1987)J.Mol.Biol.196:901-917)。如本文中所用,术语“框架”或“FR”残基指代除了本文中定义为CDR残基的高变区残基以外的那些可变结构域残基。以上的残基编号涉及Kabat编号系统。
“结合化合物”指代能够结合靶标的分子、小分子、大分子、多肽、抗体或其片段或类似物、或可溶性受体。“结合化合物”还可以指代能够结合靶标的分子复合物(例如,非共价复合物)、离子化分子以及共价地或非共价地修饰的分子(例如,通过磷酸化、酰化、交联、环化或有限切割进行修饰)。当参照抗体使用时,术语“结合化合物”既指代抗体和其抗原结合片段。“结合”指代结合组合物与靶标的关联,在结合组合物可溶于或悬浮于溶液中的情况下,此关联导致该结合组合物正常的布朗运动减少。“结合组合物”指代能够结合靶标的分子(例如,结合化合物)与稳定剂、赋形剂、盐、缓冲液、溶剂或添加剂的组合。
如本文中所用,“保守修饰的变体”或“保守置换”指代本领域技术人员已知的氨基酸置换,并且其可能常常甚至发生在抗体的关键区域而不改变所得抗体的生物活性。此类示例性置换优选地根据下表1中所示的那些而进行。
表1:
示例性保守氨基酸置换
原始残基 | 保守置换 |
Ala (A) | Gly; Ser |
Arg (R) | Lys, His8 --> |
Asn (N) | Gln; His |
Asp (D) | Glu; Asn |
Cys (C) | Ser; Ala |
Gln (Q) | Asn |
Glu (E) | Asp; Gln |
Gly (G) | Ala |
His (H) | Asn; Gln |
Ile (I) | Leu; Val |
Leu (L) | Ile; Val |
Lys (K) | Arg; His |
Met (M) | Leu; Ile; Tyr |
Phe (F) | Tyr; Met; Leu |
Pro (P) | Ala |
Ser (S) | Thr |
Thr (T) | Ser |
Trp (W) | Tyr; Phe |
Tyr (Y) | Trp; Phe |
Val (V) | Ile; Leu |
本领域技术人员会认识到,通常,在多肽的非关键区域的单个氨基酸置换可能不会从实质上改变生物活性。参见,例如,Watson等人,(1987)MolecularBiologyoftheGene,TheBenjamin/CummingsPub.Co.,p.224(第4版)。
如贯穿本说明书和权利要求书中所用,短语“基本由……组成”(“consistsessentiallyof”)或其变型(如“consistessentiallyof”或“consistingessentiallyof”)指示包括任何所列举要素或要素的组,并任选地包括具有与所列举要素相似或不同性质的其它要素,其不会从实质上改变特定给药方案、方法或组合物的基本或新颖特性。作为非限制性实例,基本由所列举的氨基酸序列组成的结合化合物还可能包含一个或多个氨基酸(包括一个或多个氨基酸的置换),其不会从实质上影响结合化合物的特性。
“免疫状况”或“免疫紊乱”涵盖了,例如,病理性炎症、炎症性病症和自身免疫性病症或疾病。“免疫状况”还指代感染、持续性感染和增殖性状况(如癌症、肿瘤和血管生成),包括能抵抗免疫系统根除的感染、肿瘤和癌症。“癌性病变”包括,例如,癌症、癌细胞、肿瘤、血管生成和癌前状况(如异型增生)。
“增殖活性”涵盖了促进,例如,正常细胞分裂以及癌症、肿瘤、异型增生、细胞转化、转移和血管生成的活性;以及上述情况所必需的或与之特异性相关的活性。
术语“癌症”、“肿瘤”、“癌性的”和“恶性的”指代或描述了哺乳动物的生理状况,其通常由不受调控的细胞生长所表征。癌症的实例包括但不限于癌,包括腺癌、淋巴瘤、胚细胞瘤、黑素瘤、肉瘤和白血病。此类癌症的更具体的实例包括鳞状细胞癌、小细胞肺癌、非小细胞肺癌、胃肠道癌、霍奇金氏和非霍奇金氏淋巴瘤、胰腺癌、成胶质细胞瘤、神经胶质瘤、宫颈癌、卵巢癌、肝癌如肝癌(hepaticcarcinoma)和肝细胞瘤(hepatoma)、膀胱癌、乳腺癌、结肠癌、结肠直肠癌、子宫内膜癌、骨髓瘤(如多发性骨髓瘤)、唾液腺癌、肾癌如肾细胞癌和肾胚细胞瘤(Wilms'tumor)、基底细胞癌、黑素瘤、前列腺癌、外阴癌、甲状腺癌、睾丸癌、食道癌以及各种类型的头部和颈部癌症。
随着癌性细胞的生长和繁殖,它们会形成一大团癌性组织,即肿瘤,其入侵并破坏正常的相邻组织。恶性肿瘤即癌症。恶性肿瘤通常可被移除,但其可能复发。源自恶性肿瘤的细胞可以入侵并损害附近的组织和器官。癌细胞还可以脱离恶性肿瘤而进入血液或淋巴系统中,这就是癌细胞由原发性肿瘤(即,原癌)扩散以在其它器官中形成新肿瘤的方式。癌症在体内的扩散被称为转移(WhatYouNeedtoKnowAboutCancer-anOverview,NIH出版号00-1566;发表于2000年9月26日,更新于2002年9月16日,(2002))。
如本文中所用,术语“实体瘤”指代异常的组织生长或团块,其通常不含有囊肿或液性区。实体瘤可以是良性(非癌性)或恶性(癌性)的。不同类型的实体瘤以形成其的细胞类型来命名。实体瘤的实例有肉瘤、癌以及淋巴瘤。白血病(血癌)通常不形成实体瘤(NationalCancerInstitute,DictionaryofCancerTerms)。
“肿瘤负荷”也称为“肿瘤载荷”,指代分布于整个身体的肿瘤物质的总量。肿瘤负荷指代整个身体(包括淋巴结和骨髓)中,癌细胞的总数或肿瘤的总体大小。肿瘤负荷可以由本领域已知的多种方法来确定,如,例如通过测量刚从个体上移除的肿瘤的尺寸(例如,使用卡尺),或是在体内时,使用成像技术(例如,超声、骨扫描、计算机断层扫描(CT)或磁共振成像(MRI)扫描)进行测量。
术语“肿瘤大小”指代肿瘤的总体大小,其可以通过肿瘤的长度和宽度测量。肿瘤大小可以由本领域已知的多种方法来确定,如,例如通过测量刚从个体上移除的肿瘤的尺寸(例如,使用卡尺),或是在体内时,使用成像技术(例如,骨扫描、超声、CT或MRI扫描)进行测量。
如本文中所用,术语“原发性癌症”指代原发肿瘤或第一肿瘤。癌症可以始于身体的任何器官或组织。其通常以其发源的身体部位或细胞类型来命名(MetastaticCancer:QuestionsandAnswers,CancerFacts6.20,国家癌症研究所,综述于2004年9月1日(2004))。
如本文中所用,术语“原位癌”指代癌性细胞依然被包含在其开始生长的组织内,并且其尚未具备侵袭性或扩散到身体的其它部位。
如本文中用,术语“癌”指代上皮细胞的癌症,这类细胞覆盖身体的表面、产生激素并且构成腺体。癌的实例有皮肤癌、肺癌、结肠癌、胃癌、乳腺癌、前列腺癌和甲状腺癌。
如本文中所用,术语“经分离的核酸分子”指代从与其在抗体核酸的天然来源中通常相关联的至少一个杂质核酸分子中识别并分离出的核酸分子。经分离的核酸分子的形式或环境不同于天然存在的核酸分子。因此,可以从存在于天然细胞中的核酸分子中辨别出经分离的核酸分子。然而,经分离的核酸分子包括包含在通常表达抗体的细胞中的核酸分子,其中,例如,该核酸分子处于不同于天然细胞的染色体位置中。
表述“控制序列”指代涉及在特定宿主生物体中表达经可操作连接的编码序列的DNA序列。适用于原核生物的控制序列,例如,包括启动子、任选地操纵子序列以及核糖体结合位点。已知真核细胞使用启动子、多聚腺苷酸化信号和增强子。
当将其与另一个核酸序列置于功能关系中时,核酸是“可操作连接的”。例如,前序列或分泌型前导的DNA被可操作连接至多肽的DNA,如果其作为前蛋白表达而参与了该多肽的分泌;启动子或增强子被可操作连接至编码序列,如果其影响了该序列的转录;或者核糖体结合位点被可操作连接至编码序列,如果其被布置成便于翻译。一般而言,“可操作连接的”意指所连接的DNA序列是连续的,并且就分泌型前导而言,是连续的并在阅读框中。然而,增强子不必是连续的。连接通过在便利的限制性位点处的连接反应而完成。如果不存在此类位点,则根据常规操作使用合成的寡核苷酸接头(adaptor)或连接基(linker)。
如本文中所用,表述“细胞”、“细胞系”和“细胞培养物”可互换使用,并且所有此类名称均包括后代。因此,词语“转化子”和“经转化的细胞”包括原发性主体细胞以及衍生自其的培养物,而无论转移的次数。还应当理解,由于有意或无意的突变,所以可能并非所有后代均具有完全相同的DNA内容。包括了在经初始转化的细胞中所筛选出的具有相同功能或生物活性的突变后代。当有意采用不同的名称时,其(区别)从上下文中将是明确的。
