CN104150659B - A kind of EPN livestock and poultry cultivation blowdown treatment system - Google Patents
A kind of EPN livestock and poultry cultivation blowdown treatment system Download PDFInfo
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- CN104150659B CN104150659B CN201410393132.5A CN201410393132A CN104150659B CN 104150659 B CN104150659 B CN 104150659B CN 201410393132 A CN201410393132 A CN 201410393132A CN 104150659 B CN104150659 B CN 104150659B
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Abstract
The present invention relates to a kind of EPN livestock and poultry cultivation blowdown treatment system, comprise centrifugal extruding type solid-liquid separation system, water inlet system, EPN electrochemical generator, medicine system, floating system, sludge dry system, the super oxidation system of EPN acousto-optic chemistry water quality, aftertreatment water conditioning system; First remove larger suspended substance by solid-liquid separation, reduce COD and SS in water body, the throw out struck off in water body by surface removes SS in water body; Then removed heavy metal, the microbiotic in sewage by EPN electrochemical generator and reduce COD, BOD, ammonia nitrogen, and making impurities impinge be combined into throw out; Effectively captured by floating system again and float the less suspended substance in dewatering, and removing the throw out formed in EPN electrochemical generator; And after to filter through aftertreatment sand carbon and EPN acousto-optic chemistry water quality super oxidation system carries out water conditioning, qualified discharge and reuse can be realized.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to livestock and poultry cultivation sewage treatment area, be specifically related to a kind of EPN livestock and poultry cultivation blowdown treatment system.
Background technology
The method of biochemical treatment that what traditional livestock and poultry cultivation blowdown process was mainly applied is, biochemical processing method is most suitable sewage disposal approach in theory, but in large-scale livestock and poultry cultivation blowdown process, its treatment effect is performed poor.Major cause is as follows: 1, the biochemical reaction cycle is long, and cause site requirements large, civil engineering is many, and investment is large, and most of breeding enterprise cannot reach the condition of biochemical treatment qualified discharge, 2, biochemical reaction is large by ectocine, as outside atmospheres such as temperature, causes the sharply change for the treatment of cycle, even makes it lose efficacy, 3, the process of biochemical reaction mainly produces at biochemical reaction tank, and its outdoor open process causes the secondary pollutions such as infiltration, exhaust gas emission, 4, the biological bacteria group of biochemical reaction is higher to environmental requirements such as water quality, and the change that microcosmic situation occurs is difficult to control, 5, microbiotic is as a kind of spectrum antibacterial element, worldwide be widely used in the diseases prevention and treatment of livestock and poultry farms in scale animal bacterial infection, owing to having highly water-soluble, not easily degraded and the easily feature such as accumulation in environment, microbiotic residual in livestock breeding wastewater can produce huge eco-toxicology effects, because microbiotic has strong restraining effect to bioprocess, conventional livestock and poultry cultivation blowdown treatment technology, water after process generally adopts in line or reuse, but still containing part ammonia nitrogen in water body, COD, BOD, microbiotic, intestinal bacteria and bacterial micro-organism etc., cause water body rotten between clean water basin staging life, as water body reddens, bacteria breed, produce stench etc., and antibiotic cannot removal causes the secondary pollution that a large amount of enrichment of surface water microbiotic result in water body.Heavy metal in livestock and poultry blowdown, microbiotic, oil slick have strong restraining effect to biological bacteria, cause wastewater treatment efficiency not good, and heavy metal, antibiotic discharge are also the threats huge to environment simultaneously.
Summary of the invention
The object of the invention is to be improved according to the shortcoming existed in background technology and problem, provide one can the dirty water pollutant of overall treatment, and the EPN livestock and poultry cultivation blowdown treatment system of obvious processing effect.
