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CN104081041A - 用于涡轮机的转子叶片 - Google Patents

用于涡轮机的转子叶片 Download PDF

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CN104081041A
CN104081041A CN201380006146.0A CN201380006146A CN104081041A CN 104081041 A CN104081041 A CN 104081041A CN 201380006146 A CN201380006146 A CN 201380006146A CN 104081041 A CN104081041 A CN 104081041A
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rotor blade
hitching post
floor
tapering
rotor
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CN104081041B (zh
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约翰尼斯·格罗米勒
丹尼尔·普莱辛
卡斯滕·赫尔曼
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Andritz Hydro GmbH Austria
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D1/00—Wind motors with rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor 
    • F03D1/06—Rotors
    • F03D1/065—Rotors characterised by their construction elements
    • F03D1/0658—Arrangements for fixing wind-engaging parts to a hub
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03B—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS
    • F03B3/00—Machines or engines of reaction type; Parts or details peculiar thereto
    • F03B3/12—Blades; Blade-carrying rotors
    • F03B3/121—Blades, their form or construction
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64C—AEROPLANES; HELICOPTERS
    • B64C11/00—Propellers, e.g. of ducted type; Features common to propellers and rotors for rotorcraft
    • B64C11/02—Hub construction
    • B64C11/04—Blade mountings
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D5/00—Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
    • F01D5/30—Fixing blades to rotors; Blade roots ; Blade spacers
    • F01D5/3053—Fixing blades to rotors; Blade roots ; Blade spacers by means of pins
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03B—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS
    • F03B13/00—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates
    • F03B13/12—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates characterised by using wave or tide energy
    • F03B13/26—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates characterised by using wave or tide energy using tide energy
    • F03B13/264—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates characterised by using wave or tide energy using tide energy using the horizontal flow of water resulting from tide movement
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03B—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS
    • F03B3/00—Machines or engines of reaction type; Parts or details peculiar thereto
    • F03B3/04—Machines or engines of reaction type; Parts or details peculiar thereto with substantially axial flow throughout rotors, e.g. propeller turbines
    • F03B3/06—Machines or engines of reaction type; Parts or details peculiar thereto with substantially axial flow throughout rotors, e.g. propeller turbines with adjustable blades, e.g. Kaplan turbines
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03B—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS
    • F03B3/00—Machines or engines of reaction type; Parts or details peculiar thereto
    • F03B3/12—Blades; Blade-carrying rotors
    • F03B3/121—Blades, their form or construction
    • F03B3/123—Blades, their form or construction specially designed as adjustable blades, e.g. for Kaplan-type turbines
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03B—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS
    • F03B3/00—Machines or engines of reaction type; Parts or details peculiar thereto
    • F03B3/12—Blades; Blade-carrying rotors
    • F03B3/128—Mounting, demounting
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03B—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS
    • F03B3/00—Machines or engines of reaction type; Parts or details peculiar thereto
    • F03B3/12—Blades; Blade-carrying rotors
    • F03B3/14—Rotors having adjustable blades
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D1/00—Wind motors with rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor 
    • F03D1/06—Rotors
    • F03D1/065—Rotors characterised by their construction elements
    • F03D1/0675—Rotors characterised by their construction elements of the blades
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D1/00—Wind motors with rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor 
    • F03D1/06—Rotors
    • F03D1/065—Rotors characterised by their construction elements
    • F03D1/0691—Rotors characterised by their construction elements of the hub
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2260/00—Function
    • F05B2260/30—Retaining components in desired mutual position
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/20—Hydro energy
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y02E10/30—Energy from the sea, e.g. using wave energy or salinity gradient
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/70—Wind energy
    • Y02E10/72—Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction

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  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Oceanography (AREA)
  • Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
  • Other Liquid Machine Or Engine Such As Wave Power Use (AREA)
  • Hydraulic Turbines (AREA)
  • Turbine Rotor Nozzle Sealing (AREA)
  • Wind Motors (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)

Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于涡轮机的转子叶片(1)。根据本发明，该转子叶片(1)具有空心腔(10)并且在该转子叶片的下端部上具有至少两个肋板(32、32’、42、42’、52、52’、62、62’、72、72’)。此外，本发明还设计一种涡轮机，尤其是具有至少两个，优选三个根据本发明的转子叶片(1)的潮汐流涡轮机。通过根据本发明的设计方案，即使在下端部直径较小的情况下转子叶片也足够坚固，其中，能够明显提升转子叶片总长度的用于获取能量的份额。

Description

用于涡轮机的转子叶片
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于涡轮机的转子叶片。这种涡轮机可以是风力涡轮机、海水流涡轮机、潮汐流涡轮机等等。
背景技术
转子叶片在底座区域中，也就是在与涡轮机轮毂进行连接时，承受非常大的弯矩，由此需要非常大且昂贵的凸缘连接件，以便也确保必要的刚性。例如由WO 2010/084320A2或WO 2011/077454公知了这种凸缘连接件。其中，叶片的轮廓也必须适配于该几何尺寸并且不能针对能量获取而进行优化。也有铸造或焊在轮毂上的轮叶或叶片，像例如US3,310,116中的船舶螺旋桨。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种转子叶片，其简单地紧固在轮毂上并且它的造型能够与能量获取相协调。
因此，本发明的特征在于，转子叶片具有空心腔并且在该转子叶片的下端部上具有至少两个肋板。由此，即使在下端部直径较小的情况下转子叶片也足够坚固，其中，可以明显提升转子叶片总长度的用于获取能量的份额。
本发明的有利改进方案的特征在于，设置栓柱用以连接涡轮机转子的轮毂，该栓柱与肋板固定地连接，其中，可以是形状锁合(formschlüssig)和/或力锁合(kraftschlüssig)地连接。通过栓柱与叶片的固定连接，除了弯矩以外还可以很好地传递扭矩。
本发明的有利设计方案的特征在于，叶片由钢构成。由此，叶片可以明显较小地设计。在此，叶片可以由钢板焊接而成，其中，叶片底座必要时也可以由浇铸构成。
本发明的有利改进方案的特征在于，栓柱借助至少一个沿轴向方向布置的螺栓与至少一个肋板连接，其中，该栓柱也可以借助至少一个沿径向方向布置的螺栓或销栓与至少一个肋板连接。
本发明的备选设计方案的特征在于，栓柱具有至少一个锥部或凸肩部并且利用该锥部或凸肩部与肋板力锁合地连接，其中，栓柱可以具有其他的锥部或凸肩部，该其他的锥部或凸肩部具有与第一锥部或凸肩部相反的坡度。由此，作用在叶片上的力可以有利地传递到栓柱上并且进而传递到轮毂上。
如果，按照有利方式设置有止动环，该止动环能与其他的锥部或凸肩部形状锁合地连接，那么可以以简单的方式固定叶片并且传递力。
根据本发明的改进方案的特征在于，设置有与至少一个肋板连接的拉杆。因此，可以以简单的方式将紧固装置预装配，这引起现场装配时间缩短。
特别有利的是，栓柱通过拉杆的预张紧与至少两个肋板力锁合地连接。
备选地，栓柱可以与至少两个肋板形状锁合地结合并且借助卡环形状锁合且力锁合地保持固定。
本发明还设计一种涡轮机，尤其是具有至少两个，优选三个带有上述结构的转子叶片的潮汐流涡轮机。特别是针对潮汐流涡轮机需要坚固的转子叶片，其中，根据本发明的转子叶片具有在最小的空间上对能源良好地进行转化的优点。也可以设置多个叶片。尤其由钢构成的实施方案可以实现用于潮汐流涡轮机或水流涡轮机的紧凑且坚固的实施方案。
附图说明
现在，结合附图对本发明进行示例性地描述，其中：
图1示出根据本发明的用于涡轮机的布置方案；
图2示出叶片在轴上的接合部；
图3示出用于栓柱-叶片的连接的第一变型方案；
图4示出用于栓柱-叶片的连接的另一变型方案；
图5示出用于栓柱-叶片的连接的另一根据本发明的变型方案；
图6a、6b、6c示出根据图5中的变型方案对栓柱进行的装配；
图6d示出根据图6a、6b、6c的实施方案的变型方案；
图7示出用于栓柱-叶片的连接的另一根据本发明的变型方案。
具体实施方式
图1示出用于涡轮机的布置方案，像例如其被用于对来自潮汐流的能源加以利用。该涡轮机示例性地具有三个转子叶片1，这些转子叶片通过轮毂4与轴5连接。也可以使用两个、四个或更多的叶片。
图2示出连在轴5上的转子叶片1。在此，转子叶片1的栓柱2通过支承件或其他与轴固定连接的紧固件3紧固在轮毂4中。在此，可以设置如下装置，借助该装置可以使转子叶片1转动用以在潮流中优化能量的获取。
