CN105353463A - Apparatus and method for detecting and receiving vortex light field - Google Patents
Apparatus and method for detecting and receiving vortex light field Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种检测和接收涡旋光场的装置及方法。该装置由环形波导、内光栅、覆层光栅和直波导构成。利用内光栅将涡旋光场高效率地耦合入环形波导，并随之被耦合入直波导并以波导模式传输。通过检测涡旋光场的共振波长，实现轨道角动量的大范围识别。通过调整入射波长为共振波长，还可以对已知轨道角动量的涡旋光场实现高效接收。同时，该装置采用覆层光栅以提升器件的整体性能，通过调整覆层光栅的占空比能够实现器件的重构性能，即可对涡旋光场的共振波长进行纳米量级的精确控制。本发明具有易于集成、扩展性强、微型化、探测范围大和实时探测等特点，在涉及涡旋光场的光通信和信息处理等领域都有着许多重要的应用。
The invention discloses a device and method for detecting and receiving a vortex light field. The device consists of a ring waveguide, an inner grating, a cladding grating and a straight waveguide. The vortex light field is efficiently coupled into the ring waveguide by using the inner grating, and then coupled into the straight waveguide and transmitted in the waveguide mode. By detecting the resonance wavelength of the vortex light field, a wide range of orbital angular momentum can be identified. By adjusting the incident wavelength to the resonant wavelength, efficient reception can also be achieved for the vortex light field with known orbital angular momentum. At the same time, the device uses a cladding grating to improve the overall performance of the device. By adjusting the duty cycle of the cladding grating, the reconstruction performance of the device can be realized, and the resonance wavelength of the vortex light field can be precisely controlled at the nanometer level. The invention has the characteristics of easy integration, strong expansibility, miniaturization, large detection range and real-time detection, and has many important applications in the fields of optical communication and information processing involving vortex light fields.
Description
技术领域 technical field
本发明涉及光学领域，特别是涉及涡旋光场领域。 The invention relates to the field of optics, in particular to the field of vortex light fields.
背景技术 Background technique
从量子论的角度来看，光场可以携带自旋角动量和轨道角动量。Allen等人首先认识到轨道角动量可以用来解释和表征相位在角向方向变化的涡旋光场(L.Allenetal.,Phys.Rev.A45,8185(1992))。这类光场的角向相位与方位角的关系可表示为exp(ilφ)，其中φ表示方位角、l表示拓扑荷。与自旋角动量只能取两个值不同，每个光子所能携带的轨道角动量为其中l可以取任意的整数。与圆偏振光类似，轨道角动量的符号指代了相对于光场方向的手性。自光学轨道角动量被发现以来，这类有着螺旋相位的涡旋光场在众多领域都发挥了重要的作用，例如光学扳手、光镊、天文学、量子纠缠和显微术等。除此之外，不同的涡旋光场由于其螺旋相位的不同扭转率可被量化为不同的态，因此可以轨道角动量为自由度将信息编码至涡旋光场，从而大幅地提升网络的传输容量。 From the perspective of quantum theory, light fields can carry spin angular momentum and orbital angular momentum. Allen et al. first realized that the orbital angular momentum can be used to explain and characterize the vortex light field whose phase changes in the angular direction (L. Allen et al., Phys. Rev. A45, 8185 (1992)). The relationship between the angular phase and the azimuth angle of this type of light field can be expressed as exp(ilφ), where φ represents the azimuth angle and l represents the topological charge. and the spin angular momentum can only be taken The two values are different, the orbital angular momentum that each photon can carry is Where l can take any integer. Similar to circularly polarized light, the sign of the orbital angular momentum refers to the chirality relative to the direction of the light field. Since the discovery of optical orbital angular momentum, this kind of vortex light field with helical phase has played an important role in many fields, such as optical wrench, optical tweezers, astronomy, quantum entanglement and microscopy. In addition, different vortex light fields can be quantized into different states due to the different torsion rates of their helical phases, so the orbital angular momentum can be used as a degree of freedom to encode information into the vortex light field, thereby greatly improving the transmission capacity of the network .