Technical scheme of the present invention is to provide a kind of EPN livestock and poultry cultivation blowdown treatment system, comprises centrifugal extruding type solid-liquid separation system, water inlet system, EPN electrochemical generator, medicine system, floating system, sludge dry system, aftertreatment water conditioning system, the super oxidation system 34 of EPN acousto-optic chemistry water quality; Wherein:
Centrifugal extruding type solid-liquid separation system, comprises solid-liquid separating machine 1, for removing the larger suspended substance in water body, reduces COD and SS in water body, makes back segment process can not produce precipitation or blocking simultaneously;
Water inlet system, comprises spiral pump 4, for by the sewage transport after solid-liquid separation to EPN electrochemical generator;
EPN electrochemical generator, comprise the EPN pre-treatment tank 1 connected successively by pipeline, EPN pre-treatment tank 26, EPN electrochemistry main frame 7, EPN aftertreatment tank 1 and EPN aftertreatment tank 2 12, described EPN pre-treatment tank 1, EPN pre-treatment tank 26 is for mixing well sewage, pressure regulation and Balancing degree, electrooxidation is produced in described EPN electrochemistry main frame 7, electroreduction, electricity decolouring, electricity flocculation, electricity floating electrochemical reaction, for removing the most of heavy metal in sewage, microbiotic and reduction COD, BOD, ammonia nitrogen, and by exchanging pole plate 9, interceptor 10 makes impurities impinge be combined into throw out, described EPN aftertreatment tank 1 and EPN aftertreatment tank 2 12, by the PAC added, PAM fully mixes with sewage, the SS in sewage is made to form larger throw out,
Medicine system, comprises PAM automatic medicament feeding machine 13, PAC automatic medicament feeding machine 16, for respectively PAM, PAC being mixed well rear injection EPN aftertreatment tank 1 and EPN aftertreatment tank 2 12;
Floating system, comprising cavitation air flotation 20, molten air supporting is floating except case 27, for squeezing into bubble fast in water, accelerating throw out collision, effective crawl also floats the less suspended substance in dewatering, and removes the throw out formed in EPN aftertreatment tank 1 and EPN aftertreatment tank 2 12;
Sludge dry system, comprises pressure filter 29, for the body refuse press filtration of being discharged by floating system;
Aftertreatment water conditioning system, comprise aftertreatment filter tank 1, aftertreatment filter tank 2 32, aftertreatment filter tank 1 is for passing through carbon granule impurity screening, aftertreatment filter tank 2 32 removes COD, BOD in water body and ammonia nitrogen further by light electrolysis, and then water purification enters the super oxidation system 34 of EPN acousto-optic chemistry water quality;
The super oxidation system 34 of EPN acousto-optic chemistry water quality, comprise ozone unit 33, Catalyzed by Ultrasonic Wave unit 35, ultraviolet clean unit 36, take ozone as catalyzer, make full use of the hydrogen peroxide synthesis of hydroxy free radical that produces in ultrasonic cavitation effect and photochemical catalysis and form advanced oxidation and react, can efficiently reduce COD, BOD, ammonia-nitrogen content, and utilize aqueous phase to burn, free-radical oxidn, high temperature pyrolysis, and supercritical oxidation is in one.Have good sterilization effect widely, the microbiotic removed in breeding wastewater pollutes and kills bacterium and worm's ovum comprehensively, makes the final qualified discharge of water purification.
Advantage of the present invention and beneficial effect:
First the present invention removes larger suspended substance by solid-liquid separation, reduces COD and SS in water body, is struck off the throw out in water body by surface, removes SS in water body; Then by EPN electrochemical generator, remove the heavy metal in sewage, microbiotic and reduce COD, BOD, ammonia nitrogen, and making impurities impinge be combined into throw out; Effectively captured by floating system again and float the less suspended substance in dewatering, and removing the throw out formed in EPN electrochemical generator; The throw out struck off in water body by surface removes SS in water body; And after after the super oxidation system of water quality (ozone, ultrasonic wave, uv irradiating composition acousto-optic chemical system) process and the filtration of sand carbon carry out water conditioning, qualified discharge and reuse can be realized, and microbiotic and heavy metal can be removed comprehensively, realize water body reuse and qualified discharge.It is major technique that whole process realizes physical treatment, and by heavy metal in livestock breeding wastewater and microbiotic enrichment and weather influence, processing efficiency is high, and whole process only needs 25 minutes, and floor space is little.
