CN104152134A - Medium and high temperature fracturing fluid and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Medium and high temperature fracturing fluid and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN104152134A CN104152134A CN201410328621.2A CN201410328621A CN104152134A CN 104152134 A CN104152134 A CN 104152134A CN 201410328621 A CN201410328621 A CN 201410328621A CN 104152134 A CN104152134 A CN 104152134A
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- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 229920001495 poly(sodium acrylate) polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- NNMHYFLPFNGQFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium polyacrylate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]C(=O)C=C NNMHYFLPFNGQFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 229920002401 polyacrylamide Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- ABBQHOQBGMUPJH-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium salicylate Chemical compound [Na+].OC1=CC=CC=C1C([O-])=O ABBQHOQBGMUPJH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- -1 cetyl dihydroxyethyl betaine Chemical compound 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 41
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 20
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 14
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- ROOXNKNUYICQNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium persulfate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O ROOXNKNUYICQNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910001873 dinitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- PQUXFUBNSYCQAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(2,3-difluorophenyl)ethanone Chemical compound CC(=O)C1=CC=CC(F)=C1F PQUXFUBNSYCQAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- HRPVXLWXLXDGHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylamide Chemical compound NC(=O)C=C HRPVXLWXLXDGHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- XZMCDFZZKTWFGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyanamide Chemical compound NC#N XZMCDFZZKTWFGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910001870 ammonium persulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- WNAHIZMDSQCWRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecane-1-thiol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCS WNAHIZMDSQCWRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- USHAGKDGDHPEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium persulfate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O USHAGKDGDHPEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 5
- 229940047670 sodium acrylate Drugs 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001308 synthesis method Methods 0.000 claims 2
- JWNWCEAWZGLYTE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)butanoate Chemical compound CCC(C([O-])=O)[N+](C)(C)C JWNWCEAWZGLYTE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 235000016068 Berberis vulgaris Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 241000335053 Beta vulgaris Species 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 125000000913 palmityl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 claims 1
- KWIUHFFTVRNATP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Betaine Natural products C[N+](C)(C)CC([O-])=O KWIUHFFTVRNATP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 7
- 229960003237 betaine Drugs 0.000 abstract description 7
- 239000002280 amphoteric surfactant Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 abstract description 2
- AAELHWDCDSZXGG-UHFFFAOYSA-L [Na+].[Cl+].[Cl-].[Cl-] Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl+].[Cl-].[Cl-] AAELHWDCDSZXGG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000003093 cationic surfactant Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000013329 compounding Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000003989 dielectric material Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004220 aggregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000693 micelle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007928 solubilization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005063 solubilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000638 stimulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/60—Compositions for stimulating production by acting on the underground formation
- C09K8/602—Compositions for stimulating production by acting on the underground formation containing surfactants
- C09K8/604—Polymeric surfactants
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/60—Compositions for stimulating production by acting on the underground formation
- C09K8/62—Compositions for forming crevices or fractures
- C09K8/66—Compositions based on water or polar solvents
- C09K8/68—Compositions based on water or polar solvents containing organic compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/60—Compositions for stimulating production by acting on the underground formation
- C09K8/84—Compositions based on water or polar solvents
- C09K8/86—Compositions based on water or polar solvents containing organic compounds
- C09K8/88—Compositions based on water or polar solvents containing organic compounds macromolecular compounds
- C09K8/882—Compositions based on water or polar solvents containing organic compounds macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
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- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种中高温压裂液及其制备方法，压裂液主要包括：聚丙烯酸钠、聚丙烯酰胺、十六烷基二羟乙基甜菜碱、羟基苯甲酸钠、乙二醇、氯化钠，其制备方法包括聚合物阳离子表面活性剂的合成，并与两性表面活性剂、电介质、助溶剂和水复配为压裂液。本发明的优点是：该压裂液可在90℃到110℃温度范围保持良好的悬砂性能。The invention discloses a medium-high temperature fracturing fluid and a preparation method thereof. The fracturing fluid mainly includes: sodium polyacrylate, polyacrylamide, cetyl dihydroxyethyl betaine, sodium hydroxybenzoate, ethylene glycol, chlorine Sodium chloride, the preparation method of which includes the synthesis of polymer cationic surfactants, and compounding with amphoteric surfactants, dielectrics, co-solvents and water to form fracturing fluids. The invention has the advantages that: the fracturing fluid can maintain good sand suspension performance in the temperature range of 90°C to 110°C.