在一系列涉及涡旋光场的应用中，对轨道角动量进行高保真的识别具有非常重要的理论价值和实际意义。通常的检测方法包括使用叉形衍射光栅、马赫-曾德干涉仪和变换光学等。然而，随着涡旋光场拓扑荷数的增大，检测所需的设备和实验的复杂程度随之递增。同时，检测装置也由于庞大光学器件的使用而无法与微型化平台相结合，不符合光子集成的发展趋势。不同于普通电路，光子集成回路使用光而不是电子去获得广泛的光学功能。由于纳米结构、超越型材料和硅技术等领域的快速发展，集成光学芯片的功能也获得了极大的扩展。近年来，研究者们发展出了基于将不同的涡旋光场转换为空间分离的表面等离子体波的轨道角动量检测技术。表面等离子体的短波长和高度空间局域性等特点能够将所需的光子器件尺度大幅缩减。例如，通过将特异性全息图与表面等离子体光电二极管集成，可以实现轨道角动量的实时探测(P.Genevetetal.,Nat.Commun.3,1278(2013))。这种方法实现了探测器件的微型化和集成性，然而只适用于单一的轨道角动量的检测。最近一种环形沟槽的光学天线被证实可以用于多个轨道角动量的有效检测(A.Liuetal.,Sci.Rep.3,2402(2013))。然而，这种技术依赖于对表面等离子体波的干涉图样的识别，因此检测速度将由于额外的近场扫描装置的使用而大幅下降。迄今为止，还没有一种有效的微型化且易于集成的装置能够实现大范围的轨道角动量的实时探测。 In a series of applications involving vortex light fields, the high-fidelity identification of orbital angular momentum has very important theoretical value and practical significance. Common detection methods include the use of fork diffraction gratings, Mach-Zehnder interferometers, and transformation optics. However, as the number of topological charges in the vortex light field increases, the complexity of the equipment and experiments required for detection increases accordingly. At the same time, the detection device cannot be combined with the miniaturized platform due to the use of bulky optical devices, which does not conform to the development trend of photonic integration. Unlike ordinary circuits, photonic integrated circuits use light rather than electrons to achieve a wide range of optical functions. The capabilities of integrated optical chips have also been greatly expanded due to rapid developments in nanostructures, transcendental materials, and silicon technology. In recent years, researchers have developed orbital angular momentum detection techniques based on converting different vortex light fields into spatially separated surface plasmon waves. The short wavelength and high spatial locality of surface plasmons can greatly reduce the size of photonic devices required. For example, real-time detection of orbital angular momentum can be achieved by integrating specific holograms with surface plasmon photodiodes (P. Geneve et al., Nat. Commun. 3, 1278 (2013)). This method realizes the miniaturization and integration of detection devices, but it is only suitable for the detection of a single orbital angular momentum. Recently, an optical antenna with annular grooves has been proved to be used for the effective detection of multiple orbital angular momentums (A. Liu et al., Sci. Rep. 3, 2402 (2013)). However, this technique relies on the identification of the interference pattern of surface plasmon waves, so the detection speed will be greatly reduced due to the use of an additional near-field scanning device. So far, there is no effective miniaturized and easy-to-integrate device capable of real-time detection of a wide range of orbital angular momentum.
发明内容 Contents of the invention
发明目的：为了克服现有技术中存在的不足，本发明提供一种可用于检测和接收涡旋光场的装置及方法，用于解决现存的涡旋光场检测和接收装置无法同时满足器件微型化、检测范围大且检测实时性的技术缺陷。 Purpose of the invention: In order to overcome the deficiencies in the prior art, the present invention provides a device and method that can be used to detect and receive the vortex light field, which is used to solve the problem that the existing vortex light field detection and receiving devices cannot meet the needs of device miniaturization, Technical defects with large detection range and real-time detection.