在图3中现在示出将栓柱2与转子叶片1连接的根据本发明的变型方案。在转子叶片1的下端部31中，构造为肋板32、32’的力传递元件位于空心腔10中。栓柱2穿过最下方肋板32中的配合准确的孔33引入到转子叶片1的下端部31中并且一直到达最上方肋板32’，在此处该栓柱引入到凹槽34中。其他肋板可以布置在最下方肋板32和最上方肋板32’之间，所述其他肋板分别具有类似开口33的开口。此外，栓柱2具有止挡部35，一但栓柱2完全装入凹槽34中，该止挡部就在外侧与最下方肋板32结合。通过在转子叶片1的下端部31中的开口36引入螺栓37并且将其紧固在栓柱2的轴上。也可以使用多个沿轴向方向布置的螺栓，例如这些螺栓以多孔圆(Lochkreis)的形式布置。由此，最下方肋板32和最上方肋板32’彼此张紧并且可以因此很好地传递出现的力，尤其还是扭力。
图4示出转子叶片1的与图3类似的布置方案，其中在这里，在转子叶片1的下端部41中，构造为肋板42、42’的力传递元件位于空心腔10中。栓柱2穿过在最下方肋板42中的配合准确的孔43引入到转子叶片1的下端部41中并且一直到达最上方肋板42’，在此处该栓柱引入穿过凹槽44。在这里，其他肋板也可以布置在最下方肋板42和最上方肋板42’之间，所述其他肋板分别具有类似开口43的开口。此外，栓柱2具有止挡部45，一但栓柱2穿过最上方肋板42’中的开口44而伸出，该止挡部就在外侧与最下方肋板42结合。通过在转子叶片1的下端部41中的一个或多个在周长上分布的孔46引入螺柱47并且将其在栓柱2中拧紧。毫无疑问地，也可以使用多个在周长上分布的螺柱47。因此，可以很好地传递弯矩或扭矩。
图5示出将栓柱2与转子叶片1连接的根据本发明的另一变型方案。在此，在下端部51中，构造为肋板52、52’的力传递元件也位于转子叶片1的空心腔10中，其中也可以使用其它的肋板。栓柱2在这里具有两个呈锥形的区域56和58。在此，栓柱2的上区域56准确插入到最上方肋板52’的同样实施成锥形的孔54中。栓柱2的呈锥形的下部区域58在这里适配于同样实施成锥形的止动环55，将该止动环装到下肋板52的开口53中，其中在这里，可以在止动环55与开口53之间设置分隔缝(Trennfuge)，以便使装配变得容易。现在，通过拉杆57使止动环55相对上肋板52’张紧。优选的是，栓柱2的呈锥形的上部区域56具有平缓的角度，从而它是自锁的并且可以接收出现的扭矩和轴向力。按照有利方式，栓柱2的呈圆锥形的下部区域58具有陡峭的角度，由此使拆卸变得容易。在紧固件的这种变型方案中可以实现栓柱的低成本的制作并且也完全没有例如由于键槽或横向孔形成的起减弱作用的缺口。通过至少两个肋板52、52’可以有利地实现向转子叶片1中引导力，并且由此，可以实现细长的轮叶(叶片)结构。
现在，图6a、6b和6c根据图5示出用于根据本发明连接栓柱2与转子叶片1的装配过程。首先，将一体式的止动环65推到具有呈锥形的上部区域66和呈圆锥形的下部区域68的栓柱2上，并且随后，装配栓柱轴承3(图6a)。
另一方面，拉杆67预装配在转子叶片1的最上方肋板62’中。随后，预装配有止动环65的栓柱2引入穿过最下方肋板62中的孔63，直到该栓柱以其呈锥形的上部区域66朝向空心腔10地卡锁到最上方肋板62’的开口64中(图6b)。
然后，止动环65通过拉杆67一直移动，直到该止动环卡锁在最下方肋板62的开口63中并且贴靠在栓柱2的呈锥形的下方区域68上。随后，止动环65通过螺母69与拉杆67螺纹连接，并且由此，栓柱2的两个呈锥形的区域66、68与最下方肋板62和最上方肋板62如此张紧，从而实现了无缝隙的力传递(图6c)。
现在，图6d示出根据图6a、6b、6c的实施方案的变型方案。代替呈锥形的上部或下部区域，在这里分别设置凸肩66’或68’，也就是台阶部，其中，栓柱2在两个凸肩66’与68’之间具有比其余的栓柱轴更大的直径，并且通过借助拉杆67的夹紧，栓柱与叶片1的肋板62、62’力锁合地连接。
现在，图7示出根据本发明将栓柱2与转子叶片1连接的另一变型方案，其中在这里，在转子叶片的下端部71上再次示出两个肋板72、72’，其中，也可以设置多个肋板。最下方肋板72在这里具有凸缘76，该凸缘为栓柱2形成开口73。此外，栓柱2的止挡部75也具有凸缘形的边缘。现在，卡环77围绕两个凸缘进行安装，该卡环可以一体式地、但也可以两件式地实施。因此，栓柱2同样与转子叶片1如此连接，从而该栓柱可以很好接收产生的扭力和轴向力。

