CN104497647A - Preparation method of self-cleaning anticorrosion sol for metal substrate - Google Patents
Preparation method of self-cleaning anticorrosion sol for metal substrate Download PDFInfo
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- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 22
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 16
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 16
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 12
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 7
- RMAQACBXLXPBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicic acid Chemical compound O[Si](O)(O)O RMAQACBXLXPBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- SOQBVABWOPYFQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);titanium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Ti+4] SOQBVABWOPYFQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229910018626 Al(OH) Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 125000005375 organosiloxane group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- BOTDANWDWHJENH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetraethyl orthosilicate Chemical compound CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)OCC BOTDANWDWHJENH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000002390 rotary evaporation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- LFQCEHFDDXELDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetramethyl orthosilicate Chemical compound CO[Si](OC)(OC)OC LFQCEHFDDXELDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanoic acid Natural products OC=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- DHXVGJBLRPWPCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydropyran Chemical compound C1CCOCC1 DHXVGJBLRPWPCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000002421 anti-septic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- XDLMVUHYZWKMMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-trimethoxysilylpropyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CO[Si](OC)(OC)CCCOC(=O)C(C)=C XDLMVUHYZWKMMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(3-methoxyphenyl)aniline Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC(C=2C=CC(N)=CC=2)=C1 OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000019253 formic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- BFXIKLCIZHOAAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyltrimethoxysilane Chemical group CO[Si](C)(OC)OC BFXIKLCIZHOAAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000004756 silanes Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 abstract description 36
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 abstract description 34
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 abstract description 11
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 6
- 102000008186 Collagen Human genes 0.000 abstract description 4
- 108010035532 Collagen Proteins 0.000 abstract description 4
- 229920001436 collagen Polymers 0.000 abstract description 4
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- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 3
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- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trioxochromium Chemical compound O=[Cr](=O)=O WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- JCVQKRGIASEUKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethoxy(phenyl)silane Chemical compound CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)C1=CC=CC=C1 JCVQKRGIASEUKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本发明涉及溶胶制备技术，旨在提供一种用于金属基材的自清洁防腐溶胶制备方法。该方法是：在搅拌件下，将正硅酸甲酯或正硅酸乙酯的氨气的饱和醇溶剂中，然后加入水反应，经旋转蒸发去掉部分醇溶剂，获得高固含量的粒子型纳米二氧化硅溶胶；继续加入Al(OH)3溶胶，陈化；继续加入纳米二氧化钛粉体、玻璃珠，搅拌后溶胶过滤；继续加入用于调节pH值的催化剂，逐滴加入有机硅氧烷，反应后制得产品。本发明在采用Al(OH)3溶胶原位包覆改性包覆二氧化硅溶胶的基础上，引入锐钛矿二氧化钛纳米粉体，通过研磨分散使其均匀分散在Al(OH)3溶胶原位包覆改性包覆二氧化硅溶胶中，使纳米锐钛矿二氧化钛在制备的涂层中均匀分散，在涂层防腐的基材上，可有效提高涂层的自清洁性能。The invention relates to sol preparation technology and aims to provide a self-cleaning and anti-corrosion sol preparation method for metal substrates. The method is: under the agitator, put methyl orthosilicate or ethyl orthosilicate in the saturated alcohol solvent of ammonia gas, then add water to react, remove part of the alcohol solvent by rotary evaporation, and obtain high solid content particle type Nano-silica sol; continue to add Al(OH) 3 sol, age; continue to add nano-titanium dioxide powder, glass beads, stir and filter the sol; continue to add catalyst for pH adjustment, and add organosiloxane drop by drop , the product is obtained after the reaction. In the present invention, on the basis of adopting Al(OH) 3 sol collagen situ coating modification to coat silica sol, anatase titanium dioxide nanopowder is introduced, and it is uniformly dispersed in Al(OH) 3 sol collagen through grinding and dispersing. In-situ coating modification coating silica sol, so that nano-anatase titanium dioxide is uniformly dispersed in the prepared coating, and on the coating anti-corrosion substrate, it can effectively improve the self-cleaning performance of the coating.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明涉及溶胶制备技术，特别涉及用于用于金属基材的自清洁防腐溶胶制备方法。The invention relates to a sol preparation technology, in particular to a method for preparing a self-cleaning anticorrosion sol used for metal substrates.