如本文中所用,“聚合酶链式反应”或“PCR”指代将微量的特定核酸段、RNA和/或DNA扩增的程序或技术,如在例如,美国专利号4,683,195中所述。通常,需要提供来自目标区域末端或以外的序列信息,以便设计寡核苷酸引物;这些引物与待扩增的模板的相对链将在序列上相同或相似。两种引物的5’末端核苷酸可与经扩增的物质的末端重合。PCR可被用于扩增特定的RNA序列、来自总基因组DNA的特定的DNA序列以及转录自总细胞RNA、噬菌体或质粒序列的cDNA等。一般参见Mullis等人,(1987)ColdSpringHarborSymp.Quant.Biol.51:263;Erlich编撰,(1989)PCRTechnology(StocktonPress,N.Y.)。如本文中所用,PCR被认为是用于扩增核酸测试样本的核酸聚合酶反应方法的一个(但并非唯一的)实例,所述方法包括使用已知的核酸作为引物并使用核酸聚合酶以扩增或生成特定的核酸段。
如本文中所用,术语“种系序列”指代未经重排的免疫球蛋白DNA序列的序列,包括啮齿类动物(例如小鼠)和人类种系序列。可使用未经重排的免疫球蛋白DNA的任何合适来源。人类种系序列可得自,例如,美国国家卫生研究院(NationalInstitutesofHealth)国家关节炎和肌肉骨骼及皮肤病研究所(NationalInstituteofArthritisandMusculoskeletalandSkinDiseases)网站上的JOINSOLVER?种系数据库。小鼠种系序列可得自,例如,如Giudicelli等人,(2005)NucleicAcidsRes.33:D256-D261中所述。
为了检查例如GITR活性的增强程度,用潜在的活化或抑制剂对包含给定例如,蛋白质、基因或生物体的样品或检测进行处理,并与经无活性控制分子处理过的对照样品进行比较。对照样品被赋予100%的相对活性值。当相对于对照的活性值为约90%或更低、通常85%或更低、更通常80%或更低、最通常75%或更低、一般70%或更低、更一般65%或更低、最一般60%或更低、通常55%或更低、经常50%或更低、更经常45%或更低、最经常40%或更低、优选35%或更低、更优选30%或更低、仍更优选25%或更低并且最优选低于20%时,达到抑制作用。当相对于对照的活性值为约110%、一般至少120%、更一般至少140%、更一般至少160%、经常至少180%、更经常高于至少2倍、最经常高于至少2.5倍、通常高于至少5倍、更通常高于至少10倍、优选高于至少20倍、更优选高于至少40倍并且最优选高于40倍以上时,达到活化作用。
可以如下监测活化作用或抑制作用的端值。可通过端值来监测例如,细胞、生理液、组织、器官以及动物或人类个体的活化作用、抑制作用以及对治疗的响应。端值可包括,例如,炎症、致瘤性或细胞脱颗粒或分泌(如细胞因子、毒性氧或蛋白酶的释放)标记的预定数量或百分比。端值可包括,例如,离子通量或转运、细胞迁移、细胞粘附、细胞增殖、转移潜能、细胞分化以及表型变化(例如,与炎症、细胞凋亡、转化、细胞周期或转移相关的基因的表达的变化)的预定数量(参见,例如,Knight(2000)Ann.Clin.Lab.Sci.30:145-158;Hood与Cheresh(2002)NatureRev.Cancer2:91-100;Timme等人,(2003)Curr.DrugTargets4:251-261;Robbins与Itzkowitz(2002)Med.Clin.NorthAm.86:1467-1495;Grady与Markowitz(2002)Annu.Rev.GenomicsHum.Genet.3:101-128;Bauer等人,(2001)Glia36:235-243;Stanimirovic与Satoh(2000)BrainPathol.10:113-126)。
抑制作用的端值通常为对照的75%或更低、优选为对照的50%或更低、更优选为对照的25%或更低并且最优选为对照的10%或更低。通常,活化作用的端值为对照的至少150%、优选为对照的至少两倍、更优选为对照的至少四倍并且最优选为对照的至少10倍。
“小分子”被定义为分子量小于10kDa、通常小于2kDa并且优选小于1kDa的分子。小分子包括但不限于无机分子、有机分子、含有无机组分的有机分子、包含放射性原子的分子、合成分子、肽模拟物和抗体模拟物。作为治疗剂,小分子可对细胞更具渗透性、更不易受降解的影响并且相比大分子,更不易于诱发免疫应答。描述了小分子(如抗体和细胞因子的肽模拟物)以及小分子毒素。参见,例如,Casset等人,(2003)Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun.307:198-205;Muyldermans(2001)J.Biotechnol.74:277-302;Li(2000)Nat.Biotechnol.18:1251-1256;Apostolopoulos等人,(2002)Curr.Med.Chem.9:411-420;Monfardini等人,(2002)Curr.Pharm.Des.8:2185-2199;Domingues等人,(1999)Nat.Struct.Biol.6:652-656;Sato与Sone(2003)Biochem.J.371:603-608;美国专利号6,326,482。
“特异性地”或“选择性地”结合,当涉及配体/受体、抗体/抗原或其它结合配对时,表示在蛋白质与其它生物物质的异质群体中确定该蛋白质存在的结合反应。因此,在指定条件下,特定的配体结合特定的受体,并且不会大量结合样品中存在的其它蛋白质。如本文中所用,如果抗体结合包含GITR序列的多肽而不结合缺少GITR序列的蛋白质,那么该抗体被认为是特异性地结合包含给定序列(在这种情况下是GITR)的多肽。例如,特异性地结合包含GITR的多肽的抗体可以结合由FLAG?标签的形式的GITR,但将不会结合由FLAG?标签的其它蛋白质。
术语“表位”或“抗原决定簇”指代在抗原上结合分子所特异性地结合的位点。表位可以由连续氨基酸或由通过蛋白质三级折叠而并置的非连续氨基酸形成。由连续氨基酸形成的表位在暴露于变性溶剂中后通常得以保留,而通过三级折叠形成的表位在经变性溶剂处理后通常丢失。在独特的空间构象中,表位通常包含至少3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14或15个氨基酸。确定表位空间构象的方法包括,例如,X射线晶体学和2维核磁共振。
可通过简单的免疫测定鉴定出识别同一表位的结合分子,所述免疫测定显示出一种抗体阻断另一种抗体与靶抗原的结合的能力,即,竞争性结合测定。竞争性结合由这样的测定法确定:其中所测试的结合分子抑制参照结合分子与共同抗原(如GITR)的特异性结合。已知众多类型的竞争性结合测定法,例如:固相直接或间接放射免疫测定(RIA)、固相直接或间接酶免疫测定法(EIA)夹心竞争测定(参见Stahli等人,(1983)MethodsinEnzymology9:242)、固相直接生物素-亲和素EIA(参见Kirkland等人,(1986)J.Immunol.137:3614)、固相直接标记测定、固相直接标记夹心测定(参见Harlow与Lane,(1988)Antibodies:ALaboratoryManual,ColdSpringHarborPress)、使用1-125标记的固相直接标记RIA(参见Morel等人,(1988)MoI.Immunol.25(1):7)、固相直接生物素-亲和素EIA(Cheung等人,(1990)Virology176:546)和直接标记的RIA(Moldenhauer等人,(1990)Scand.J.Immunol.32:77)。
通常,此类测定涉及使用经纯化的抗原结合至固体表面或结合至携带有未标记的测试结合分子或经标记的参照结合分子的细胞。通过在存在测试结合分子的情况下,确定结合至固体表面或细胞的标记的量来测量竞争性抑制作用。
通常存在过量的测试结合分子。通常,当存在过量的竞争结合分子时,其将抑制至少50-55%、55-60%、60-65%、65-70%、70-75%或更多的参照结合分子与共同抗原的特异性结合。
所设想方法的抗体或衍生自抗体的抗原结合位点的结合组合物,以相比于其与不相关抗原的亲和力,至少大于两倍、优选至少大于十倍、更优选至少大于20倍并且最优选至少大于100倍的亲和力,结合其抗原。在优选的实施方案中,抗体将具有大于约109升/摩尔的亲和力,如通过,例如,Scatchard分析所确定。Munsen等人,(1980)Analyt.Biochem.107:220-239。