Microbiotic is as a kind of broad-spectrum antibiotics, worldwide be widely used in the diseases prevention and treatment of livestock and poultry farms in scale animal bacterial infection, owing to having highly water-soluble, not easily degraded and the easily feature such as accumulation in environment, microbiotic residual in livestock breeding wastewater can produce huge eco-toxicology effects, because microbiotic has strong restraining effect to bioprocess, conventional livestock and poultry cultivation blowdown treatment technology, water after process generally adopts in line or reuse, but still containing part ammonia nitrogen in water body, COD, BOD, microbiotic, intestinal bacteria and bacterial micro-organism etc., cause water body rotten between clean water basin staging life, as water body reddens, bacteria breed, produce stench etc., and antibiotic cannot removal causes the secondary pollution that a large amount of enrichment of surface water microbiotic result in water body.EPN livestock and poultry blowdown treatment system processes livestock and poultry blowdown targetedly with the treatment scheme of full materialization, treatment effect is better than conventional biochemical process, can to go out in water body the pollutents such as oil slick, oil-soluble grease, heavy metal, microbiotic, its process is by ectocine simultaneously.The heavy metal in sewage water body and microbiotic can be removed comprehensively; Thoroughly can remove the oil slick in sewage; All kinds of oil in water emulsion, oil-soluble grease can be abolished fast; Can efficiently killing pathogenic bacteria, virus and remove peculiar smell; Can the various inorganic or organic pigment of effective elimination; The suspended solids in sewage can be separated rapidly; The organic pollutant of difficult degradation can be oxidized; Occupation area of equipment is little, and infrastructure project is few; Automatic Control, once debugs long-time running, can save manual operation load in a large number; Closed process, reaction is fast, and the treatment time is short, at utmost reduces secondary pollution.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is schematic flow sheet of the present invention.
Embodiment
As shown in Figure 1, the present invention includes centrifugal extruding type solid-liquid separation system, water inlet system, EPN electrochemical generator, medicine system, floating system, sludge dry system, aftertreatment water conditioning system, the super oxidation system 34 of EPN acousto-optic chemistry water quality; Wherein:
Centrifugal extruding type solid-liquid separation system, comprises solid-liquid separating machine 1, for removing the larger suspended substance in water body, reduces COD and SS in water body, makes back segment process can not produce precipitation or blocking simultaneously;
Water inlet system, comprises spiral pump 4, for by the sewage transport after solid-liquid separation to EPN electrochemical generator;
EPN electrochemical generator, comprise the EPN pre-treatment tank 1 connected successively by pipeline, EPN pre-treatment tank 26, EPN electrochemistry main frame 7, EPN aftertreatment tank 1 and EPN aftertreatment tank 2 12, described EPN pre-treatment tank 1, EPN pre-treatment tank 26 is for mixing well sewage, pressure regulation and Balancing degree, electrooxidation is produced in described EPN electrochemistry main frame 7, electroreduction, electricity decolouring, electricity flocculation, electricity floating electrochemical reaction, for removing the heavy metal in sewage, microbiotic and reduction COD, BOD, ammonia nitrogen, and by exchanging pole plate 9, interceptor 10 makes impurities impinge be combined into throw out, described EPN aftertreatment tank 1 and EPN aftertreatment tank 2 12, by the PAC added, PAM fully mixes with sewage, the SS in sewage is made to form larger throw out,
Medicine system, comprises PAM automatic medicament feeding machine 13, PAC automatic medicament feeding machine 16, for respectively PAM, PAC being mixed well rear injection EPN aftertreatment tank 1 and EPN aftertreatment tank 2 12;
Floating system, comprises cavitation air flotation 20, molten air supporting is floating except case 27, for effectively capturing and floating the less suspended substance in dewatering, and removes the throw out formed in EPN aftertreatment tank 1 and EPN aftertreatment tank 2 12;
Sludge dry system, comprises pressure filter 29, for the body refuse press filtration of being discharged by floating system;
Aftertreatment water conditioning system, comprise aftertreatment filter tank 1, aftertreatment filter tank 2 32, aftertreatment filter tank 1 is for passing through carbon granule impurity screening, aftertreatment filter tank 2 32 removes COD, BOD in water body and ammonia nitrogen further by light electrolysis, and then water purification enters the super oxidation system 34 of EPN acousto-optic chemistry water quality;
The super oxidation system 34 of EPN acousto-optic chemistry water quality, comprises ozone unit 33, Catalyzed by Ultrasonic Wave unit 35, ultraviolet clean unit 36, and the super oxygenizement of common generation, for removing pollutent, killing bacterium and worm's ovum, makes the final qualified discharge of water purification.
