CN104961503B - A kind of nitrogenous fertilizer for improving rape root growth and improving Oil-seed yield - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a nitrogen fertilizer for improving the growth of rapeseed root system and increasing the yield of rapeseed. It is composed of amide nitrogen fertilizer, ammonium nitrogen fertilizer and nitrate nitrogen fertilizer. The nitrogen in the nitrate nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 15% of the total nitrogen in the nitrogen fertilizer. ~30%, the weight ratio of the nitrogen in the nitrate nitrogen fertilizer to the nitrogen in the ammonium nitrogen fertilizer is 1:1.5~3. The invention also discloses a special fertilizer for rapeseed and a rapeseed fertilization method for improving the root growth of rapeseed and increasing the yield of rapeseed. The rapeseed special fertilizer of the invention can increase the yield of rapeseed by 119-213kg per hectare, increase the income by 415-808 yuan, and increase the fertilizer utilization rate by 11.0-15.8%.

Description

A Nitrogen Fertilizer for Improving Rapeseed Root Growth and Rapeseed Yield

technical field

The invention belongs to the technical field of fertilizers, and in particular relates to a nitrogen fertilizer for improving the growth of rapeseed roots and increasing the yield of rapeseeds.

Background technique

my country's domestic edible oil self-sufficiency rate is only 35.3%, and oil has become the bulk agricultural product that my country depends on the international market the most. In 2012, my country's rapeseed production surpassed that of soybeans and became the largest source of edible vegetable oil. At the same time, rapeseed oil is also an important source of biodiesel. Therefore, ensuring the production of rapeseed is of great significance to solve my country's edible oil and energy security.

Fertilization is an important technical link in rapeseed production, and rational fertilization can significantly increase the yield of rapeseed. Nitrogen fertilizer played an important role in it, and the average yield reduction rate of rapeseed without nitrogen fertilizer was 41.0%, which was significantly higher than that without phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. Reasonable nitrogen application can significantly promote the growth and development of rape seedlings, enhance the photosynthetic ability of leaves, and significantly increase the number of siliques, number of seeds per corner and thousand-grain weight of rapeseed plants. The investigation in the production of winter rapeseed in the Yangtze River Basin in China shows that the average amount of nitrogen fertilizer used by farmers is 175kg N/hm ² , which is close to the average suitable amount of nitrogen application in this area. However, judging from the types of fertilizers, amide nitrogen fertilizers and ammonium nitrogen fertilizers are mostly used, and nitrate nitrogen fertilizers are rarely used, and from the current published literature, urea, diammonium phosphate, ammonium sulfate and chloride are mostly used. Ammonium is the main ingredient, and nitrate nitrogen fertilizer is rarely used in the production of special fertilizer for rapeseed.

Rapeseed is a dryland crop. The inorganic nitrogen form of the dryland soil is mainly nitrate nitrogen. The amide nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen in the soil will be converted into nitrate nitrogen under the action of relevant enzymes, which can be absorbed and utilized by crops. But in fact, in the production of rapeseed in the Yangtze River Basin in my country, the cultivation mode of paddy and dry rotation is mostly adopted. After the rice is harvested, the fields are drained, and the rapeseed is sown or transplanted after it dries up. Although rice has been transformed into dryland after harvest, perennial water cropping has significantly increased the clay content in the soil, and the soil's water retention capacity is higher than that of dryland rotation soil. The study found that, despite conversion to dryland, soil moisture in rape fields in rice-rape rotations was 3-5 percentage points higher than that in adjacent cotton-rape rotations, and the total soil nitrification rate was significantly lower than in cotton-rape rotations , which means that the conversion time of amide nitrogen fertilizer and ammonium nitrogen fertilizer in the soil is longer than that of dry land rotation soil, especially in winter with low temperature and rainy season, the hydrolysis and nitrification of amide nitrogen fertilizer are slower. However, appropriately increasing the supply of nitrate nitrogen and adjusting the ratio of ammonium nitrate supply can help improve the rhizosphere environment of crops, promote root growth, and then increase crop yield. There have been many related studies in other crop systems, and the relevant appropriate nitrogen fertilizer form ratio and the production formula of special fertilizer have been given, but there is a lack of suitable nitrogen fertilizer form ratio formula on rapeseed, which limits the use of special fertilizer. The effect of application affects the yield of rapeseed.