Description
技术领域 technical field
本发明涉及一种油气田开发过程中压裂措施的一种压裂液，具体涉及一种可在90~110 ℃温度条件下使用的中高温压裂液及其制备方法。 The invention relates to a fracturing fluid for fracturing measures in the process of oil and gas field development, in particular to a medium-high temperature fracturing fluid that can be used at a temperature of 90-110 °C and a preparation method thereof.
背景技术 Background technique
压裂作为油气田开发增产的措施已经得到迅速发展和广泛应用，压裂液是压裂技术的主要组成部分。 Fracturing has been rapidly developed and widely used as a measure to increase production in oil and gas field development, and fracturing fluid is the main component of fracturing technology.
本发明制备的低分子量聚丙烯酸钠为聚合物类表面活性剂，再与两性表面活性剂十六烷基二羟乙基甜菜碱复配，可以在碱性环境下吸附在气/液表面而降低水溶液的表面张力、聚集形成胶团以及良好的增溶能力。 The low-molecular-weight sodium polyacrylate prepared by the present invention is a polymer surfactant, and then compounded with the amphoteric surfactant cetyl dihydroxyethyl betaine, which can be adsorbed on the gas/liquid surface in an alkaline environment to reduce the Surface tension of aqueous solution, aggregation to form micelles and good solubilization ability.
发明内容 Contents of the invention
本发明的目的在于提供一种中高温压裂液及其制备方法，按本发明的制备方法得到的中高温压裂液是一种在中高温下保持优异的粘度特性和表面活性的压裂液，可用于油气田压裂增产。 The purpose of the present invention is to provide a medium-high temperature fracturing fluid and its preparation method. The medium-high temperature fracturing fluid obtained according to the preparation method of the present invention is a fracturing fluid that maintains excellent viscosity characteristics and surface activity at medium and high temperatures , can be used for oil and gas field fracturing stimulation.
本发明是这样来实现的，一种中高温压裂液，其特征在于：分子量1000~2000的聚丙烯酸钠的质量分数5%，分子量大于1×107的聚丙烯酰胺的质量分数5%，十六烷基二羟乙基甜菜碱的质量分数3%，氯化钠的质量分数2%，乙二醇的质量分数1%，羟基苯甲酸钠的质量分数0.1%，余量为水。 The present invention is achieved in this way, a medium-high temperature fracturing fluid, characterized in that: the mass fraction of sodium polyacrylate with a molecular weight of 1000-2000 is 5%, the mass fraction of polyacrylamide with a molecular weight greater than 1× 107 is 5%, The mass fraction of cetyl dihydroxyethyl betaine is 3%, the mass fraction of sodium chloride is 2%, the mass fraction of ethylene glycol is 1%, the mass fraction of sodium hydroxybenzoate is 0.1%, and the balance is water.
本发明所述中高温压裂液的制备方法，其特征在于方法步骤为： The preparation method of the medium-high temperature fracturing fluid of the present invention is characterized in that the method steps are:
1、聚丙烯酸钠的制备； 1. Preparation of sodium polyacrylate;
（1）把质量分数为30%的丙烯酸钠溶于质量分数为60%的水中，配制成水溶液； (1) Dissolve sodium acrylate with a mass fraction of 30% in water with a mass fraction of 60% to prepare an aqueous solution;
（2）把质量分数为4%的碳酸钠，加入步骤（1）配制的水溶液中； (2) adding mass fraction of 4% sodium carbonate to the aqueous solution prepared in step (1);
（3）把质量分数为1.5%的十二硫醇和1.5%的过硫酸钾，加入步骤（1）配制的水溶液中； (3) adding 1.5% dodecanethiol and 1.5% potassium persulfate to the aqueous solution prepared in step (1) with a mass fraction;
（4）把步骤（1）、（2）和（3）所配制的水溶液注入容器中，通入氮气3~5分钟后，密闭容器； (4) Pour the aqueous solution prepared in steps (1), (2) and (3) into the container, and after 3 to 5 minutes of nitrogen gas, airtight the container;
（5）置于58±2 ℃的水浴中5 小时以上； (5) Place in a water bath at 58±2°C for more than 5 hours;
（6）将淡黄色粘稠状产物洗涤后，置于真空干燥箱干燥，得到分子量为1000~2000的聚丙烯酸钠。 (6) Wash the pale yellow viscous product and dry it in a vacuum oven to obtain sodium polyacrylate with a molecular weight of 1000-2000.