Floating system of the present invention also comprises inlet chest 26, be arranged on the runner plate 19 in inlet chest, slag tapping box 23, clear water tanks 24, air compressor machine 17, molten gas release head 21, scraper 22, dissolving 25, pressure pump 28, in-line pump 30, the throw out entering floating system first under the effect of cavitation air flotation 20 in conjunction with bubble floating, enter molten air supporting more floating except case 27, be combined with the micro-bubble that molten gas release head 21 discharges and float, scrape to slag tapping box 23 by scraper 22, water purification after striking off enters clear water tanks 24 by bottom communicating pipe 37, water purification drains into aftertreatment water conditioning system by in-line pump 30 again.
PAM automatic medicament feeding machine 13 of the present invention, PAC automatic medicament feeding machine 16 comprise adjusts medicine-chest 14 and dosing tank 15, the high-pressure air part that described air compressor machine 17 produces for adjusting medicine-chest 14 confection, part input dissolving 25 produces high pressure dissolved air water.
Molten air supporting of the present invention is floated except the throw out in case 27 rises, and scrapes into slag tapping box 23, then enter pressure filter 29 and carry out press filtration by scraper 22, and solids is pressed into pie and clears or for other purposes, recirculation water flows back to inlet chest 26 again.
A water part in clear water tanks 24 of the present invention enters aftertreatment water conditioning system, a part enters pressure pump 28 and pumps into dissolving 25 and produce dissolved air water and discharge through dissolved air water release head 21.
The water up to standard that EPN acousto-optic chemistry water quality super oxidation system 34 of the present invention is discharged, the tune medicine-chest 14 that a part enters PAM automatic medicament feeding machine 13 and PAC automatic medicament feeding machine 16 is used as tune medicine, the medicine mixed well enters dosing tank 15, then inputs EPN aftertreatment tank 1 and EPN aftertreatment tank 2 12 mixes with sewage.
EPN livestock and poultry blowdown treatment system is primarily of subsystem compositions such as centrifugal extruding type solid-liquid separation system, water inlet system, EPN electrochemical generator, medicine system, floating system, sludge dry system, aftertreatment water conditioning system, the super oxidations of EPN acousto-optic chemistry, livestock and poultry blowdown is after solid-liquid separation, stoste is delivered to electrochemical generator by water inlet system, in producer, produce the multiple electrochemical reactions such as electrooxidation, electroreduction, electricity decolouring, electricity flocculation, electricity floating, the heavy metal in sewage, microbiotic can be removed and reduce COD, BOD, ammonia nitrogen etc.; Sewage is delivered to floating system after electrochemistry, removes SS in water body, and after to filter through aftertreatment sand carbon and the super oxidation system of EPN acousto-optic chemistry water quality carries out water conditioning, qualified discharge and reuse can be realized.
Principle of work of the present invention:
Sewage is mixed well in equalization basin, and to ensure to precipitate, Simultaneous Stabilization raw water quality facilitates subsequent disposal, sewage through mixing well filters through solid-liquid separation 1, remove the larger suspended substance in water body, reduce COD and SS in water body, make back segment process can not produce precipitation or blocking simultaneously, livestock and poultry blowdown is after solid-liquid separation, stoste pumps into EPN pre-treatment tank 1 by spiral pump 4, then enter EPN pre-treatment tank 26, realize mixing well in pre-treatment, pressure regulation and Balancing degree, order enters EPN electrochemistry main frame 7, electrooxidation is produced in producer, electroreduction, electricity decolouring, electricity flocculation, the multiple electrochemical reactions such as electricity floating, the heavy metal in sewage can be removed, microbiotic and reduction COD, BOD, ammonia nitrogen etc., impurities impinge is made to be combined into throw out by runner machine interceptor, enter EPN aftertreatment tank 1 and EPN aftertreatment tank 2 12 again, complete Pac wherein, the dosing of Pam and mix well process, the impurity such as SS are made in sewage to form larger throw out, sewage enters floating system 18, first the effect of cavitation air flotation 20 was entered at inlet chest 26 in conjunction with a large amount of bubble floating, large throw out is aggregated under runner plate 19 acts on, enter floating except case 27 again, under the microbubble effect that dissolved air water release head 21 discharges, throw out floats, water purification sinks, water purification enters clear water tanks 24 by UNICOM bottom 37, aftertreatment filter tank 1 is pumped into again by in-line pump 30, aftertreatment filter tank 2 32 aftertreatment filter tank, aftertreatment filter tank 1 is mainly as impurity screening purposes, aftertreatment filter tank 2 32 comprises the elimination means such as light electrolysis, COD in further removal water body, BOD and ammonia nitrogen, then water purification enters the super oxidation system 34 of EPN acousto-optic chemistry water quality, be followed successively by ozone unit 33, ultrasound unit 35, ultraviolet unit 36, by the super oxygenizement that it produces jointly, remove pollutent, kill bacterium, worm's ovum etc., final qualified discharge.