II.概述
本发明提供了用GITR激动剂与PD-1拮抗剂的组合(包括抗GITR和抗PD-1或抗PD-L1抗体)治疗晚期肿瘤的方法。
III.药物组合物
为了制备药物或灭菌组合物,将GITR、PD-1或PD-L1抗体与药学上可接受的载体或赋形剂混合。参见,例如,Remington'sPharmaceuticalSciences和U.S.Pharmacopeia:NationalFormulary,MackPublishingCompany,Easton,PA(1984)。
治疗剂和诊断剂的制剂可通过与生理上可接受的载体、赋形剂或稳定剂混合,以例如,冻干粉末、浆液、水溶液或悬浮液的形式制备。参见,例如,Hardman等人,(2001)GoodmanandGilman’sThePharmacologicalBasisofTherapeutics,McGraw-Hill,NewYork,NY;Gennaro(2000)Remington:TheScienceandPracticeofPharmacy,Lippincott,Williams,andWilkins,NewYork,NY;Avis等人,(编撰)(1993)PharmaceuticalDosageForms:ParenteralMedications,MarcelDekker,NY;Lieberman等人,(编撰)(1990)PharmaceuticalDosageForms:Tablets,MarcelDekker,NY;Lieberman等人,(编撰)(1990)PharmaceuticalDosageForms:DisperseSystems,MarcelDekker,NY;Weiner与Kotkoskie(2000)ExcipientToxicityandSafety,MarcelDekker,Inc.,NewYork,NY。
抗体组合物在单独施用或与免疫抑制剂组合施用时的毒性和疗效,可以通过标准药学程序在细胞培养物或实验动物中确定,例如,用于确定LD50(对50%群体的致死剂量)和ED50(对50%群体的治疗有效剂量)。毒性与疗效之间的剂量比率为治疗指数,并且其可以表示为LD50对ED50的比率。展示高治疗指数的抗体是优选的。从这些细胞培养测定法和动物研究中得到的数据可被用于配制用于人类的剂量范围。此类化合物的剂量优选地处于循环浓度的范围内,所述循环浓度包括具有少许毒性或无毒性的ED50。剂量可根据所采用的剂型和施用途径而在此范围内变化。
施用模式并不是特别重要。合适的施用途径可以包括,例如,口服、直肠施用、经粘膜施用或肠道施用;肠胃外递送,包括肌内注射、皮下注射、髓内注射以及鞘内注射、直接心室内注射、静脉内注射、腹腔内注射、鼻内注射或眼内注射。施用用于本发明的药物组合物中的抗体或施行本发明的方法可以通过多种常规方式(如口服摄取、吸入、局部应用或皮肤注射、皮下注射、腹腔内注射、肠胃外注射、动脉内注射或静脉内注射)进行。
可选地,可以局部性而非全身性方式施用抗体,例如常常以持久制剂或持续释放制剂的形式,将抗体直接注射到有关节炎的关节或病原体诱导的病变(由免疫病理学所表征)处。此外,可在靶向的药物递送系统中施用抗体,例如,在由组织特异性抗体所包被的脂质体中,靶向,例如,有关节炎的关节或病原体诱导的病变(由免疫病理学所表征)。脂质体将被靶向病变组织并被其选择性地吸收。
对治疗剂施用方案的选择取决于若干因素,包括实体的血清或组织转换率、症状的水平、实体的免疫原性以及生物基质中靶细胞的可及性。优选地,施用方案会在符合可接受水平的副作用的情况下,使递送到患者的治疗剂的量最大化。因此,所递送的生物物质的量部分取决于特定的实体和所治疗病症的严重程度。有关选择适当剂量的抗体、细胞因子和小分子的指导是可以获得的。参见,例如,Wawrzynczak(1996)AntibodyTherapy,BiosScientificPub.Ltd,Oxfordshire,UK;Kresina(编撰)(1991)MonoclonalAntibodies,CytokinesandArthritis,MarcelDekker,NewYork,NY;Bach(编撰)(1993)MonoclonalAntibodiesandPeptideTherapyinAutoimmuneDiseases,MarcelDekker,NewYork,NY;Baert等人,(2003)NewEngl.J.Med.348:601-608;Milgrom等人,(1999)NewEngl.J.Med.341:1966-1973;Slamon等人,(2001)NewEngl.J.Med.344:783-792;Beniaminovitz等人,(2000)NewEngl.J.Med.342:613-619;Ghosh等人,(2003)NewEngl.J.Med.348:24-32;Lipsky等人,(2000)NewEngl.J.Med.343:1594-1602。
对适当剂量的确定是由临床医生,例如,使用已知的或在本领域中涉嫌影响治疗或预计会影响治疗的参数或因素而作出的。通常,剂量以略低于最佳剂量的量开始,并在之后以小增量递增直到相对于任何不良副作用达到期望的或最佳的效果。重要的诊断措施包括,对例如,炎症或所产生的炎性细胞因子的水平的症状的那些。优选地,将用到的生物物质基本上来衍生自与治疗所靶向的动物相同的物种(例如,用于治疗人类个体的人源化抗体),从而使任何针对该试剂的免疫应答最小化。
可以通过连续输注或通过间隔(例如,一天、每周1-7次、一周、两周、每月、每两月等)给药来提供抗体和抗体片段。可以经静脉内、经皮下、局部地、口服地、经鼻腔、经直肠、经肌内、经脑内、经脊柱内或通过吸入来提供药剂。优选的给药方案涉及到避免明显不良的副作用的最大剂量或给药频率。总的周剂量通常为至少0.05μg/kg、0.2μg/kg、0.5μg/kg、1μg/kg、10μg/kg、100μg/kg、0.2mg/kg、1.0mg/kg、2.0mg/kg、10mg/kg、25mg/kg、50mg/kg体重或更多。参见,例如,Yang等人,(2003)NewEngl.J.Med.349:427-434;Herold等人,(2002)NewEngl.J.Med.346:1692-1698;Liu等人,(1999)J.Neurol.Neurosurg.Psych.67:451-456;Portielji等人,(20003)CancerImmunol.Immunother.52:133-144。小分子治疗剂(例如,肽模拟物、天然产物或有机化学物质)期望的剂量大约与抗体或多肽相同(按摩尔/kg计)。
使用第二治疗剂(例如,细胞因子、抗体、类固醇、化学治疗剂、抗生素、抗病毒素或放射)以共同施用或治疗的方法是本领域所熟知的,参见,例如,Hardman等人,(编撰)(2001)Goodman与Gilman的ThePharmacologicalBasisofTherapeutics,第10版,McGraw-Hill,NewYork,NY;Poole与Peterson(编撰)(2001)PharmacotherapeuticsforAdvancedPractice:APracticalApproach,Lippincott,Williams&Wilkins,Phila.,PA;Chabner与Longo(编撰)(2001)CancerChemotherapyandBiotherapy,Lippincott,Williams&Wilkins,Phila.,PA。具体地,可以同时或依次施用PD-1或PD-L1抗体。在特定实施方案中,可以首先施用抗GITR抗体,然后周期性(例如,一周后或每周)进行抗PD-1或抗PD-L1抗体给药。可选地,可以在使用抗PD-1或PD-L1抗体治疗后,按类似的计划表使用抗GITR抗体治疗。在另外的实施方案中,将抗GITR抗体与抗PD-1或抗PD-L1以至少单次治疗或多次给药(例如,每周施用)的方式共同施用。