Claims (13)

1.用于涡轮机的转子叶片，其特征在于，所述转子叶片(1)具有空心腔(10)并且在所述转子叶片的下端部上具有至少两个肋板(32、32’、42、42’、52、52’、62、62’、72、72’)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的转子叶片，其特征在于，设置栓柱(2)用以连接涡轮机转子的轮毂(4)，所述栓柱与所述肋板(32、32’、42、42’、52、52’、62、62’、72、72’)固定地连接。
3.根据权利要求2所述的转子叶片，其特征在于，所述栓柱(2)与所述肋板(32、32’、42、42’、52、52’、62、62’、72、72’)形状锁合和/或力锁合地连接。
4.根据述权利要求1或2所述的转子叶片，其特征在于，所述转子叶片(1)由钢构成。
5.根据权利要求2至4中任一项所述的转子叶片，其特征在于，所述栓柱(2)借助至少一个沿轴向方向布置的螺栓(37)与至少一个肋板(32’)连接。
6.根据权利要求2至4中任一项所述的转子叶片，其特征在于，所述栓柱(2)借助至少一个沿径向方向布置的螺栓或销栓(47)与至少一个肋板(42’)连接。
7.根据权利要求2至4中任一项所述的转子叶片，其特征在于，所述栓柱(2)具有至少一个锥部(56、66)或凸肩部(66’)并且利用所述锥部或所述凸肩部与肋板(52’、62’)力锁合地连接。
8.根据权利要求7所述的转子叶片，其特征在于，所述栓柱(2)具有其他的锥部(58、68)或凸肩部(68’)，其中，所述其他的锥部(58、68)具有与所述第一锥部(56、66)相反的坡度。
9.根据权利要求8所述的转子叶片，其特征在于，设置有止动环(55、65)，所述止动环能与所述其他的锥部(58、68)形状锁合地连接。
10.根据权利要求7至9中任一项所述的转子叶片，其特征在于，设置有与至少一个肋板(52’、62’)连接的拉杆(57、67)。
11.根据权利要求10所述的转子叶片，其特征在于，所述栓柱(2)通过拉杆(57、67)的预张紧与所述至少两个肋板(52、52’、62、62’)力锁合地连接。
12.根据权利要求2至4中任一项所述的转子叶片，其特征在于，所述栓柱(2)与所述至少两个肋板(72、72’)形状锁合地结合并且借助卡环(77)形状锁合且力锁合地保持固定。
13.一种涡轮机，尤其是潮汐流涡轮机，其特征在于，所述涡轮机具有至少两个，优选三个根据权利要求1至12中任一项所述的转子叶片(1)。
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