The high-pressure air part that air compressor machine 17 produces is used for tune medicine-chest (14) confection of PAM automatic medicament feeding machine 13PAC automatic medicament feeding machine 16, and part input dissolving 25 produces high pressure dissolved air water.
Floating to rise except the throw out in case 27, scrape into slag tapping box 23, then enter pressure filter 29 and carry out press filtration by scraper 22, solids is pressed into pie and clears or for other purposes, recirculation water flows back to inlet chest 26 again.
Water in clear water tanks 24 is except entering aftertreatment, and a part enters pressure pump 28 and pumps into dissolving 25 and produce dissolved air water and discharge to dissolved air water release head 21.
The water up to standard that EPN acousto-optic chemistry water quality super oxidation system 34 is discharged, a part enters the dosing tank 14 of PAM automatic medicament feeding machine 13PAC automatic medicament feeding machine 16, be used as tune medicine, the medicine mixed well enters dosing tank 15, then inputs EPN aftertreatment tank 1 and EPN aftertreatment tank 2 12 mixes with sewage.
Embodiment of the present invention is only the description carried out the preferred embodiment of the present invention; not design of the present invention and scope are limited; under the prerequisite not departing from design philosophy of the present invention; the various modification that in this area, engineering technical personnel make technical scheme of the present invention and improvement; protection scope of the present invention all should be fallen into; the technology contents of request protection of the present invention, all records in detail in the claims.
Claims (6)
1. an EPN livestock and poultry cultivation blowdown treatment system, is characterized in that: comprise centrifugal extruding type solid-liquid separation system, water inlet system, EPN electrochemical generator, medicine system, floating system, sludge dry system, aftertreatment water conditioning system, the EPN acousto-optic chemistry super oxidation system of water quality (34); Wherein:
Centrifugal extruding type solid-liquid separation system, comprises solid-liquid separating machine (1), for removing the larger suspended substance in water body, reduces COD and SS in water body, makes back segment process can not produce precipitation or blocking simultaneously;
Water inlet system, comprises spiral pump (4), for by the sewage transport after solid-liquid separation to EPN electrochemical generator;
EPN electrochemical generator, comprise the EPN pre-treatment tank one (5) connected successively by pipeline, EPN pre-treatment tank two (6), EPN electrochemistry main frame (7), EPN aftertreatment tank one (11) and EPN aftertreatment tank two (12), described EPN pre-treatment tank one (5), EPN pre-treatment tank two (6) is for mixing well sewage, pressure regulation and Balancing degree, electrooxidation is produced in described EPN electrochemistry main frame (7), electroreduction, electricity decolouring, electricity flocculation, electricity floating electrochemical reaction, for removing the heavy metal in sewage, microbiotic and reduction COD, BOD, ammonia nitrogen, and by exchanging pole plate (9), interceptor (10) makes impurities impinge be combined into throw out, described EPN aftertreatment tank one (11) and EPN aftertreatment tank two (12), by the PAC added, PAM fully mixes with sewage, the SS in sewage is made to form larger throw out,
Medicine system, comprises PAM automatic medicament feeding machine (13), PAC automatic medicament feeding machine (16), for respectively PAM, PAC being mixed well rear injection EPN aftertreatment tank one (11) and EPN aftertreatment tank two (12);
Floating system, comprises cavitation air flotation (20), molten air supporting is floating except case (27), for effectively capturing and floating the less suspended substance in dewatering, and removes the throw out formed in EPN aftertreatment tank one (11) and EPN aftertreatment tank two (12);
Sludge dry system, comprises pressure filter (29), for the body refuse press filtration of being discharged by floating system;
Aftertreatment water conditioning system, comprise aftertreatment filter tank one (31), aftertreatment filter tank two (32), aftertreatment filter tank one (31) is for passing through carbon granule impurity screening, aftertreatment filter tank two (32) removes COD, BOD in water body and ammonia nitrogen further by light electrolysis, and then water purification enters the EPN acousto-optic chemistry super oxidation system of water quality (34);
The EPN acousto-optic chemistry super oxidation system of water quality (34), comprise ozone unit (33), Catalyzed by Ultrasonic Wave unit (35), ultraviolet clean unit (36), take ozone as catalyzer, utilize the hydrogen peroxide synthesis of hydroxy free radical that produces in ultrasonic cavitation effect and photochemical catalysis and form advanced oxidation and react, for reducing COD, BOD, ammonia-nitrogen content, and the microbiotic removed in breeding wastewater pollutes, kills bacterium and worm's ovum, make the final qualified discharge of water purification.