可以将GITR、PD-1或PD-L1抗体与以下化学治疗剂组合,包括:烷化剂诸如塞替派和环磷酰胺;磺酸烷基酯诸如白消安、英丙舒凡和哌泊舒凡;氮丙啶类诸如苯佐替派(benzodopa)、卡波醌、美妥替派(meturedopa)和乌瑞替派(uredopa);乙烯亚胺和甲基密胺,包括六甲蜜胺、三亚乙基密胺、三亚乙基磷酰胺、三亚乙基硫代磷酰胺和三羟甲基密胺;番荔枝内酯(acetogenin)(尤其是布拉他辛(bullatacin)和布拉他辛酮(bullatacinone));喜树碱(包括合成的类似物托泊替康);苔藓抑素;callystatin;CC-1065(包括它的合成类似物阿多来新、卡泽来新和比泽来新);念珠藻环肽(尤其是念珠藻环肽1和念珠藻环肽8);多拉司他汀;多卡米星(包括合成类似物KW-2189和CBI-TM1);艾榴塞洛素;水鬼蕉碱;sarcodictyin;海绵抑素;氮芥类诸如苯丁酸氮芥、萘氮芥、胆磷酰胺(cholophosphamide)、雌莫司汀、异环磷酰胺、氮芥、盐酸氧氮芥、美法仑、新氮芥、苯芥胆甾醇、泼尼莫司汀、曲磷胺、乌拉莫司汀;硝基脲类诸如卡莫司汀、氯脲菌素、福莫司汀、洛莫司汀、尼莫司汀和雷莫司汀;抗生素类诸如烯二炔抗生素(例如刺孢霉素,尤其是刺孢霉素γ1I和刺孢霉素ωI1(参见,例如,Agnew,Chem.Intl.Ed.Engl.,33:183-186(1994));达内霉素,包括达内霉素A;二膦酸盐类,诸如氯膦酸盐;埃斯培拉霉素;以及新制癌菌素生色团和有关的色蛋白烯二炔抗生素生色团)、阿克拉霉素(aclacinomysin)、放线菌素、氨茴霉素(authramycin)、偶氮丝氨酸、博来霉素、放线菌素C、carabicin、洋红霉素(caminomycin)、嗜癌霉素、色霉素、更生霉素、柔红霉素、地托比星、6-重氮基-5-氧代-L-正亮氨酸、ADRIAMYCIN?多柔比星(包括吗啉代-多柔比星、氰基吗啉代-多柔比星、2-吡咯啉代-多柔比星和脱氧多柔比星)、表柔比星、依索比星、伊达比星、麻西罗霉素、丝裂霉素类诸如丝裂霉素C、麦考酚酸、诺拉霉素、橄榄霉素、培洛霉素、泊非霉素(potfiromycin)、嘌罗霉素、三铁阿霉素、罗多比星、链黑霉素、链佐星、杀结核菌素、乌苯美司、净司他丁、佐柔比星;抗代谢药诸如甲氨蝶呤和5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU);叶酸类似物诸如二甲叶酸、甲氨蝶呤、蝶罗呤、三甲曲沙;嘌呤类似物诸如氟达拉滨、6-巯嘌呤、硫咪嘌呤、硫鸟嘌呤;嘧啶类似物诸如安西他滨、阿扎胞苷、6-氮杂尿苷、卡莫氟、阿糖胞苷、二脱氧尿苷、去氧氟尿苷、依诺他滨、氟尿苷;雄激素类诸如卡普睾酮、丙酸屈他雄酮、环硫雄醇、美雄烷、睾内酪;抗肾上腺类诸如氨鲁米特、米托坦、曲洛司坦;叶酸补充剂诸如亚叶酸(frolinicacid);醋葡醛内酯;醛磷酰胺糖苷;氨基酮戊酸;恩尿嘧啶;安吖啶;bestrabucil;比生群;依达曲沙(edatraxate);地磷酰胺(defofamine);秋水仙胺;地吖醌;elformithine;依利醋铵;埃博霉素;依托格鲁;硝酸镓;羟基脲;香菇多糖;氯尼达明;美登素类化合物诸如美坦辛和安丝菌素;米托胍腙;米托蒽醌;莫哌达醇;尼曲吖啶;喷司他丁;蛋氨氮芥;吡柔比星;洛索蒽醌;鬼臼酸;2-乙基酰肼;丙卡巴肼;PSK?多糖复合物(JHSNaturalProducts,Eugene,Oreg.);雷佐生;根霉素;西佐喃(sizofuran);锗螺胺;替奴佐酸;三亚胺醌;2,2′,2″-三氯三乙胺;单端孢霉烯类(尤其是T-2毒素、疣孢菌素(verracurin)A、杆孢菌素A和蛇形菌素);乌拉坦(urethan);长春地辛;达卡巴嗪;甘露莫司汀;二溴甘露醇;二溴卫矛醇;哌泊溴烷;gacytosine;阿糖胞苷(“Ara-C”);环磷酰胺;塞替派;紫杉烷类,例如TAXOL?紫杉醇(Bristol-MyersSquibbOncology,Princeton,N.J.)、ABRAXANE?无Cremophor的经白蛋白工程改造的紫杉醇纳米颗粒制剂(AmericanPharmaceuticalPartners,Schaumberg,Ill.)和TAXOTERE?多西他赛(Rh?ne-PoulencRorer,Antony,France);瘤可宁(chloranbucil);GEMZAR?吉西他滨;6-硫鸟嘌呤;巯嘌呤;甲氨蝶呤;铂类似物诸如顺铂和卡铂;长春碱;铂;依托泊苷(VP-16);异环磷酰胺;米托蒽醌;长春新碱;NAVELBINE?长春瑞滨;诺消灵;替尼泊苷;依达曲沙;道诺霉素;氨基蝶呤;XELODA?卡培他滨;伊班膦酸盐;CPT-11;拓扑异构酶抑制剂RFS2000;二氟甲基鸟氨酸(DMFO);类视黄醇诸如视黄酸;卡培他滨;和上述任一种的药学上可接受的盐、酸或衍生物。
还包括:调控或抑制肿瘤上的激素作用的抗激素剂如抗雌激素剂和选择性雌激素受体调节剂(SERM),包括,例如,他莫昔芬(包括NOLVADEX?他莫昔芬)、雷洛昔芬,屈洛昔芬、4-羟基他莫昔芬、曲沃昔芬、雷洛昔芬盐酸盐(keoxifene)、LY117018、奥那司酮和法乐通、托瑞米芬;抑制芳香化酶(其调节肾上腺中雌激素的生产)的芳香化酶抑制剂,如,例如,4(5)-咪唑、氨鲁米特、MEGASE?醋酸甲地孕酮、AROMASIN?依西美坦、福美司坦(formestanie)、法倔唑、RIVISOR?伏氯唑、FEMARA?来曲唑和ARIMIDEX?阿那曲唑;以及抗雄激素类如氟他胺、尼鲁米特、比卡鲁胺、亮丙瑞林和戈舍瑞林;以及曲沙他滨(一种1,3-二氧戊环核苷胞嘧啶的类似物);反义寡核苷酸,特别是那些抑制牵涉到异常的细胞增殖的信号途径中的基因的表达的反义寡核苷酸,如,例如,PKC-α、Ralf和H-ras;核酶如VEGF表达抑制剂(例如,ANGIOZYME?核酶)和HER2表达抑制剂;疫苗如基因疗法疫苗,例如,ALLOVECTIN?疫苗、LEUVECTIN?疫苗和VAXID?疫苗;PROLEUKIN?rIL-2;LURTOTECAN?拓扑异构酶1抑制剂;ABARELIX?rmRH;以及以上任何物质的药学上可接受的盐类、酸类或衍生物。
组合疗法被用于治疗尺寸为至少约175mm3的晚期肿瘤。在本发明的另一个实施方案中,组合疗法被用于治疗至少约200mm3、300mm3、400mm3、500mm3、750mm3、最大至1000mm3的肿瘤。本发明的组合疗法被用于治疗这样的肿瘤,所述肿瘤大到足以通过触诊或通过本领域熟知的成像技术(如MRI、超声或CAT扫描)发现。
两种化合物的“协同效应”指的是两种药剂的组合的效果大于其单独效果的总合并且在统计上不同于对照和所述单一药物。在另一个实施方案中,本发明的组合疗法具有加性效应。两种化合物的“加性效应”指的是两种药剂的组合的效果等于其单独效果的总合并且在统计上不同于对照和/或所述单一药物。
所讨论的方法导致对肿瘤大小的抑制为:大于约10%、大于约20%、大于约30%、大于约35%、大于约42%、大于约43%、大于约44%、大于约45%、大于约46%、大于约47%、大于约48%、大于约49%、大于约50%、大于约51%、大于约52%、大于约53%、大于约54%、大于约55%、大于约56%、大于约57%、大于约58%、大于约59%、大于约60%、大于约65%、大于约70%、大于约75%、大于约80%、大于约85%、大于约90%、大于约95%或大于约100%。在一个实施方案中,将GITR结合分子与PD-1拮抗剂分子结合施用可导致晚期肿瘤的完全消退。
还设想了将GITR激动剂/PD-1拮抗剂的组合与抗病毒治疗剂共同施用。抗病毒素包括杀死病毒的任何药物。抗病毒素可包括干扰素(其作用是抑制病毒复制)、蛋白酶抑制剂和逆转录酶抑制剂或包含在针对HIV的高活性抗逆转录病毒疗法(HAART)组合中所含的药剂。
通常的兽医、实验或研究主体包括猴、狗、猫、大鼠、小鼠、兔、豚鼠、马和人。
IV.用途
癌症
GITR、PD-1或PD-L1抗体或抗原结合片段可被用于治疗癌症(即,抑制肿瘤细胞的生长或存活)。可使用本发明的抗体来抑制其生长的优选的癌症包括通常对免疫疗法有响应的癌症,还包括迄今为止还未与免疫疗法相关联的癌症。优选治疗的癌症的非限制性实例包括:黑素瘤(例如,转移性恶性黑素瘤)、肾癌(如:透明细胞癌)、前列腺癌(例如,激素难治性前列腺腺癌)、胰腺癌、乳腺癌、结肠癌、肺癌(例如,非小细胞肺癌)、食道癌、头部和颈部的鳞状细胞癌、肝癌、卵巢癌、子宫颈癌、甲状腺癌、恶性神经胶质瘤、神经神经胶质瘤、白血病、淋巴瘤以及其他瘤性恶性肿瘤。另外,本发明包括了使用本发明的抗体可抑制其生长的难治性或复发性恶性肿瘤。