Contents of the invention

The purpose of the present invention is to provide a suitable nitrogen fertilizer form formula for rape that can promote root growth and increase rapeseed yield. It takes into account the law of soil nitrogen transformation in winter rapeseed planting areas in my country and the growth and development characteristics of rapeseed roots, and at the same time takes into account the production cost of rapeseed special fertilizers. With suitable raw materials, it can significantly improve the growth of rapeseed roots, increase the yield of rapeseed and use fertilizers. Rate.

Technical scheme of the present invention is:

A nitrogen fertilizer for improving the growth of rapeseed roots and increasing the yield of rapeseed. The nitrogen fertilizer is composed of amide nitrogen fertilizer, ammonium nitrogen fertilizer and nitrate nitrogen fertilizer. The nitrogen in the nitrate nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 15-30% of the total nitrogen in the nitrogen fertilizer. %, the weight ratio of the nitrogen in the nitrate nitrogen fertilizer to the nitrogen in the ammonium nitrogen fertilizer is 1:1.5-3, and the remaining nitrogen is supplemented with amide nitrogen fertilizer.

Preferably, the nitrate nitrogen fertilizer is one or more of calcium ammonium nitrate, calcium nitrate, and nitrophosphate fertilizer, and the ammonium nitrogen fertilizer is one or more of ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, and diammonium phosphate, The amide nitrogen fertilizer is urea.

When applying, the total nitrogen input is calculated according to the corresponding proportions from the three forms of nitrogen fertilizers, and they are mixed and used as base fertilizer and topdressing fertilizer. Other raw materials can also be added according to the corresponding ratio to produce rapeseed special fertilizer.

The present invention further provides a special fertilizer for rape that improves the growth of rapeseed root system and increases the yield of rapeseed, which contains the nitrogen fertilizer. The special fertilizer for rape contains the following pure nutrients in weight percentage: nitrogen 19.9%, phosphorus pentoxide 6.9% , Potassium oxide 8.0%, medium and trace elements ≥ 5%.

The present invention further provides a rapeseed fertilization method for improving rapeseed root growth and increasing rapeseed yield, the method is: applying the rapeseed special fertilizer to the soil where rapeseed is planted, and applying 700-800 kg of the rapeseed special fertilizer per hectare of soil .

Compared with the prior art, the present invention fully considers the law of soil nitrogen transformation in winter rapeseed planting areas in my country and the growth and development characteristics of rapeseed roots, takes into account the production cost of special fertilizer for rapeseed, selects the appropriate nitrogen fertilizer form ratio and its raw material formula, and obviously It promotes the growth of rapeseed root system, increases the dry weight, total root length, root surface area and root volume of rapeseed root, and improves rapeseed yield and nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency. The rapeseed special fertilizer of the invention can increase the yield of rapeseed by 119-213kg per hectare, increase the income by 415-808 yuan, and increase the fertilizer utilization rate by 11.0-15.8%.

Description of drawings

Fig. 1 Root morphology of rapeseed at seedling stage and budding stage after different fertilization treatments. The top picture shows the root morphology at the seedling stage, and the bottom picture shows the root system morphology at the budding stage. From left to right, there are no nitrogen fertilizer treatment, amide nitrogen fertilizer treatment, nitrate nitrogen fertilizer treatment, ammonium nitrogen fertilizer treatment and different forms of nitrogen fertilizer combined treatment.

detailed description

Example 1 Effects of Different Nitrogen Fertilizers on Rapeseed Root System, Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency

The field experiment was carried out in Zhangchi Village, Zengji Town, Shayang County, Hubei Province from 2012 to 2013. The tested rapeseed variety is "Huayouza No. 9", which is planted in drills, with a row spacing of 20cm, without thinning, and a seeding rate of 300g/mu. The experiment was sown on September 20, 2012 and harvested on May 15, 2013.