技术方案：为实现上述目的，本发明采用的技术方案为： Technical scheme: in order to achieve the above object, the technical scheme adopted in the present invention is:
一种检测和接收涡旋光场的装置，包括环形波导、内光栅、覆层光栅和直波导；所述覆层光栅的材料为折射率在2和3之间的介质，且均匀设置于环形波导的上表面；所述内光栅均匀设置于环形波导的内壁；所述环形波导、内光栅和直波导为同种介质材料，该介质材料的折射率大于3；所述直波导靠近环形波导的外壁设置；所述环形波导、内光栅和直波导的厚度相同且这三者的下表面位于同一平面；上述装置整体被外部材料包裹，所述外部材料的折射率低于2。 A device for detecting and receiving a vortex light field, comprising a ring waveguide, an inner grating, a cladding grating and a straight waveguide; the material of the cladding grating is a medium with a refractive index between 2 and 3, and is evenly arranged in the ring waveguide the upper surface of the ring waveguide; the inner grating is evenly arranged on the inner wall of the ring waveguide; the ring waveguide, the inner grating and the straight waveguide are the same dielectric material, and the refractive index of the dielectric material is greater than 3; the straight waveguide is close to the outer wall of the ring waveguide Setting; the thickness of the ring waveguide, the inner grating and the straight waveguide are the same and the lower surfaces of the three are on the same plane;
进一步的，利用上述装置进行涡旋光场的轨道角动量的检测，包括以下步骤： Further, using the above-mentioned device to detect the orbital angular momentum of the vortex light field includes the following steps:
步骤一、将已知轨道角动量的径向偏振的涡旋光场作为入射光场垂直于环形波导的上表面自上而下照射于环形波导上，且入射光场的中心与环形波导的几何中心重合；涡旋光场被内光栅耦合入环形波导，随后耦合入直波导并在直波导内以传导模式传输；探测直波导内的导模功率，并根据入射光场功率计算出接收效率； Step 1. The radially polarized vortex light field with known orbital angular momentum is used as the incident light field perpendicular to the upper surface of the ring waveguide to irradiate the ring waveguide from top to bottom, and the center of the incident light field is in line with the geometric center of the ring waveguide Coincidence; the vortex light field is coupled into the ring waveguide by the inner grating, then coupled into the straight waveguide and transmitted in the conduction mode in the straight waveguide; the guided mode power in the straight waveguide is detected, and the receiving efficiency is calculated according to the incident light field power;
步骤二、改变径向偏振的涡旋光场的波长并重复步骤一，获得具有该轨道角动量的径向偏振的涡旋光场的接收效率随波长变化的数据并得出其中接收效率峰值所对应的共振波长； Step 2. Change the wavelength of the radially polarized vortex light field and repeat step 1 to obtain the data of the receiving efficiency of the radially polarized vortex light field with the orbital angular momentum as a function of wavelength, and obtain the corresponding value of the receiving efficiency peak resonance wavelength;
步骤三、改变径向偏振的涡旋光场的轨道角动量并重复步骤一和二，获得不同轨道角动量的径向偏振的涡旋光场的接收效率峰值所对应的共振波长，形成预存数据集； Step 3, changing the orbital angular momentum of the radially polarized vortex light field and repeating steps 1 and 2 to obtain the resonance wavelength corresponding to the receiving efficiency peak of the radially polarized vortex light field with different orbital angular momentum, forming a pre-stored data set;
步骤四、将步骤一和步骤二中已知轨道角动量的径向偏振的涡旋光场替换为待测的径向偏振的涡旋光场，重复步骤一和二，获得待测的径向偏振的涡旋光场的接收效率峰值所对应的共振波长； Step 4, replace the radially polarized vortex light field of the known orbital angular momentum in step 1 and step 2 with the radially polarized vortex light field to be measured, repeat steps 1 and 2, and obtain the radially polarized vortex field to be measured The resonant wavelength corresponding to the receiving efficiency peak of the vortex light field;
步骤五、将步骤四中获得的待测的径向偏振的涡旋光场的共振波长与步骤三中获得的预存数据集进行对比，选出与待测的径向偏振的涡旋光场的共振波长相同的预存数据，进而获得该预存数据所对应的轨道角动量，即为待测的径向偏振的涡旋光场的轨道角动量。 Step 5. Compare the resonance wavelength of the radially polarized vortex light field to be measured obtained in step 4 with the pre-stored data set obtained in step 3, and select the resonance wavelength of the radially polarized vortex light field to be measured The same pre-stored data, and then obtain the orbital angular momentum corresponding to the pre-stored data, which is the orbital angular momentum of the radially polarized vortex light field to be measured.