2、聚丙烯酰胺的制备； 2. Preparation of polyacrylamide;
（1）把质量分数为24%的丙烯酰胺溶于质量分数为73%的水中，配制成水溶液； (1) Dissolve acrylamide with a mass fraction of 24% in water with a mass fraction of 73% to prepare an aqueous solution;
（2）把质量分数为2.5%的碳酸钠，加入步骤（1）配制的水溶液中； (2) adding mass fraction of 2.5% sodium carbonate to the aqueous solution prepared in step (1);
（3）把质量分数为0.25%的碳酰二胺脲和0.25%的过硫酸铵，加入步骤（1）配制的水溶液中； (3) Add carbodiamide urea and 0.25% ammonium persulfate with a mass fraction of 0.25% to the aqueous solution prepared in step (1);
（4）把步骤（1）、（2）和（3）所配制的水溶液注入容器中，通入氮气5分钟后，密闭容器； (4) Pour the aqueous solution prepared in steps (1), (2) and (3) into the container, and after passing nitrogen gas for 5 minutes, seal the container;
（5）置于20±2 ℃的水浴中8 小时以上； (5) Place in a water bath at 20±2°C for more than 8 hours;
（6）将透明粘稠状产物洗涤后，置于真空干燥箱干燥，得到分子量为大于1×107的聚丙烯酰胺。 (6) Wash the transparent viscous product and dry it in a vacuum oven to obtain polyacrylamide with a molecular weight greater than 1×10 7 .
3、压裂液的配制； 3. Preparation of fracturing fluid;
（1）把质量分数1%乙二醇加入水中； (1) Add 1% ethylene glycol by mass fraction to water;
（2）加入质量分数5%聚丙烯酸钠、质量分数5%聚丙烯酰胺和质量分数3%十六烷基二羟乙基甜菜碱，搅拌直至形成均匀透明的溶液； (2) Add 5% sodium polyacrylate, 5% polyacrylamide and 3% hexadecyl dihydroxyethyl betaine, and stir until a uniform and transparent solution is formed;
（3）加入质量分数2%氯化钠和质量分数0.1%羟基苯甲酸钠，搅拌均匀,得到压裂液。 (3) Add 2% sodium chloride by mass fraction and 0.1% sodium hydroxybenzoate by mass fraction, and stir evenly to obtain fracturing fluid.
具体实施方式 Detailed ways
实施例一Embodiment one
1、聚丙烯酸钠的制备 1. Preparation of sodium polyacrylate
（1）把300 g的丙烯酸钠溶于质量分数为600 g的水中，配制成水溶液； (1) Dissolve 300 g of sodium acrylate in water with a mass fraction of 600 g to prepare an aqueous solution;
（2）把4 g的碳酸钠，加入步骤（1）配制的水溶液中； (2) Add 4 g of sodium carbonate to the aqueous solution prepared in step (1);
（3）把质量分数为1.5 g的十二硫醇和1.5 g 的过硫酸钾，加入步骤（1）配制的水溶液中； (3) Add 1.5 g of dodecanethiol and 1.5 g of potassium persulfate to the aqueous solution prepared in step (1);
（4）把步骤（1）、（2）和（3）所配制的水溶液注入容器中，通入氮气3~5分钟后，密闭容器； (4) Pour the aqueous solution prepared in steps (1), (2) and (3) into the container, and after 3 to 5 minutes of nitrogen gas, airtight the container;
（5）置于58±2 ℃的水浴中5 小时以上； (5) Place in a water bath at 58±2°C for more than 5 hours;
（6）将淡黄色粘稠状产物洗涤后，置于真空干燥箱干燥，得到聚丙烯酸钠。 (6) Wash the pale yellow viscous product and dry it in a vacuum oven to obtain sodium polyacrylate.