2. a kind of EPN livestock and poultry cultivation blowdown treatment system according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described floating system also comprises inlet chest (26), be arranged on the runner plate (19) in inlet chest, slag tapping box (23), clear water tanks (24), air compressor machine (17), molten gas release head (21), scraper (22), dissolving (25), pressure pump (28), in-line pump (30), the throw out entering floating system first under the effect of cavitation air flotation (20) in conjunction with bubble floating, enter molten air supporting more floating except case (27), be combined with the micro-bubble that molten gas release head (21) discharges and float, scrape to slag tapping box (23) by scraper (22), water purification after striking off enters clear water tanks (24) by bottom communicating pipe (37), water purification drains into aftertreatment water conditioning system by in-line pump (30) again.
3. a kind of EPN livestock and poultry cultivation blowdown treatment system according to claim 2, it is characterized in that: described PAM automatic medicament feeding machine (13), PAC automatic medicament feeding machine (16) comprise adjusts medicine-chest (14) and dosing tank (15), the high-pressure air part that described air compressor machine (17) produces is for adjusting medicine-chest (14) confection, part input dissolving (25) generation high pressure dissolved air water.
4. a kind of EPN livestock and poultry cultivation blowdown treatment system according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described molten air supporting is floating except the throw out rising in case (27), scrape into slag tapping box (23) by scraper (22), then enter pressure filter (29) and carry out press filtration, solids is pressed into pie and clears or for other purposes, recirculation water flows back to inlet chest (26) again.
5. a kind of EPN livestock and poultry cultivation blowdown treatment system according to claim 2, is characterized in that: the water part in described clear water tanks (24) enters aftertreatment water conditioning system, a part enter pressure pump (28) pump into dissolving (25) produce dissolved air water discharge through dissolved air water release head (21).
6. a kind of EPN livestock and poultry cultivation blowdown treatment system according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: the water up to standard that the EPN acousto-optic chemistry super oxidation system of water quality (34) discharges, the tune medicine-chest (14) that a part enters PAM automatic medicament feeding machine (13) and PAC automatic medicament feeding machine (16) is used as tune medicine, the medicine mixed well enters dosing tank (15), then inputs EPN aftertreatment tank one (11) and EPN aftertreatment tank two (12) mixes with sewage.
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CN201410393132.5A CN104150659B (en) | 2014-08-12 | 2014-08-12 | A kind of EPN livestock and poultry cultivation blowdown treatment system |
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CN105000662A (en) * | 2015-06-30 | 2015-10-28 | 华南理工大学 | Method used for removing antibiotics in breeding industry wastewater via anaerobic self-electrolysis |
CN105347443B (en) * | 2015-12-03 | 2019-12-10 | 中国农业科学院农业环境与可持续发展研究所 | Treatment method of livestock and poultry breeding wastewater |
CN108821505A (en) * | 2018-06-21 | 2018-11-16 | 上海库克莱生态科技有限公司 | A kind of equipment of modular extendable river regulation |
CN113875631B (en) * | 2021-08-23 | 2022-09-30 | 河海大学 | Chicken manure ecological treatment and recycling system and operation method |
CN114687435B (en) * | 2022-04-15 | 2024-07-16 | 安徽欣禹水电建筑安装有限责任公司 | Efficient and energy-saving drainage pump station for hydraulic engineering |
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