进一步的，在本发明中，基于上述装置还可以提供一种高效接收涡旋光场的方法，包括以下步骤： Further, in the present invention, based on the above-mentioned device, a method for efficiently receiving a vortex light field can also be provided, including the following steps:
步骤一、重复上述检测涡旋光场的轨道角动量的方法中的步骤一至步骤三，获得不同轨道角动量的径向偏振的涡旋光场的接收效率峰值所对应的共振波长，形成预存数据集； Step 1. Repeat steps 1 to 3 in the above method for detecting the orbital angular momentum of the vortex light field to obtain the resonance wavelength corresponding to the receiving efficiency peak value of the radially polarized vortex light field with different orbital angular momentum, and form a prestored data set;
步骤二、对于待接收的已知轨道角动量的径向偏振的涡旋光场，根据上一步的步骤一中获得的预存数据集将入射波长调节为该轨道角动量所对应的共振波长，并将该涡旋光场垂直照射环形波导并确保光场中心和环形波导几何中心重合，从而实现对径向偏振涡旋光场的高效率接收。 Step 2. For the radially polarized vortex light field with known orbital angular momentum to be received, adjust the incident wavelength to the resonance wavelength corresponding to the orbital angular momentum according to the pre-stored data set obtained in step 1 of the previous step, and set The vortex light field illuminates the ring waveguide vertically and ensures that the center of the light field coincides with the geometric center of the ring waveguide, thereby achieving high-efficiency reception of the radially polarized vortex light field.
有益效果： Beneficial effect:
本发明提供的检测和接收涡旋光场的装置及方法可用于携带不同轨道角动量的涡旋光场的大范围的即时识别，在涉及涡旋光场的光通信和信息处理等领域有着重要的应用前景。本发明的原理基于实现涡旋光场在装置中的共振，而此共振效应取决于装置的几何结构参数。因此，对环形波导的半径以及内光栅数量的选择，都最终决定涡旋光场的共振波长，也为本发明带来了丰富的扩展性。此外，普通的环形波导对于涡旋光场的接收性能很弱，本发明中在环形波导的内侧加入内光栅的意义也在于增大涡旋光场耦合入环形波导的效率；直波导的作用在于将环形波导中的光场耦合入直波导中的传导模式，便于对波导中模场能量的探测；环形波导上方的覆层光栅能够消除装置在垂直方向的能量泄露，从而显著提升装置的品质因子，并且还提供了一种在纳米量级精确控制共振波长的方法。具体来说： The device and method for detecting and receiving vortex light fields provided by the present invention can be used for large-scale instant identification of vortex light fields carrying different orbital angular momentums, and has important application prospects in the fields of optical communication and information processing involving vortex light fields . The principle of the present invention is based on realizing the resonance of the vortex light field in the device, and this resonance effect depends on the geometric structure parameters of the device. Therefore, the selection of the radius of the ring waveguide and the number of inner gratings ultimately determines the resonance wavelength of the vortex light field, which also brings abundant scalability to the present invention. In addition, the ordinary ring waveguide has very weak receiving performance for the vortex light field. The significance of adding an inner grating inside the ring waveguide in the present invention is also to increase the efficiency of coupling the vortex light field into the ring waveguide; the function of the straight waveguide is to combine the ring waveguide The optical field in the waveguide is coupled into the conduction mode in the straight waveguide, which facilitates the detection of the mode field energy in the waveguide; the cladding grating above the ring waveguide can eliminate the energy leakage of the device in the vertical direction, thereby significantly improving the quality factor of the device, and Also provided is a method for precisely controlling the resonance wavelength at the nanometer scale. Specifically:
(1)、本发明具有集成性。本发明所提出的装置设计基于SOI波导，易于通过波导将多个装置相连接从而构成探测阵列，或是与激光和其他探测器相结合，从而构成光子集成回路。 (1), the present invention has integration. The device design proposed by the present invention is based on SOI waveguide, and it is easy to connect multiple devices through the waveguide to form a detection array, or combine with laser and other detectors to form a photonic integrated circuit.