GITR激动剂/PD-1拮抗剂抗体或抗原结合片段可以单独或与以下物质组合使用:其它抗肿瘤剂或免疫原性剂(例如,减弱的癌性细胞、肿瘤抗原(包括重组蛋白、多肽和碳水化合物分子)、抗原呈递细胞如使用肿瘤衍生抗原或核酸刺激的树突状细胞、免疫刺激细胞因子(例如,IL-2、IFNa2、GM-CSF)和使用编码免疫刺激细胞因子如但不限于GM-CSF的基因所转染的细胞);标准癌症治疗(例如,化学疗法、放射疗法或外科手术);或其它抗体(包括但不限于针对VEGF、EGFR、Her2/neu、VEGF受体、其它生长因子受体、CD20、CD40、CTLA-4、OX-40、4-IBB和ICOS的抗体)。
传染病
GITR激动剂/PD-1拮抗剂的组合还可被用于预防或治疗感染和传染病。GITR激动剂/PD-1拮抗剂的组合可以单独或与疫苗结合使用,以激发针对病原体、毒素和自体抗原的免疫应答。抗体及其抗原结合片段可被用于激发针对可传染人类的病毒(如,但不限于,人类免疫缺陷病毒、甲型、乙型和丙型肝炎病毒、爱泼斯坦-巴尔病毒(EppsteinBarrvirus)、人类巨细胞病毒、人类乳头瘤病毒、疱疹病毒)的免疫应答。抗体及其抗原结合片段可被用于激发针对细菌或真菌寄生物和其它病原体感染的免疫应答。
疫苗佐剂
GITR激动剂/PD-1拮抗剂抗体或抗体片段的组合可与其它重组蛋白和/或肽(如肿瘤抗原或癌细胞)结合使用,以提高针对这些蛋白质的免疫应答(即,在疫苗接种方案中)。
例如,可以通过将GITR激动剂/PD-1拮抗剂的组合与目标抗原(例如,疫苗)共同施用,将GITR激动剂/PD-1拮抗剂抗体及其抗体片段用于激发抗原特异性免疫应答。因此,在另一个方面,本发明提供了在个体中增强针对抗原的免疫应答的方法,包括向个体施用:(i)抗原;和(ii)GITR激动剂/PD-1拮抗剂的组合,使得在该个体中针对该抗原的免疫应答得以增强。抗原可以是,例如,肿瘤抗原、病毒抗原、细菌抗原或来自病原体的抗原。
T细胞的先体外后体内活化
本发明的抗体和抗原片段还可被用于抗原特异性T细胞的先体外后体内活化和表达以及将这些细胞过继转移到受体中,以增加针对肿瘤的抗原特异性T细胞。这些方法还可被用于激活T细胞针对传染原(如CMV)的反应。在存在GITR激动剂/PD-1拮抗剂的组合的情况下,先体外后体内活化可能预期会提高经过继转移的T细胞的频率和活性。
实施例
实施例1
一般方法
描述了分子生物学中的标准方法。Maniatis等人,(1982)MolecularCloning,ALaboratoryManual,ColdSpringHarborLaboratoryPress,ColdSpringHarbor,NY;Sambrook与Russell(2001)MolecularCloning,第三版,ColdSpringHarborLaboratoryPress,ColdSpringHarbor,NY;Wu(1993)RecombinantDNA,Vol.217,AcademicPress,SanDiego,CA。标准方法还可见于Ausbel等人,(2001)CurrentProtocolsinMolecularBiology,Vols.1-4,JohnWileyandSons,Inc.NewYork,NY,其描述了细菌细胞中的克隆以及DNA诱变(卷1)、哺乳动物细胞和酵母的克隆(卷2)、糖复合物和蛋白质表达(卷3)和生物信息学(卷4)。
描述了蛋白质纯化的方法,包括免疫沉淀法、层析法、电泳法、离心法和结晶法。Coligan等人,(2000)CurrentProtocolsinProteinScience,Vol.1,JohnWileyandSons,Inc.,NewYork。描述了化学分析、化学修饰、翻译后修饰、融合蛋白的生产、蛋白质的糖基化。参见,例如,Coligan等人,(2000)CurrentProtocolsinProteinScience,Vol.2,JohnWileyandSons,Inc.,NewYork;Ausubel等人,(2001)CurrentProtocolsinMolecularBiology,Vol.3,JohnWileyandSons,Inc.,NY,NY,pp.16.0.5-16.22.17;Sigma-Aldrich,Co.(2001)ProductsforLifeScienceResearch,St.Louis,MO;pp.45-89;AmershamPharmaciaBiotech(2001)BioDirectory,Piscataway,N.J.,pp.384-391。描述了多克隆与单克隆抗体的生产、纯化和片段化。Coligan等人,(2001)CurrentProtcolsinImmunology,Vol.1,JohnWileyandSons,Inc.,NewYork;Harlow与Lane(1999)UsingAntibodies,ColdSpringHarborLaboratoryPress,ColdSpringHarbor,NY;Harlow与Lane,同上。用于表征配体/受体相互作用的标准技术是可以获得的。参见,例如,Coligan等人,(2001)CurrentProtcolsinImmunology,Vol.4,JohnWiley,Inc.,NewYork。
可制备单克隆、多克隆以及人源化抗体(参见,例如,Sheperd与Dean(编撰)(2000)MonoclonalAntibodies,OxfordUniv.Press,NewYork,NY;Kontermann与Dubel(编撰)(2001)AntibodyEngineering,Springer-Verlag,NewYork;Harlow与Lane(1988)AntibodiesALaboratoryManual,ColdSpringHarborLaboratoryPress,ColdSpringHarbor,NY,pp.139-243;Carpenter等人,(2000)J.Immunol.165:6205;He等人,(1998)J.Immunol.160:1029;Tang等人,(1999)J.Biol.Chem.274:27371-27378;Baca等人,(1997)J.Biol.Chem.272:10678-10684;Chothia等人,(1989)Nature342:877-883;Foote和Winter(1992)J.Mol.Biol.224:487-499;美国专利号6,329,511)。
人源化的可选方案是使用展示于噬菌体上的人类抗体文库或在转基因小鼠中的人类抗体文库(Vaughan等人,(1996)NatureBiotechnol.14:309-314;Barbas(1995)NatureMedicine1:837-839;Mendez等人,(1997)NatureGenetics15:146-156;Hoogenboom与Chames(2000)Immunol.Today21:371-377;Barbas等人,(2001)PhageDisplay:ALaboratoryManual,ColdSpringHarborLaboratoryPress,ColdSpringHarbor,NewYork;Kay等人,(1996)PhageDisplayofPeptidesandProteins:ALaboratoryManual,AcademicPress,SanDiego,CA;deBruin等人,(1999)NatureBiotechnol.17:397-399)。
抗原的纯化对于生成抗体而言不是必需的。可以使用携带目标抗原的细胞对动物进行免疫。然后可以将脾细胞从经免疫的动物中分离,并且可将脾细胞与骨髓瘤细胞系融合以产生杂交瘤(参见,例如,Meyaard等人,(1997)Immunity7:283-290;Wright等人,(2000)Immunity13:233-242;Preston等人,同上;Kaithamana等人,(1999)J.Immunol.163:5157-5164)。
可将抗体与,例如,小药物分子、酶、脂质体、聚乙二醇(PEG)缀合。抗体可用于治疗、诊断性试剂盒或其它目的,并且包括与,例如,染料、放射性同位素、酶或金属(例如,胶体金)偶联的抗体(参见,例如,LeDoussal等人,(1991)J.Immunol.146:169-175;Gibellini等人,(1998)J.Immunol.160:3891-3898;Hsing与Bishop(1999)J.Immunol.162:2804-2811;Everts等人,(2002)J.Immunol.168:883-889)。