2、聚丙烯酰胺的制备 2. Preparation of polyacrylamide
（1）把300 g丙烯酰胺溶于质量分数为910 g水中，配制成水溶液； (1) Dissolve 300 g of acrylamide in water with a mass fraction of 910 g to prepare an aqueous solution;
（2）把5 g碳酸钠，加入步骤（1）配制的水溶液中； (2) Add 5 g of sodium carbonate to the aqueous solution prepared in step (1);
（3）把0.5 g碳酰二胺脲和0.5 g过硫酸铵，加入步骤（1）配制的水溶液中； (3) Add 0.5 g carbodiamide and 0.5 g ammonium persulfate to the aqueous solution prepared in step (1);
（4）把步骤（1）、（2）和（3）所配制的水溶液注入容器中，通入氮气5分钟后，密闭容器； (4) Pour the aqueous solution prepared in steps (1), (2) and (3) into the container, and after passing nitrogen gas for 5 minutes, seal the container;
（5）置于20±2 ℃的水浴中8 小时以上； (5) Place in a water bath at 20±2°C for more than 8 hours;
（6）将透明粘稠状产物洗涤后，置于真空干燥箱干燥，得到分子量为大于1×107的聚丙烯酰胺。 (6) Wash the transparent viscous product and dry it in a vacuum oven to obtain polyacrylamide with a molecular weight greater than 1×10 7 .
3、压裂液的配制 3. Preparation of fracturing fluid
（1）把10 g乙二醇加入890 g水中； (1) Add 10 g of ethylene glycol to 890 g of water;
（2）加入50 g聚丙烯酸钠、 50 g聚丙烯酰胺和 30 g十六烷基二羟乙基甜菜碱，搅拌直至形成均匀透明的溶液； (2) Add 50 g sodium polyacrylate, 50 g polyacrylamide and 30 g hexadecyl dihydroxyethyl betaine, and stir until a uniform and transparent solution is formed;
（3）加入质量分数20 g氯化钠和 1 g羟基苯甲酸钠，搅拌均匀，得到压裂液。 (3) Add 20 g of sodium chloride and 1 g of sodium hydroxybenzoate in mass fraction, and stir evenly to obtain fracturing fluid.
实施例二Embodiment two
1、聚丙烯酸钠的制备； 1. Preparation of sodium polyacrylate;
（1）把500 g的丙烯酸钠溶于质量分数为1000 g的水中，配制成水溶液； (1) Dissolve 500 g of sodium acrylate in water with a mass fraction of 1000 g to prepare an aqueous solution;
（2）把7 g的碳酸钠，加入步骤（1）配制的水溶液中； (2) Add 7 g of sodium carbonate to the aqueous solution prepared in step (1);
（3）把质量分数为2.5 g的十二硫醇和2.5 g 的过硫酸钾，加入步骤（1）配制的水溶液中； (3) Add 2.5 g of dodecanethiol and 2.5 g of potassium persulfate to the aqueous solution prepared in step (1);
（4）把步骤（1）、（2）和（3）所配制的水溶液注入容器中，通入氮气3~5分钟后，密闭容器； (4) Pour the aqueous solution prepared in steps (1), (2) and (3) into the container, and after 3 to 5 minutes of nitrogen gas, airtight the container;
（5）置于58±2 ℃的水浴中5 小时以上； (5) Place in a water bath at 58±2°C for more than 5 hours;
（6）将淡黄色粘稠状产物洗涤后，置于真空干燥箱干燥，得到聚丙烯酸钠。 (6) Wash the pale yellow viscous product and dry it in a vacuum oven to obtain sodium polyacrylate.
2、聚丙烯酰胺的制备； 2. Preparation of polyacrylamide;
（1）把500 g丙烯酰胺溶于质量分数为1500 g水中，配制成水溶液； (1) Dissolve 500 g of acrylamide in water with a mass fraction of 1500 g to prepare an aqueous solution;
（2）把8.5 g碳酸钠，加入步骤（1）配制的水溶液中； (2) Add 8.5 g of sodium carbonate to the aqueous solution prepared in step (1);
（3）把0.8 g碳酰二胺脲和0.8 g过硫酸铵，加入步骤（1）配制的水溶液中； (3) Add 0.8 g carbodiamide and 0.8 g ammonium persulfate to the aqueous solution prepared in step (1);
（4）把步骤（1）、（2）和（3）所配制的水溶液注入容器中，通入氮气5分钟后，密闭容器； (4) Pour the aqueous solution prepared in steps (1), (2) and (3) into the container, and after passing nitrogen gas for 5 minutes, seal the container;
（5）置于20±2 ℃的水浴中8 小时以上； (5) Place in a water bath at 20±2°C for more than 8 hours;
（6）将透明粘稠状产物洗涤后，置于真空干燥箱干燥，得到分子量为大于1×107的聚丙烯酰胺。 (6) Wash the transparent viscous product and dry it in a vacuum oven to obtain polyacrylamide with a molecular weight greater than 1×10 7 .