(2)、本发明具有重构性和扩展性。通过改变覆层光栅的占空比，可以对涡旋光场共振波长的精确调节，这利于在某一指定波长利用本发明实现对某特定涡旋光场的高效接收。当覆层光栅结构的占空比增大(减小)时，共振波长会相应的向长波(短波)移动。调制的灵敏度为光栅占空比每改变0.1，共振波长将移动4纳米。除此之外，还可以通过调整内光栅的数量，或是调整环形波导半径去调控装置的共振模式，也就是改变某一特定的共振波长所对应的涡旋光场。需要强调的是，相比于通过调整覆层光栅占空比的方法，这种方式所提供的共振波长调节是大范围内的粗调。 (2), the present invention has reconfiguration and expansibility. By changing the duty ratio of the cladding grating, the resonance wavelength of the vortex light field can be precisely adjusted, which is beneficial to using the present invention to realize high-efficiency reception of a specific vortex light field at a certain specified wavelength. When the duty ratio of the cladding grating structure increases (decreases), the resonant wavelength will correspondingly shift to long wavelength (short wavelength). The sensitivity of the modulation is that for every 0.1 change in the grating duty cycle, the resonance wavelength will shift by 4 nm. In addition, the resonance mode of the device can also be adjusted by adjusting the number of internal gratings, or adjusting the radius of the ring waveguide, that is, changing the vortex light field corresponding to a specific resonance wavelength. It should be emphasized that compared with the method of adjusting the duty cycle of the cladding grating, the resonance wavelength adjustment provided by this method is a coarse adjustment in a large range.
附图说明 Description of drawings
图1为本发明装置的俯视图； Fig. 1 is the top view of device of the present invention;
图2为本发明装置的剖面结构示意图； Fig. 2 is the sectional structure schematic diagram of device of the present invention;
图3为本发明装置在覆层光栅占空比为1时，对拓扑荷数从-2到2的径向偏振的涡旋光场的归一化接收效率与波长之间的关系； Fig. 3 is the relationship between the normalized receiving efficiency and the wavelength of the radially polarized vortex light field of the topological charge from -2 to 2 when the cladding grating duty ratio of the device of the present invention is 1;
图4为本发明装置对于拓扑荷数从-2到2的径向偏振的涡旋光场的共振波长与覆层光栅占空比之间的关系。 Fig. 4 shows the relationship between the resonant wavelength of the device of the present invention and the duty cycle of the cladding grating for the radially polarized vortex light field with the topological charges ranging from -2 to 2.
具体实施方式 detailed description
下面结合附图对本发明作更进一步的说明。 The present invention will be further described below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
如图1和图2所示，一种检测和接收涡旋光场的探测装置可分为环形波导1、内光栅2、覆层光栅3和直波导4等四个部分；所述环形波导1、内光栅2和直波导4的材料为硅，覆层光栅3的材料为氧化锌；所述环形波导1形成环形谐振腔，内光栅2位于环形波导1的内壁，所述覆层光栅3位于环形波导1的上表面，所述环形波导1、内光栅2和直波导4的厚度相同且下表面位于同一平面；整个装置被低折射率材料二氧化硅包裹。环形波导1和直波导4的厚度和宽度分别为220纳米和550纳米，直波导4靠近环形波导1外壁设置，且二者之间的空隙为150纳米；环形波导1的内半径为3.9微米，共有41个内光栅2均匀地分布于环形波导1的内壁，内光栅2的周期约为598纳米，内光栅2的边长约为60纳米，覆层光栅3的宽度和厚度分别为550纳米和60纳米。 As shown in Figures 1 and 2, a detection device for detecting and receiving a vortex light field can be divided into four parts: a ring waveguide 1, an inner grating 2, a cladding grating 3 and a straight waveguide 4; the ring waveguide 1, The material of the inner grating 2 and the straight waveguide 4 is silicon, and the material of the cladding grating 3 is zinc oxide; the ring waveguide 1 forms a ring resonant cavity, the inner grating 2 is located on the inner wall of the ring waveguide 1, and the cladding grating 3 is located in the ring The upper surface of the waveguide 1, the ring waveguide 1, the inner grating 2 and the straight waveguide 4 have the same thickness and the lower surface is on the same plane; the whole device is wrapped by low refractive index material silicon dioxide. The thickness and width of the ring waveguide 1 and the straight waveguide 4 are 220 nanometers and 550 nanometers respectively, the straight waveguide 4 is set close to the outer wall of the ring waveguide 1, and the gap between the two is 150 nanometers; the inner radius of the ring waveguide 1 is 3.9 microns, A total of 41 inner gratings 2 are evenly distributed on the inner wall of the ring waveguide 1, the period of the inner grating 2 is about 598 nanometers, the side length of the inner grating 2 is about 60 nanometers, and the width and thickness of the cladding grating 3 are 550 nanometers and 550 nanometers respectively. 60 nm.