用于流式细胞术(包括荧光激活的细胞分选检测系统(FACS?))的方法是可以获得的。参见,例如,Owens等人,(1994)FlowCytometryPrinciplesforClinicalLaboratoryPractice,JohnWileyandSons,Hoboken,NJ;Givan(2001)FlowCytometry,第二版;Wiley-Liss,Hoboken,NJ;Shapiro(2003)PracticalFlowCytometry,JohnWiley与Sons,Hoboken,NJ。适用于修饰核酸(包括核酸引物和探针、多肽以及用作例如诊断剂的抗体)荧光剂是可以获得的。MolecularProbes(2003)产品目录,MolecularProbes,Inc.,Eugene,或Sigma-Aldrich(2003)产品目录,St.Louis,MO。
描述了免疫系统组织学的标准方法。参见,例如,Muller-Harmelink(编撰)(1986)HumanThymus:HistopathologyandPathology,SpringerVerlag,NewYork,NY;Hiatt等人,(2000)ColorAtlasofHistology,Lippincott,Williams,andWilkins,Phila,PA;Louis等人,(2002)BasicHistology:TextandAtlas,McGraw-Hill,NewYork,NY。
用于确定,例如,抗原片段、前导序列、蛋白质折叠、功能结构域、糖基化位点和序列比对的软件包和数据库是可以获得的。参见,例如,GenBank,VectorNTI?Suite(Informax,Inc,Bethesda,MD);GCGWisconsinPackage(Accelrys,Inc.,SanDiego,CA);DeCypher?(TimeLogicCorp.,CrystalBay,Nevada);Menne等人,(2000)Bioinformatics16:741-742;Menne等人,(2000)BioinformaticsApplicationsNote16:741-742;Wren等人,(2002)Comput.MethodsProgramsBiomed.68:177-181;vonHeijne(1983)Eur.J.Biochem.133:17-21;vonHeijne(1986)NucleicAcidsRes.14:4683-4690。
实施例2
体内治疗方法
大约八至十周龄的雌性C57Bl/6J或BALB/c/AnN小鼠分别得自JacksonLaboratories(BarHarbor,MaineorSacramento,California)或TaconicLaboratory(Oxnard,California)。随意供应常规的动物饲料和水。所有用到动物的方案均已得到Merck&Co.,Inc.和MerckResearchLabs(MRL)PaloAltoAnimalUseandCareCommittee的批准。
治疗前,给小鼠称重并测量来自小鼠个体的肿瘤。为防止偏倚,去掉任何重量或肿瘤体积上的离群者,并且将剩余的小鼠随机分入具有等同平均肿瘤大小的各个治疗组。
测试材料和同种型对照以冷冻原液(-80°C)形式得自MRLPaloAltoProteinSciences部门。对于各抗体而言,制剂缓冲液是特异性的,以稳定蛋白质并防止沉淀,以下给出了其详细资料:
制剂/稀释剂得自MRLPaloAltoProteinSciences部门,保存于4°C。同种型对照mIgG2a和抗PD-1制剂/稀释剂:20mM醋酸钠、7%蔗糖,pH5.5;mIgG1制剂/稀释剂:75mMNaCl、10mM磷酸盐、3%蔗糖,pH7.3;以及mDTA-1(抗mGITR)制剂/稀释剂:20mM醋酸钠、7%蔗糖、0.02%Tween80的低过氧化物,pH5.5是用于稳定蛋白质并防止其沉淀。
实施例3
肿瘤细胞系的制备和植入
在补充了10%加热灭活的胎牛血清的RPMI培养液中培养MC38或CT26结肠癌细胞。在补充了10%胎牛血清和1%GlutaMAXTM的Dulbecco’sModifiedEagleMedium(DMEM)中培养1x1MB49膀胱癌细胞。将1x106个MC38细胞、3x105个CT26细胞或0.5X106个MB49细胞于100μL体积的盐酸盐缓冲生理盐水中经皮下注射到各只小鼠的左腹部或右侧。通常,首先用电动剃毛器给小鼠将要用于植入的部位剃毛。
实施例4
肿瘤测量和体重
在第一次给药的前一天以及之后每周两次测量肿瘤。用电子测径器测量肿瘤长度和宽度,并用公式体积(mm3)=0.5x长度x宽度2(其中,长度为更长的维度)来确定肿瘤体积。
周期性地给小鼠称重,不仅用以监测一般健康,还用以估算每只小鼠实际的mg/kg剂量递送(当需要时)。
实施例5
剂量溶液的制备、施用和分析
将冷冻原液解冻并转移到湿冰上。为避免反复冻融,每只原液小瓶仅解冻一次并且将等分试样制成足够一次使用的体积。出于此目的而使用聚丙烯、低附着性的管。将等分试样在干冰中速冻并保存于-80°C。在每次给药前,将一个等分试样解冻并在适当的稀释剂中稀释至标称浓度,然后立即施用。将剂量溶液的等分试样在干冰中速冻并保存于-80℃直到分析。使用MesoScaleDiscovery(MSD?,Rockville,MD)平台对剂量溶液进行评估,所述平台基于多阵列技术(电化学发光检测与图案化阵列的组合)。
一旦MC38和CT26肿瘤分别达到约300mm3和220mm3的平均大小(通常在植入后两周左右),即开始施用测试材料。一旦MB49肿瘤达到约105mm3的平均大小(在植入后一周),即开始施用测试材料。测试了当剂量浓度为5mg/kg时给药频率的变化(范围从单次至多达6周次),以下给出了其详细资料。
实施例6
DTA-1抗体的鼠源化
将大鼠抗小鼠DTA-1GITR抗体(S.Sakaguchi,KyotoUniversity,Kyoto,Japan)如下进行了鼠源化。确定了大鼠抗体DTA-1的可变重结构域(VH)和可变轻结构域(VL)的序列。将大鼠DTA-1VH序列与来自免疫遗传学IMGT数据库(www.imgt.org)的小鼠VH种系序列进行比较(Lefranc,M.-P.等人,(1999)Nuc.AcidsRes.27:209-212)。将DTA-1VH序列与小鼠VH种系序列进行比对并以与早先的人源化系统类似的方式评分(参见,例如,WO2005/047326)。大鼠DTA-1VH与小鼠种系IGVH5-4、IGVH5-6和IGVH5-9最为类似。将CDR残基从大鼠DTA-1VH转移至小鼠种系IGVH5-4;将两个IGVH5-4框架残基改变为适合IGVH5-6的残基,并且小鼠J区IGHJ-4(IMGT)被用于连接至小鼠IgG1和小鼠IgG2aFc区。
将大鼠DTA-1VL(λ)序列与来自GenBank:AAH02129.1的小鼠VL(λ)序列进行比对。将CDR残基从大鼠DTA-1VL(λ)转移至小鼠AAH02129框架序列。基于大鼠和鼠源化VL结构域的计算机图形模型,改变了鼠源化DTA1上的七个框架残基。将鼠源化DTA-1VL(λ)结构域融合至小鼠恒定轻结构域。
对于全部三种构建体(一种VH以及两种VL(λ)),合成了经密码子优化的基因并将其插入表达载体中。通过瞬时表达在HEK293中表达了抗体并使用蛋白质-A层析法纯化。
实施例7
抗GITR/抗PD-1的治疗结果
采用单次或两周次经皮下(SC)注射鼠源化抗mGITR(MerckResearchLabs,PaloAlto,CA)和经腹腔内(IP)注射鼠源化抗mPD-1(MerckResearchLabs,PaloAlto,CA),各自以5mg/kg的剂量施用,来治疗携带晚期MC38肿瘤的C57BL/6J小鼠。一旦肿瘤大小达到240-360mm3,即开始治疗。每周两次测量肿瘤。将肿瘤的完全消退(CR)作为抗肿瘤功效的读数。组合给药导致了强劲的协同功效,在两周次的组合剂量后实现了100%CR。将给药方案限制在每种抗体各一剂(Ab.)把CR降低至70%,这与在施用抗mGITR的一周后以四周次施用抗mPD-1的组合所达到的功效是类似的。在施用抗mGITR和施用抗mPD-1之间间隔两周则不那么有效。使用抗mGITR进行最多达六周次治疗或使用抗mPD-1Ab进行2-4周次治疗的单一疗法中,仅观察到20-30%的CR(参见图1A-1K)。