Five treatments were set up in the field test, respectively (1) no nitrogen fertilizer treatment, (2) amide nitrogen fertilizer treatment, the nitrogen fertilizer of base fertilizer and topdressing fertilizer during the test was urea, (3) nitrate nitrogen fertilizer treatment, during the test process, the base fertilizer and The topdressing nitrogen fertilizer is calcium nitrate, (4) ammonium nitrogen fertilizer treatment, the nitrogen fertilizer of base fertilizer and topdressing fertilizer in the test process is ammonium chloride, (5) different forms of nitrogen fertilizer are applied together, using nitrate nitrogen fertilizer, ammonium nitrogen fertilizer and amide nitrogen fertilizer Nitrate nitrogen fertilizer combined application method, wherein the nitrogen in nitrate nitrogen fertilizer, ammonium nitrogen fertilizer and amide nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 20%, 40% and 40% of the total nitrogen by weight, the amide nitrogen fertilizer is urea, and the nitrate nitrogen fertilizer is Calcium nitrate, ammonium nitrogen fertilizer is ammonium chloride. Except for the treatment without nitrogen fertilizer application, the nitrogen input amount of the remaining 4 treatments was the same, all of which were 180kgN/hm ² . The area of the plot is 30m ² , and each treatment is repeated 3 times, arranged completely randomly.

The amounts of phosphorus, potassium and boron fertilizers used in each treatment were equal, 90kg P ₂ O ₅ /hm ₂ , 120kg K ₂ O/hm ² and 15kg borax/hm ² . All phosphorus, potassium and boron fertilizers are applied as base fertilizer at one time, and nitrogen fertilizer is applied according to 60% base fertilizer, 20% seedling raising fertilizer and 20% overwintering fertilizer.

According to the results of field experiments, the nitrogen fertilizer we designed (nitrate nitrogen: ammonium nitrogen: amide nitrogen = 1:2:2) can significantly promote the growth and development of rapeseed roots (Figure 1), and the dry weight of rapeseed roots, total root The root length, root surface area and root tip number were significantly higher than those of other treatments. Compared with amide nitrogen fertilizer treatment (i.e. customary application of urea in production), root dry weight, total root length, root surface area and root tip number of rape seedlings increased by 10.1%, 19.3%, 9.2% and 25 respectively. From the perspective of final rapeseed yield, compared with the application of amide nitrogen fertilizer, the combined application increased the yield by 281kg/hm ² on average, and the yield increase rate was 14.9%. The agronomic efficiency and apparent use efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer also increased significantly, with an average increase of 18.1% and 15.9%.

Table 1 Yield and nitrogen use efficiency of different treatments of rapeseed

Embodiment 2 special fertilizer for rape and application effect thereof

The special fertilizer for rape in this embodiment is a special fertilizer improved on the basis of the special fertilizer for rape (20-7-8) produced by Hubei Yishi Agricultural Science and Technology Co., Ltd., in the special fertilizer after improvement, nitrate nitrogen fertilizer, ammonium nitrogen fertilizer and The weight ratios of nitrogen in amide nitrogen fertilizers to total nitrogen were 15.3%, 30.3% and 54.4%, respectively. The weight percentages of macroelements (in terms of pure nutrients) are: nitrogen 19.9, phosphorus pentoxide 6.9, potassium oxide 8.0, and trace elements 5%. The effective substances of macroelements in fertilizers are provided by the following substances: amide nitrogen-urea, nitrate nitrogen-calcium ammonium nitrate, ammonium nitrogen-ammonium sulfate and diammonium phosphate, phosphorus pentoxide-diammonium phosphate, potassium oxide - potassium chloride.

The physical quantities converted into commercial preparations are the following substances (measured per 1 ton of rapeseed fertilizer):

The above raw materials are mechanically mixed or produced according to the granulation method to produce a special compound fertilizer for rapeseed. The production method refers to the editor-in-chief of Li Chunhua and Liang Guoqing, Special Compound Fertilizer Formula Design and Production, Chemical Industry Press, July 2001, the first edition reported method is carried out.

Using the special fertilizer for rapeseed, a field demonstration test of direct seeding rapeseed was carried out in Zengji Town, Shayang County, Hubei Province and Meichuan Town, Wuxue City, from 2013 to 2014. The selected rapeseed variety is "Huayouza No. 9", and the planting method is direct seeding, and the seeding rate is 300g/mu. Three treatments were set up in the field demonstration test, namely (1) no fertilization treatment, (2) special fertilizer treatment for common rapeseed, and the special fertilizer for common rapeseed was the "Yishizhuang" rapeseed formula fertilizer produced by Hubei Yishizhuang Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd. , Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium nutrient content are respectively 20-7-8, wherein do not add nitrate nitrogen fertilizer, and the application rate per hectare is 750kg; (2) special fertilizer for rape of the present invention is processed, and 750kg of above-mentioned special fertilizer for rape is used per hectare. The area of the no-fertilization treatment plot is 30m ² , and the area of the other two treatment plots is 300m ² .