背景技术Background technique
无机陶瓷涂料是一种新型有机无机复合涂料，基于溶胶－凝胶技术的有机无机纳米复合涂层(无机瓷膜)通过有机基团的引入，使涂层不仅兼具有机涂层的柔韧性和无机涂层的耐腐蚀特性，且施工方便，通过低温(100～250℃)固化即可得到具有高硬度、耐腐蚀、耐磨、耐热、不燃、低污染、陶瓷质地的涂层，成为金属涂层防腐领域的一种环保、清洁的替代品，可广泛应用于铝、铁等金属或合金的大气防腐领域内替代环境污染严重、对人体有害的氧化铬涂层的预处理涂层，具有广阔的应用前景。另一方面涂覆涂层的金属板材在室外环境使用过程中，涂层表面容易积累灰尘、有机排放物等污垢而影响涂层的外观。自清洁功能是指材料表面能自动保持清洁状态的性能。自清洁功能的涂层必须具有以下两种功能：1)涂层表面具有超亲水性(较小的接触角)使污垢很容易在雨水或自来水的冲刷下被带走；2)在自然光照条件下具有光催化性能，能自动清除油污。目前，材料表面的接触角大小是衡量涂层自清洁性能的主要指标。锐钛矿型二氧化钛是一种很好的光催化半导体材料，具有优良的自清洁性能。针对上述问题，本发明锐钛矿型纳米二氧化钛具有很好的光催化性能，本发明在前期基础上，引入二氧化钛纳米粉体，使涂层在防腐的同时，具有更好的自清洁性能，降低了涂层的维护成本。Inorganic ceramic coating is a new type of organic-inorganic composite coating. The organic-inorganic nano-composite coating (inorganic ceramic film) based on sol-gel technology introduces organic groups so that the coating not only has the flexibility and Inorganic coatings have corrosion resistance properties and are easy to construct. A coating with high hardness, corrosion resistance, wear resistance, heat resistance, non-combustibility, low pollution, and ceramic texture can be obtained by curing at low temperature (100-250 ° C), and becomes a metal coating. An environmentally friendly and clean substitute in the field of coating anti-corrosion, it can be widely used in the field of atmospheric anti-corrosion of aluminum, iron and other metals or alloys as a pretreatment coating to replace chromium oxide coatings that pollute the environment seriously and are harmful to humans. Broad application prospects. On the other hand, during the use of the coated metal sheet in an outdoor environment, the surface of the coating is easy to accumulate dirt such as dust and organic emissions, which will affect the appearance of the coating. The self-cleaning function refers to the performance that the surface of the material can automatically maintain a clean state. The coating with self-cleaning function must have the following two functions: 1) the surface of the coating has superhydrophilicity (small contact angle) so that dirt can be easily taken away under the washing of rain or tap water; It has photocatalytic performance under certain conditions and can automatically remove oil stains. At present, the contact angle of the material surface is the main index to measure the self-cleaning performance of the coating. Anatase titanium dioxide is a good photocatalytic semiconductor material with excellent self-cleaning properties. In response to the above problems, the anatase nano-titanium dioxide of the present invention has good photocatalytic performance. On the basis of the previous stage, the present invention introduces titanium dioxide nano-powder, so that the coating has better self-cleaning performance while being anti-corrosion, reducing the maintenance cost of the coating.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明要解决的技术问题是，克服现有技术中的不足，提供一种用于金属基材的自清洁防腐溶胶制备方法。The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to overcome the deficiencies in the prior art and provide a method for preparing a self-cleaning anticorrosion sol for metal substrates.