以各自5mg/kg的剂量施用抗mGITR(SC)和抗mPD-1(IP)治疗了携带晚期MC38肿瘤的C57BL/6J小鼠。一旦肿瘤大小达到200-350mm3,即开始治疗。每周两次测量肿瘤。将肿瘤的完全消退(CR)作为抗肿瘤功效的读数。组合给药导致了稳固的协同功效,在两周次的组合剂量后实现了100%CR。这与以上详述的结果相当。然而,当以一周的间隔分别递送抗体时,观察到了降低的CR(60%)。两周次地施用抗mGITR或抗mPD-1的单一疗法抑制了肿瘤生长,但未导致CR(参见图2A-2F)。
以各自5mg/kg的剂量施用抗mGITR(SC)和抗mPD-1(IP)治疗了携带晚期CT26肿瘤的BALB/cAnN小鼠。一旦肿瘤大小达到平均220mm3(180–260mm3),即开始治疗。每周两次测量肿瘤。将肿瘤的完全消退(CR)作为抗肿瘤功效的读数。单次组合给药导致了稳固的协同功效,实现了70%CR。递送任一种抗体的单一疗法的抗肿瘤功效为0-10%CR(参见图3A-3D)。
以分别为5mg/kg和10mg/kg的剂量单次施用抗mGITR(SC)和抗mPD-1(IP)治疗了携带MB49肿瘤的C57BL/6J小鼠。一旦肿瘤大小达到平均105mm3(85-122mm3),即开始治疗。每周两次测量肿瘤。将肿瘤的完全消退(CR)作为抗肿瘤功效的读数。抗GITR和抗PD-1的联合治疗导致了增强的功效(40%CR)。在单药剂治疗组中未观察到CR(参见图4A-4D)。
实施例8
抗PD-1和抗GITR的组合对调节性T细胞与CD8细胞比率的影响
A.方法
1.混合淋巴细胞反应培养
使用FicollPaquePlus密度梯度离心法(1200×g,20分钟),将外周血单核细胞(PBMC)从血沉棕黄层分离。从培养液:血浆的交界部收集外周血单核细胞,并用Dulbecco’s磷酸盐缓冲生理盐水(DPBS)洗涤2次。用氯化铵钾RBC裂解液(RBC裂解液)裂解残余的红血细胞(RBC)。
使用以下程序从CD14+单核细胞中生成树突状细胞(DC)。首先,使用RosetteSep人类单核细胞浓缩液和FicollPaquePlus密度梯度离心法(1200×g,20分钟)从血沉棕黄层分离出单核细胞。从培养液:血浆的交界部移除单核细胞并用DPBS洗涤2次。用RBC裂解液裂解残余的RBC。在补充了10%胎牛血清(FBS)、1,000U/mL粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)和400U/mL白细胞介素(IL)-4的Dulbecco’sModifiedEagleMedium中,以2×106/mL的细胞密度培养经富集的单核细胞。在第6天,向培养物中加入0.5μg/mL脂多糖;然后将细胞再培养2天。
在24孔平板中建立混合淋巴细胞反应培养。将外周血单核细胞(2×106/mL)与γ经照射过的(30Gy)异基因DC(0.2×106/mL)在存在以下物质的情况下一起培养:100U/mLIL-2、5ng/mLIL-15、抗hGITR抗体(MK-4166)、抗hPD-1抗体(MK-3475)、MK-3475与MK-4166的组合或同种型对照mAb(抗RSV)。在第7天,使用流式细胞术评价MLR培养物中调节性T细胞(Treg)的数量。
2.对混合淋巴细胞反应培养中Treg的流式细胞术检测
为了检测Treg(CD3+CD4+CD25+FoxP3+)和CD8+T细胞,将1至2×106个来自MLR培养物的细胞与抗CD3、抗CD4、抗CD25和抗CD8在50μL的BDPharmingen染色缓冲液中一起温育。使用FixableViabilityDyeeFluor506将死亡的细胞去除。在与抗CD3、抗CD4、抗CD8和抗CD25mAb一起表面染色后,根据制造商的说明(eBioscience),使用FoxP3Fixation/Permeabilization试剂盒进行细胞内FoxP3染色。在LSRII流式细胞仪上进行样品采集,并且使用FlowJo软件版本10.0.6(TreeStar,Inc.)分析数据。通过对CD3+CD4+细胞门控然后对CD25+FoxP3+细胞门控,识别出了Treg。
3.调节性T细胞抑制测定法
使用RosetteSep人类CD4+T细胞富集试剂盒和FicollPaquePlus密度梯度离心法(1200×g,20分钟)从血沉棕黄层分离出CD4+T细胞。从培养液:血浆的交界部收集CD4+T细胞并用DPBS洗涤2次。用RBC裂解液裂解残余的RBC。根据制造商的说明(MiltenyiBiotec),使用人类CD25-缀合的微珠II试剂盒分离CD4+CD25+Treg和CD4+CD25-效应T细胞(Teff)。CD4+CD25+CD127-Treg的纯度大约为40%至70%。如上所述生成了人类DC。
对于T细胞抑制测定法,在96孔圆底平板的每个孔中放入总共1×105个T细胞(Treg和Teff)和2×104γ个经过照射的(30Gy)DC,在存在以下物质的情况下培养7天:MK-4166、MK-3475、MK-3475与MK-4166的组合或同种型对照mAb(抗RSV)。将CD4+CD25-Teff与CD4+CD25+Treg以4:1的比率混合。在第6天,将氚标记的胸苷加入培养物中,温育20个小时。在与氚标记的胸苷温育后,采收细胞,用水裂解,并使用β计数器进行分析(PerkinElmer,2450微孔板计数器)。T细胞增殖的水平反映为所掺入的氚标记的胸苷的水平。所有的测定均以一式三份进行。
B.结果
抗小鼠GITR激动型mAbDTA-1的改变Treg的稳定性和肿瘤内积累的能力对于DTA-1的作用机制是必不可少的(参见,例如,Cohen等人(2010)PLoSOne5(e10436):1-12;和Schaer等人,(2013)CancerImmunol.Res.1:320-331)。使用人类体外测定法对MK-4166单独或与MK-3475组合以影响人类Treg的诱导及其抑制活性的能力进行了研究。
在MLR中诱导Treg是有据可查的(参见,例如Levitsky等人(2013)Transplantation96:689-696)。因此,MLR被用于增加天然存在于血液中的人类Treg的数量,并且用于评估MK-4166单独或与MK-3475组合对人类Treg以及CD8:Treg比率的影响。向MLR培养物中添加10μg/mLMK-4166导致了7天后CD4+CD25+FoxP3+Treg数量的减少(图5A)。仅MK-3475单独而言,其对Treg数量没有影响。然而,MK-3475与MK-4166的组合对Treg数量以及CD8:Treg比率的影响最为明显(图5B)。
为了评价MK-4166对人类Treg抑制活性的影响,建立了Treg抑制测定法。在此测定中,T细胞增殖的水平反映为所掺入的氚标记的胸苷的水平。当MK-4166与MK-3475组合时,观察到了T细胞增殖中的剂量依赖性增长。这些结果证明:与MK-4166和MK3475一起温育会减少MLR诱导的Treg的数量、增加CD8:Treg比率并且减弱人类Treg的体外抑制功能。
表2为序列表中的序列提供了简要说明。
SEQ ID NO: | 说明 |
1 | 36E5 CDRH1 |
2 | 3D6 CDRH1 |
3 | 61G6 CDRH1 |
4 | 6H6 CDRH1 |
5 | 61F6 CDRH1 |
6 | 1D8 CDRH1 |
7 | 17F10 CDRH1 |
8 | 35D8 CDRH1 |
9 | 49A1 CDRH1 |
10 | 9E5 CDRH123 --> |
11 | 31H6 CDRH1 |
12 | 36E5 CDRH2 |
13 | 3D6 CDRH2 |
14 | 61G6 CDRH2 |
15 | 6H6 CDRH2 |
16 | 61F6 CDRH2 |
17 | 1D8 CDRH2 |
18 | 17F10 CDRH2 |
19 | 35D8 CDRH2 |
20 | 49A1 CDRH2 |
21 | 9E5 CDRH2 |
22 | 31H6 CDRH2 |
23 | 36E5 CDRH3 |
24 | 3D6 CDRH3 |
25 | 61G6 CDRH3 |
26 | 6H6 CDRH3 |
27 | 61F6 CDRH3 |
28 | 1D8 CDRH3 |
29 | 17F10 CDRH3 |
30 | 35D8 CDRH3 |
31 | 49A1 CDRH3 |
32 | 9E5 CDRH3 |
33 | 31H6 CDRH3 |
34 | 36E5 CDRL1 |