将一束径向偏振的涡旋光场5垂直于环形波导1的上表面从上至下照射环形波导1，并确保入射光场中心与环形波导1的几何中心位置重合。内光栅2将涡旋光场耦合入环形波导1的回音壁模式，并再次耦合入直波导4并在直波导4的内部传输。根据入射光场和直波导4内的导模功率，可计算出本装置对于涡旋光场5的接收效率。图3给出了当覆层光栅3占空比为1时，不同轨道角动量的径向偏振涡旋光场5的接收效率与波长之间的关系。可以看出，对于不同轨道角动量的涡旋光场5，总是存在唯一的共振波长对应最高的接收效率。因此，通过检测待测径向偏振涡旋光场5的共振波长可以对该光场的轨道角动量进行有效的识别。同时，对于轨道角动量已知的径向偏振涡旋光场5，通过调整入射光场波长为光场轨道角动量所对应的共振波长，并使得该涡旋光场5垂直且以中心对齐的方式照射环形波导1，可以实现涡旋光场5的高效接收。 A beam of radially polarized vortex light field 5 is perpendicular to the upper surface of the ring waveguide 1 to irradiate the ring waveguide 1 from top to bottom, and ensure that the center of the incident light field coincides with the geometric center of the ring waveguide 1 . The inner grating 2 couples the vortex light field into the whispering gallery mode of the ring waveguide 1 , and then couples into the straight waveguide 4 again and transmits inside the straight waveguide 4 . According to the incident light field and the guided mode power in the straight waveguide 4, the receiving efficiency of the device for the vortex light field 5 can be calculated. FIG. 3 shows the relationship between the receiving efficiency and the wavelength of the radially polarized vortex light field 5 with different orbital angular momentums when the duty ratio of the cladding grating 3 is 1. It can be seen that for vortex light fields 5 with different orbital angular momentums, there is always a unique resonance wavelength corresponding to the highest receiving efficiency. Therefore, by detecting the resonance wavelength of the radially polarized vortex light field 5 to be measured, the orbital angular momentum of the light field can be effectively identified. At the same time, for the radially polarized vortex light field 5 with known orbital angular momentum, by adjusting the wavelength of the incident light field to the resonance wavelength corresponding to the orbital angular momentum of the light field, and making the vortex light field 5 vertical and center-aligned The ring waveguide 1 can realize efficient reception of the vortex light field 5 .
根据有效模式理论，当覆层光栅3的占空比发生变化时，装置的有效模式折射率会随之发生改变，因此共振波长也会发生偏移。图4给出了对于不同轨道角动量的径向偏振涡旋光场，覆层光栅3占空比与共振波长之间的关系。可以很清晰地看出，共振波长与占空比之间总是接近线性关系，因此提供了一种通过调整覆层光栅3占空比而实现精确控制共振波长的方法。综上所述，本方法用于探测和接收涡旋光场具有器件微型化，探测速度快，探测范围广，扩展性强和易于集成等特点。 According to the effective mode theory, when the duty cycle of the cladding grating 3 changes, the effective mode refractive index of the device will change accordingly, so the resonance wavelength will also shift. Figure 4 shows the relationship between the duty cycle of the cladding grating 3 and the resonance wavelength for radially polarized vortex light fields with different orbital angular momentums. It can be clearly seen that the relationship between the resonance wavelength and the duty cycle is always close to linear, thus providing a method for precisely controlling the resonance wavelength by adjusting the duty cycle of the cladding grating 3 . In summary, this method for detecting and receiving vortex light fields has the characteristics of device miniaturization, fast detection speed, wide detection range, strong scalability and easy integration.
以上所述仅是本发明的优选实施方式，应当指出：对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说，在不脱离本发明原理的前提下，还可以做出若干改进和润饰，这些改进和润饰也应视为本发明的保护范围。 The above is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, it should be pointed out that for those of ordinary skill in the art, without departing from the principle of the present invention, some improvements and modifications can also be made, and these improvements and modifications are also possible. It should be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.
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