本发明提供了一种用于金属基材的自清洁防腐溶胶制备方法，包括如下步骤：The invention provides a method for preparing a self-cleaning anticorrosion sol for metal substrates, comprising the following steps:
(1)在300r/min的搅拌条件下，将正硅酸甲酯、正硅酸乙酯中的一种或两种的混合物加入至1～5质量倍的氨气的饱和醇溶剂中，然后加入水，并使水与硅元素的摩尔比为6～10∶1；在60℃下反应8h后，经旋转蒸发去掉所加入醇溶剂的30％质量，获得高固含量的粒子型纳米二氧化硅溶胶；(1) Under the stirring condition of 300r/min, add one or two mixtures of methyl orthosilicate and ethyl orthosilicate to the saturated alcohol solvent of 1 to 5 times the mass of ammonia gas, and then Add water, and make the molar ratio of water and silicon be 6-10:1; react at 60°C for 8 hours, remove 30% of the mass of the added alcohol solvent by rotary evaporation, and obtain particle-type nano-dioxide with high solid content. Silica sol;
(2)在800r/min的搅拌速率下，向粒子型纳米二氧化硅溶胶中加入Al(OH)3溶胶，保持Si∶Al的摩尔比为5～1∶1；在50℃陈化24小时后，获得Al(OH)3溶胶原位改性包覆的复合二氧化硅溶胶；(2) At a stirring rate of 800r/min, add Al(OH) 3 sol to the particle-type nano-silica sol, keep the molar ratio of Si:Al at 5-1:1; age at 50°C for 24 hours Afterwards, obtain the composite silica sol coated with Al(OH) sol site modification;
(3)在500r/min的搅拌速度下，向前述复合二氧化硅溶胶中加入纳米二氧化钛粉体，再加入玻璃珠，使复合二氧化硅溶胶∶纳米二氧化钛粉体∶玻璃珠的质量比为10∶1∶5；搅拌8h后，溶胶通过200目的滤网过滤得到二氧化钛掺杂复合二氧化硅溶胶；(3) at a stirring speed of 500r/min, add nano titanium dioxide powder to the aforementioned composite silica sol, then add glass beads, so that the composite silica sol: nano titanium dioxide powder: the mass ratio of glass beads is 10 : 1: 5; after stirring for 8 hours, the sol was filtered through a 200-mesh filter screen to obtain titanium dioxide-doped composite silica sol;
(4)在300r/min的搅拌条件下，向二氧化钛掺杂复合二氧化硅溶胶中加入用于调节pH值的催化剂，使溶胶的pH值保持在1～5；搅拌0.5h后，将有机硅氧烷逐滴加入上述溶胶中，控制有机硅氧烷与复合二氧化硅溶胶的质量比为2∶1～1∶2，在30℃下反应6h后，制得适用于金属基材的自清洁防腐溶胶。(4) Under the stirring condition of 300r/min, a catalyst for adjusting the pH value is added to the titanium dioxide-doped composite silica sol, so that the pH value of the sol is kept at 1-5; after stirring for 0.5h, the organosilicon Add oxane dropwise to the above sol, control the mass ratio of organosiloxane and composite silica sol to 2:1~1:2, and react at 30°C for 6 hours to prepare a self-cleaning compound suitable for metal substrates. Antiseptic sol.
本发明中，步骤(1)氨气的饱和醇溶剂中醇溶剂为甲醇、乙醇、异丙醇其中一种或其中几种的组合。In the present invention, the alcohol solvent in the saturated alcohol solvent of step (1) ammonia gas is one of methanol, ethanol, isopropanol or a combination of several thereof.
本发明中，步骤(3)纳米二氧化钛粉体为锐钛矿型纳米二氧化钛的粉体，平均粒度在80nm～100nm。In the present invention, the nano-titanium dioxide powder in step (3) is an anatase-type nano-titanium dioxide powder with an average particle size of 80nm-100nm.
本发明中，步骤(3)玻璃珠为研磨介质，直径为6mm。In the present invention, the glass beads in step (3) are grinding media with a diameter of 6mm.