35 | 3D6 CDRL1 |
36 | 61G6 CDRL1 |
37 | 6H6 CDRL1 |
38 | 61F6 CDRL1 |
39 | 1D8 CDRL1 |
40 | 17F10 CDR L1 |
41 | 35D8 CDR L1 |
42 | 49A1 CDR L1 |
43 | 9E5 CDR L1 |
44 | 31H6 CDR L1 |
45 | 36E5 CDRL2 |
46 | 3D6 CDRL2 |
47 | 61G6 CDRL2 |
48 | 6H6 CDRL2 |
49 | 61F6 CDRL224 --> |
50 | 1D8 CDRL2 |
51 | 17F10 CDR L2 |
52 | 35D8 CDR L2 |
53 | 49A1 CDR L2 |
54 | 9E5 CDR L2 |
55 | 31H6 CDR L2 |
56 | 36E5 CDRL3 |
57 | 3D6 CDRL3 |
58 | 61G6 CDRL3 |
59 | 6H6 CDRL3 |
60 | 61F6 CDRL3 |
61 | 1D8 CDRL3 |
62 | 17F10 CDR L3 |
63 | 35D8 CDR L3 |
64 | 49A1 CDR L3 |
65 | 9E5 CDR L3 |
66 | 31H6 CDR L3 |
67 | 人源化 1D8 VH |
68 | 人源化 1D8 VL |
69 | 人源化 3D6 VH |
70 | 人源化 3D6 VL |
71 | 人源化 6H6 VH |
72 | 人源化 6H6 VL |
73 | 人源化 9E5 VH |
74 | 人源化 9E5 VL |
75 | 人源化 31H6 VH |
76 | 人源化 31H6 VL |
77 | 人源化 17F10 VH |
78 | 人源化 17F10 VL |
79 | 人源化 35D8 VH |
80 | 人源化 35D8 VL |
81 | 人源化 36E5 VH |
82 | 人源化 36E5 VL |
83 | 人源化 49A1 VH |
84 | 人源化 49A1 VL |
85 | 人源化 61F6 VH |
86 | 人源化 61F6 VL |
87 | 人源化 61G6 VH |
88 | 人源化 61G6 VL |
Claims (19)
1.治疗患者中肿瘤的方法,其包括向所述患者施用PD-1拮抗剂和GITR激动剂,其中所述PD-1激动剂和GITR激动剂同时施用或依次施用。
2.根据权利要求1的方法,其中:
a.所述PD-1拮抗剂为结合PD-1或PD-L1的抗体或其抗原结合片段;并且
b.所述GITR激动剂为结合GITR的抗体或其抗原结合片段。
3.根据权利要求2的方法,其中:
a.所述PD-1拮抗剂为结合人类PD-1或PD-L1的抗体或其抗原结合片段;并且
b.所述GITR激动剂为结合人类GITR的抗体或其抗原结合片段。
4.根据权利要求3的方法,其中所述抗体或其结合片段是人源化的或全人源的。
5.根据权利要求2的方法,其中:
a.所述PD-1拮抗剂选自BMS-936558、MK-3475和MPDL3280A;并且
b.所述GITR激动剂选自:
i.具有SEQIDNO:1-66的至少一个CDR的抗体;
ii.TRX518;和
iii.TRX385。
6.根据权利要求5的方法,其中所述GITR激动剂为具有以下的抗体:
a)SEQIDNO:1-11的重链CDR1、SEQIDNO:12-22的重链CDR2和SEQIDNO:23-33的重链CDR3;和/或
b)SEQIDNO:34-44的轻链CDR1、SEQIDNO:45-55的轻链CDR2和SEQIDNO:56-66的轻链CDR3。
7.根据权利要求5的方法,其中所述GITR激动剂为具有以下的抗体:
a)SEQIDNO:67、69、71、73、75、77、79、81、83、85和87的可变重链;和/或
b)SEQIDNO:68、70、72、74、76、78、80、82、84、86和88的可变轻链。
8.根据权利要求1的方法,其中将所述PD-1拮抗剂和GITR激动剂同时施用至少一次。
9.根据权利要求1的方法,其中将所述PD-1拮抗剂和GITR激动剂同时施用至少2次。
10.根据权利要求1的方法,其中所述肿瘤为晚期肿瘤。
11.根据权利要求10的方法,其中所述晚期肿瘤选自鳞状细胞癌、小细胞肺癌、非小细胞肺癌、胃肠道癌、胰腺癌、成胶质细胞瘤、神经胶质瘤、宫颈癌、卵巢癌、肝癌如肝癌(hepaticcarcinoma)和肝细胞瘤(hepatoma)、膀胱癌、乳腺癌、结肠癌、结肠直肠癌、子宫内膜癌、骨髓瘤(如多发性骨髓瘤)、唾液腺癌、肾癌如肾细胞癌和肾母细胞瘤(Wilms'tumor)、基底细胞癌、黑素瘤、前列腺癌、外阴癌、甲状腺癌、睾丸癌和食道癌。
12.治疗患者体内肿瘤的方法,其包括向所述患者施用双特异性抗体或其抗原结合片段,所述双特异性抗体或其抗原结合片段包括结合PD-1或PD-L1并拮抗PD-1活性的第一臂和结合GITR并促进GITR活性的第二臂。
13.根据权利要求12的方法,其中:
a.所述第一臂选自来自BMS-936558、MK-3475和MPDL3280A的抗原结合片段;并且
b.所述第二臂选自来自以下的抗原结合片段:
i.具有SEQIDNO:1-66的至少一个CDR的抗体;
ii.TRX518;和
iii.TRX385。
14.根据权利要求13的方法,其中所述第二臂具有:
a)SEQIDNO:1-11的重链CDR1、SEQIDNO:12-22的重链CDR2和SEQIDNO:23-33的重链CDR3;和/或
b)SEQIDNO:34-44的轻链CDR1、SEQIDNO:45-55的轻链CDR2和SEQIDNO:56-66的轻链CDR3。
15.根据权利要求13的方法,其中所述第二臂具有:
a)SEQIDNO:67、69、71、73、75、77、79、81、83、85和87的可变重链;和/或
b)SEQIDNO:68、70、72、74、76、78、80、82、84、86和88的可变轻链。
16.根据权利要求12的方法,其中所述肿瘤为晚期肿瘤。
17.根据权利要求16的方法,其中所述晚期肿瘤选自鳞状细胞癌、小细胞肺癌、非小细胞肺癌、胃肠道癌、胰腺癌、成胶质细胞瘤、神经胶质瘤、宫颈癌、卵巢癌、肝癌如肝癌(hepaticcarcinoma)和肝细胞瘤(hepatoma)、膀胱癌、乳腺癌、结肠癌、结肠直肠癌、子宫内膜癌、骨髓瘤(如多发性骨髓瘤)、唾液腺癌、肾癌如肾细胞癌和肾母细胞瘤(Wilms'tumor)、基底细胞癌、黑素瘤、前列腺癌、外阴癌、甲状腺癌、睾丸癌和食道癌。
18.药物组合产品,其包含PD-1拮抗剂和GITR激动剂,其中:
a)所述PD-1拮抗剂选自BMS-936558、MK-3475和MPDL3280A;并且
b)所述GITR激动剂选自:
i.具有SEQIDNO:1-66的至少一个CDR的抗体;
ii.TRX518;和
iii.TRX385。
19.PD-1拮抗剂和GITR激动剂在治疗晚期肿瘤上的用途,其中:
a)所述PD-1拮抗剂选自BMS-936558、MK-3475和MPDL3280A;并且
b)所述GITR激动剂选自:
i.具有SEQIDNO:1-66的至少一个CDR的抗体;
ii.TRX518;和
iii.TRX385。
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CN110214152A (zh) * | 2016-10-14 | 2019-09-06 | 丹娜法伯癌症研究所公司 | 模块化四聚体双特异性抗体平台 |
CN110214152B (zh) * | 2016-10-14 | 2025-06-13 | 丹娜法伯癌症研究所公司 | 模块化四聚体双特异性抗体平台 |
CN110869392A (zh) * | 2017-05-16 | 2020-03-06 | 百时美施贵宝公司 | 用抗gitr激动性抗体治疗癌症 |
CN113301919A (zh) * | 2018-11-13 | 2021-08-24 | Jn生物科学有限责任公司 | 激活免疫细胞的双特异性抗体 |
CN113301919B (zh) * | 2018-11-13 | 2025-01-28 | Jn生物科学有限责任公司 | 激活免疫细胞的双特异性抗体 |
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