Compared with common special fertilizer for rapeseed, after treatment with special fertilizer for rapeseed in this embodiment, the rapeseed yield increased by an average of ^119kg /hm2 and ^143kg /hm2 in Shayang and Wuxue, and the income per hectare increased by RMB 615 and 747 yuan (rapeseed The price is RMB 5.20 per kilogram). Considering that the fertilizer cost of the present invention increases by an average of 200 yuan per hectare, the final income increase is 415 yuan and 547 yuan. The agronomic utilization rates of fertilizers in the two places increased by 11.4% and 15.8% respectively.

Embodiment 3 special fertilizer for rape and application effect thereof

The weight ratios of nitrogen in the nitrate nitrogen fertilizer, ammonium nitrogen fertilizer and amide nitrogen fertilizer to the total nitrogen in the special fertilizer for rape in this embodiment are 25.0%, 35.5% and 39.5%, respectively. The weight percentages of macroelements (in terms of pure nutrients) are: nitrogen 19.8, phosphorus pentoxide 6.9, potassium oxide 8.0, and trace elements 5%. A large number of elements in fertilizers are provided by the following substances: amide nitrogen-urea, nitrate nitrogen-calcium ammonium nitrate and nitrophosphate fertilizer, ammonium nitrogen-ammonium sulfate, diammonium phosphate and nitrate phosphate fertilizer, phosphorus pentoxide-diphosphate Ammonium and nitrophosphate fertilizers, potassium oxide-potassium chloride.

The physical quantities converted into commercial preparations are the following substances (measured per 1 ton of rapeseed fertilizer):

Using the special fertilizer for rapeseed, a field demonstration test of direct seeding rapeseed was carried out in Shilipu Town, Shayang County, Hubei Province from 2014 to 2015. The selected rapeseed variety is "Huayouza 62", and the planting method is direct seeding, with a seeding rate of 300g/mu. Three treatments were set up in the field test, namely (1) no fertilization treatment, (2) special fertilizer treatment for common rapeseed, and the special fertilizer for common rapeseed was the "Yishizhuang" rapeseed formula fertilizer produced by Hubei Yishizhuang Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrient content are respectively 20-7-8, wherein no nitrate nitrogen fertilizer is added, and the application rate per hectare is 750kg; (2) the special fertilizer for rape of the present invention is treated, and 750kg of above-mentioned rape special fertilizer is applied per hectare. The area of the no-fertilization treatment plot is 30m ² , and the area of the other two treatment plots is 300m ² .

Compared with ordinary special fertilizer for rapeseed, the rapeseed yield increased by an average of 213kg/hm ² after the special fertilizer for rapeseed in this example, and the income per hectare increased by RMB 1108 (the price of rapeseed was RMB 5.20 per kilogram). Considering that the cost of the fertilizer of the invention increases by an average of 300 yuan per hectare, the income is finally increased by 808 yuan, and the agronomic utilization rate of the fertilizer is increased by 11.0%.

Claims (1)

1. A method for fertilizing rapeseed that improves root growth of rapeseed and increases rapeseed yield, is characterized in that: apply rapeseed special fertilizer to the soil for planting rapeseed, and described rapeseed special fertilizer contains nitrogen fertilizer, and contains following weight percentage in described rapeseed special fertilizer Pure nutrients: nitrogen 19.8%, phosphorus pentoxide 6.9%, potassium oxide 8.0%, medium and trace elements 5%, The nitrogen fertilizer is composed of amide nitrogen fertilizer, ammonium nitrogen fertilizer and nitrate nitrogen fertilizer. The nitrogen in the nitrate nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 25.0% of the total nitrogen weight in the nitrogen fertilizer, and the nitrogen in the ammonium nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 25.0% of the total nitrogen weight in the nitrogen fertilizer. 35.5% of the nitrogen weight, the nitrogen in the amide nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 39.5% of the total nitrogen weight in the nitrogen fertilizer, A large number of elements in fertilizers are provided by the following substances: amide nitrogen-urea, nitrate nitrogen-calcium ammonium nitrate and nitrophosphate fertilizer, ammonium nitrogen-ammonium sulfate, diammonium phosphate and nitrate phosphate fertilizer, phosphorus pentoxide-diphosphate ammonium and nitrophosphate fertilizers, potassium oxide-potassium chloride, Apply 700-800 kg of the special fertilizer for rape per hectare of soil.