本发明中，步骤(4)中催化剂为HCl、HNO3、甲酸其中一种或其中几种的组合。In the present invention, the catalyst in step (4) is one of HCl, HNO 3 , formic acid or a combination of several of them.
本发明中，步骤(4)中有机硅氧烷为甲基三甲氧基硅烷、甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷、苯基三乙氧基硅烷其中一种或其中几种的组合。In the present invention, the organosiloxane in step (4) is one of methyltrimethoxysilane, methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, phenyltriethoxysilane or a combination of several of them .
与现有制备技术相比，本发明具有以下有益效果：Compared with the existing preparation technology, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:
本发明在采用Al(OH)3溶胶原位包覆改性包覆二氧化硅溶胶的基础上，引入锐钛矿二氧化钛纳米粉体，通过研磨分散使其均匀分散在Al(OH)3溶胶原位包覆改性包覆二氧化硅溶胶中，再经与有机硅复合制备出具有自清洁性能的金属基材防腐溶胶。使纳米锐钛矿二氧化钛在制备的涂层中均匀分散，在涂层防腐的基材上，可有效提高涂层的自清洁性能。In the present invention, on the basis of adopting Al(OH) 3 sol collagen situ coating modification to coat silica sol, anatase titanium dioxide nanopowder is introduced, and it is uniformly dispersed in Al(OH) 3 sol collagen through grinding and dispersing. Coated with silicon dioxide sol and compounded with organic silicon to prepare metal substrate anti-corrosion sol with self-cleaning performance. The nano-anatase titanium dioxide is uniformly dispersed in the prepared coating, and the self-cleaning performance of the coating can be effectively improved on the coating anti-corrosion substrate.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
以下通过实例进一步对本发明进行描述。The present invention is further described by examples below.
本发明中用于金属基材的自清洁防腐溶胶制备方法，包括如下几个步骤：The self-cleaning anticorrosion sol preparation method that is used for metal base material among the present invention, comprises following several steps:
(1)在300r/min的搅拌条件下，将正硅酸甲酯、正硅酸乙酯中的一种或两种的混合物加入至1～5质量倍的氨气的饱和醇溶剂中，然后加入水，并使水与硅元素的摩尔比为6～10∶1；在60℃下反应8h后，经旋转蒸发去掉所加入醇溶剂的30％质量，获得高固含量的粒子型纳米二氧化硅溶胶；(1) Under the stirring condition of 300r/min, add one or two mixtures of methyl orthosilicate and ethyl orthosilicate to the saturated alcohol solvent of 1 to 5 times the mass of ammonia gas, and then Add water, and make the molar ratio of water and silicon element 6-10:1; after reacting at 60°C for 8 hours, remove 30% of the mass of the added alcohol solvent by rotary evaporation, and obtain particle-type nano-dioxide with high solid content. Silica sol;
(2)在800r/min的搅拌速率下，向粒子型纳米二氧化硅溶胶中加入Al(OH)3溶胶，保持Si∶Al的摩尔比为5～1∶1；在50℃陈化24小时后，获得Al(OH)3溶胶原位改性包覆的复合二氧化硅溶胶；(2) At a stirring rate of 800r/min, add Al(OH) 3 sol to the particle-type nano-silica sol, keep the molar ratio of Si:Al at 5-1:1; age at 50°C for 24 hours Afterwards, obtain the composite silica sol coated with Al(OH) sol site modification;
(3)在500r/min的搅拌速度下，向前述复合二氧化硅溶胶中加入纳米二氧化钛粉体，再加入玻璃珠，使复合二氧化硅溶胶∶纳米二氧化钛粉体∶玻璃珠的质量比为10∶1∶5；搅拌8h后，溶胶通过200目的滤网过滤得到二氧化钛掺杂复合二氧化硅溶胶；(3) at a stirring speed of 500r/min, add nano titanium dioxide powder to the aforementioned composite silica sol, then add glass beads, so that the composite silica sol: nano titanium dioxide powder: the mass ratio of glass beads is 10 : 1: 5; after stirring for 8 hours, the sol was filtered through a 200-mesh filter screen to obtain titanium dioxide-doped composite silica sol;
(4)在300r/min的搅拌条件下，向二氧化钛掺杂复合二氧化硅溶胶中加入用于调节pH值的催化剂，使溶胶的pH值保持在1～5；搅拌0.5h后，将有机硅氧烷逐滴加入上述溶胶中，控制有机硅氧烷与复合二氧化硅溶胶的质量比为2∶1～1∶2，在30℃下反应6h后，制得适用于金属基材的自清洁防腐溶胶。(4) Under the stirring condition of 300r/min, a catalyst for adjusting the pH value is added to the titanium dioxide-doped composite silica sol, so that the pH value of the sol is kept at 1-5; after stirring for 0.5h, the organosilicon Add oxane dropwise to the above sol, control the mass ratio of organosiloxane and composite silica sol to 2:1~1:2, and react at 30°C for 6 hours to prepare a self-cleaning compound suitable for metal substrates. Antiseptic sol.