3、压裂液的配制； 3. Preparation of fracturing fluid;
（1）把5 g乙二醇加入445 g水中； (1) Add 5 g of ethylene glycol to 445 g of water;
（2）加入25 g聚丙烯酸钠、 25 g聚丙烯酰胺和 15 g十六烷基二羟乙基甜菜碱，搅拌直至形成均匀透明的溶液； (2) Add 25 g sodium polyacrylate, 25 g polyacrylamide and 15 g hexadecyl dihydroxyethyl betaine, and stir until a uniform and transparent solution is formed;
（3）加入质量分数10 g氯化钠和 0.5 g羟基苯甲酸钠，搅拌均匀，得到压裂液。 (3) Add mass fractions of 10 g sodium chloride and 0.5 g sodium hydroxybenzoate, and stir evenly to obtain fracturing fluid.
实施例三Embodiment three
1、聚丙烯酸钠的制备 1. Preparation of sodium polyacrylate
（1）把1000 g的丙烯酸钠溶于质量分数为2000 g的水中，配制成水溶液； (1) Dissolve 1000 g of sodium acrylate in water with a mass fraction of 2000 g to prepare an aqueous solution;
（2）把15g的碳酸钠，加入步骤（1）配制的水溶液中； (2) Add 15g of sodium carbonate to the aqueous solution prepared in step (1);
（3）把质量分数为5 g的十二硫醇和5 g 的过硫酸钾，加入步骤（1）配制的水溶液中； (3) Add 5 g of dodecanethiol and 5 g of potassium persulfate to the aqueous solution prepared in step (1);
（4）把步骤（1）、（2）和（3）所配制的水溶液注入容器中，通入氮气3~5分钟后，密闭容器； (4) Pour the aqueous solution prepared in steps (1), (2) and (3) into the container, and after 3 to 5 minutes of nitrogen gas, airtight the container;
（5）置于58±2 ℃的水浴中5 小时以上； (5) Place in a water bath at 58±2°C for more than 5 hours;
（6）将淡黄色粘稠状产物洗涤后，置于真空干燥箱干燥，得到聚丙烯酸钠。 (6) Wash the pale yellow viscous product and dry it in a vacuum oven to obtain sodium polyacrylate.
2、聚丙烯酰胺的制备 2. Preparation of polyacrylamide
（1）把1000 g丙烯酰胺溶于质量分数为3000 g水中，配制成水溶液； (1) Dissolve 1000 g of acrylamide in water with a mass fraction of 3000 g to prepare an aqueous solution;
（2）把17 g碳酸钠，加入步骤（1）配制的水溶液中； (2) Add 17 g of sodium carbonate to the aqueous solution prepared in step (1);
（3）把1.5 g碳酰二胺脲和1.5 g过硫酸铵，加入步骤（1）配制的水溶液中； (3) Add 1.5 g carbodiamide and 1.5 g ammonium persulfate to the aqueous solution prepared in step (1);
（4）把步骤（1）、（2）和（3）所配制的水溶液注入容器中，通入氮气5分钟后，密闭容器； (4) Pour the aqueous solution prepared in steps (1), (2) and (3) into the container, and after passing nitrogen gas for 5 minutes, seal the container;
（5）置于20±2 ℃的水浴中8 小时以上； (5) Place in a water bath at 20±2°C for more than 8 hours;
（6）将透明粘稠状产物洗涤后，置于真空干燥箱干燥，得到分子量为大于1×107的聚丙烯酰胺。 (6) Wash the transparent viscous product and dry it in a vacuum oven to obtain polyacrylamide with a molecular weight greater than 1×10 7 .
3、压裂液的配制 3. Preparation of fracturing fluid
（1）把20 g乙二醇加入1780 g水中； (1) Add 20 g of ethylene glycol to 1780 g of water;
（2）加入50 g聚丙烯酸钠、 50 g聚丙烯酰胺和 30 g十六烷基二羟乙基甜菜碱，搅拌直至形成均匀透明的溶液； (2) Add 50 g sodium polyacrylate, 50 g polyacrylamide and 30 g hexadecyl dihydroxyethyl betaine, and stir until a uniform and transparent solution is formed;
（3）加入质量分数20 g氯化钠和 1.0 g羟基苯甲酸钠，搅拌均匀，得到压裂液。 (3) Add 20 g of sodium chloride and 1.0 g of sodium hydroxybenzoate in mass fraction, and stir evenly to obtain fracturing fluid.
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