本发明中用于金属基材的自清洁防腐溶胶的使用方法：The usage method of the self-cleaning anticorrosion sol that is used for metal substrate in the present invention:
样品溶胶通过喷涂方式在金属铝板表面涂覆，100℃表干10min后，在250℃热处理20min后形成3～5微米厚的自清洁防腐涂层。The sample sol was coated on the surface of the metal aluminum plate by spraying, and after 100°C surface drying for 10 minutes, it was heat-treated at 250°C for 20 minutes to form a self-cleaning anti-corrosion coating with a thickness of 3 to 5 microns.
各实施例中的试验数据见下表：从表中可以看出，加入纳米二氧化钛的样品溶胶(序号1到9)制备的涂层接触角均在10度以内，具有较好的自清洁性能，而未加纳米二氧化钛的实例样品溶胶制备的涂层接触角较大(67度)。涂层的其他性能如：铅笔硬度、耐腐蚀性能(中性盐雾试验)等未发生明显变化。可见，纳米二氧化钛的加入在不影响涂层其他性能的前提下较大程度地提高了涂层的自清洁性能。The test data in each embodiment sees the table below: As can be seen from the table, the coating contact angles prepared by adding the sample sol (serial number 1 to 9) of nano-titanium dioxide are all within 10 degrees, and have better self-cleaning properties. The contact angle of the coating prepared by the example sample sol without adding nano-titanium dioxide is relatively large (67 degrees). Other properties of the coating such as: pencil hardness, corrosion resistance (neutral salt spray test), etc. did not change significantly. It can be seen that the addition of nano-titanium dioxide greatly improves the self-cleaning performance of the coating without affecting other properties of the coating.
涂层采用以下标准测试各方面性能：The coating uses the following standards to test various aspects of performance:
1)涂层铅笔硬度采用美国材料学会ASTM3363标准测试；1) The coating pencil hardness is tested by the American Society for Materials ASTM3363 standard;
2)涂层接触角用德国KRUSS接触角测定仪测试；2) The contact angle of the coating is tested with a German KRUSS contact angle tester;
3)涂层中性盐雾试验采用漆膜性能测试国家标准GB-T1771-1991测试。3) The neutral salt spray test of the coating adopts the national standard GB-T1771-1991 for paint film performance testing.
最后，还需要注意的是，以上列举的仅是本发明的具体实施例子。显然，本发明不限于以上实施例子，还可以有许多变形。本领域的普通技术人员能从本发明公开的内容直接导出或联想到的所有变形，均应认为是本发明的保护范围。Finally, it should also be noted that the above examples are only specific implementation examples of the present invention. Apparently, the present invention is not limited to the above examples, and many variations are possible. All deformations that can be directly derived or associated by those skilled in the art from the content disclosed in the present invention should be considered as the protection scope of the present invention.
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