CN104045307A - Surface-decorative mortar and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Surface-decorative mortar and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN104045307A CN104045307A CN201410322616.0A CN201410322616A CN104045307A CN 104045307 A CN104045307 A CN 104045307A CN 201410322616 A CN201410322616 A CN 201410322616A CN 104045307 A CN104045307 A CN 104045307A
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- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 42
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims description 10
- 239000011398 Portland cement Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000006004 Quartz sand Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 150000004645 aluminates Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000004816 latex Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229920000126 latex Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron oxide Inorganic materials [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- -1 75~90 parts Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920001479 Hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003469 silicate cement Substances 0.000 claims 5
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 4
- 229910052602 gypsum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 3
- 239000010440 gypsum Substances 0.000 claims 3
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 claims 2
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 238000007580 dry-mixing Methods 0.000 claims 1
- SEBVBMQGOVGVAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethene;ethenyl acetate;prop-2-enoic acid Chemical group C=C.OC(=O)C=C.CC(=O)OC=C SEBVBMQGOVGVAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- NDLPOXTZKUMGOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoferriooxy)iron hydrate Chemical compound O.O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O NDLPOXTZKUMGOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011505 plaster Substances 0.000 claims 1
- LTUDISCZKZHRMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium;hydrate Chemical group O.[K] LTUDISCZKZHRMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 claims 1
- ZOMBKNNSYQHRCA-UHFFFAOYSA-J calcium sulfate hemihydrate Chemical compound O.[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O ZOMBKNNSYQHRCA-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 abstract description 12
- 229920003086 cellulose ether Polymers 0.000 abstract description 7
- 230000002087 whitening effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 6
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000005923 long-lasting effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000008635 plant growth Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000036571 hydration Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000006703 hydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005034 decoration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 2
- YASYEJJMZJALEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Citric acid monohydrate Chemical group O.OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O YASYEJJMZJALEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000519995 Stachys sylvatica Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011449 brick Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004566 building material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011083 cement mortar Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960002303 citric acid monohydrate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000015271 coagulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005345 coagulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001054 red pigment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001953 sensory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Curing Cements, Concrete, And Artificial Stone (AREA)
Abstract
本发明公开了一种饰面砂浆，解决现有饰面砂浆易泛白的问题，危机植物生长的问题。本发明是由下列重量份的原料组成：铝酸盐水泥40～80份、硅酸盐水泥1～30份、半水石膏20～30份、石英砂350～400份、乳胶粉4～12份、纤维素醚0.1～0.5份、缓凝剂0.01～0.5份、颜料1～9份、水75～90份；其中，硅酸盐水泥、硅酸盐水泥和半水石膏三者之和为100份。本发明的饰面砂浆无泛白，耐沾污性好，吸水量低，粘结强度高，长期使用性能好，色泽持久，防水透气性好。The invention discloses a facing mortar, which solves the problem that the existing facing mortar is easy to whiten and endangers the growth of plants. The present invention is composed of the following raw materials in parts by weight: 40-80 parts of aluminate cement, 1-30 parts of Portland cement, 20-30 parts of hemihydrate gypsum, 350-400 parts of quartz sand, 4-12 parts of latex powder , 0.1-0.5 parts of cellulose ether, 0.01-0.5 parts of retarder, 1-9 parts of pigment, 75-90 parts of water; among them, the sum of Portland cement, Portland cement and hemihydrate gypsum is 100 share. The facing mortar of the invention has no whitening, good stain resistance, low water absorption, high bonding strength, good long-term use performance, long-lasting color and good waterproof and air permeability.
Description
技术领域 technical field
本发明属于建筑材料技术领域，具体涉及一种饰面砂浆及其制备方法。 The invention belongs to the technical field of building materials, and in particular relates to a facing mortar and a preparation method thereof.
背景技术 Background technique
饰面砂浆是我国从国外引进的一种新型饰面材料，水泥基饰面砂浆可用于内外墙体表面及顶棚装饰，具有很好的憎水性和透气性能，与各种基面（混凝土、水泥砂浆等）都有良好的粘结性，不易剥落和开裂；通过选用不同粒径的骨料，可达到良好的质感和墙体装饰功效。与涂料相比，水泥基饰面砂浆不仅施工简单、快捷，同时具有十分优异的长期稳定性；与瓷砖相比，水泥基饰面砂浆质量轻，作为高层建筑饰面时，不会因负风压等出现掉砖现象，并且具有明显的经济性。 Finishing mortar is a new type of finishing material imported from abroad in my country. Cement-based finishing mortar can be used for interior and exterior wall surface and ceiling decoration. It has good water repellency and air permeability, and it is compatible with various base surfaces (concrete, cement Mortar, etc.) have good adhesion, not easy to peel off and crack; by choosing aggregates of different particle sizes, good texture and wall decoration effect can be achieved. Compared with paint, cement-based finishing mortar is not only simple and fast in construction, but also has excellent long-term stability; compared with ceramic tiles, cement-based finishing mortar is light in weight, and it will not be affected by negative wind The phenomenon of brick falling occurs when pressing, and it is obviously economical.
以硅酸盐水泥为主要胶凝材料的饰面砂浆在应用过程中会出现泛白的问题。泛白通常不会造成砂浆明显的破坏，主要是影响产品的感观质量，经常在建筑物投入使用后的很短时间内产生，特别是当彩色砂浆的颜色较深时，表面形成的白斑会引起对比度强烈的不规则斑痕。这是影响硅酸盐水泥基饰面砂浆推广使用的重要原因之一。 The facing mortar with Portland cement as the main cementitious material will appear whitening during the application process. Whitening usually does not cause obvious damage to the mortar, but mainly affects the sensory quality of the product, and often occurs within a short time after the building is put into use, especially when the color of the colored mortar is darker, the white spots formed on the surface will Irregular blotches that cause high contrast. This is one of the important reasons affecting the popularization and use of Portland cement-based finishing mortar.
铝酸盐水泥具有早强快硬、耐高温的特点，在水化过程中不会产生Ca(OH)2，但是由于在水化后期水化产物晶型的转变，会发生强度倒缩。硅酸盐水泥强度发展比较稳定，但是水化过程中产生的Ca(OH)2会导致饰面砂浆的泛白。 Aluminate cement has the characteristics of early strength, quick hardening and high temperature resistance. It will not produce Ca(OH) 2 during the hydration process, but due to the transformation of the crystal form of the hydration product in the later stage of hydration, strength shrinkage will occur. The strength development of Portland cement is relatively stable, but the Ca(OH) 2 produced during the hydration process will cause the whitening of the facing mortar.
发明内容 Contents of the invention
本发明的目的在于提供一种饰面砂浆及其制备方法，解决现有饰面砂浆易泛白的问题。 The object of the present invention is to provide a facing mortar and a preparation method thereof, so as to solve the problem that the existing facing mortar is easy to whiten.
为了实现上述目的，本发明的技术方案如下： In order to achieve the above object, the technical scheme of the present invention is as follows:
一种饰面砂浆，是由下列重量份的原料组成：铝酸盐水泥40～80份、硅酸盐水泥1～30份、半水石膏20～30份、石英砂350～400份、乳胶粉4～12份、纤维素醚0.1～0.5份、缓凝剂0.01～0.5份、颜料1～9份、水75～90份；其中，硅酸盐水泥、硅酸盐水泥和半水石膏三者之和为100份。 A facing mortar is composed of the following raw materials in parts by weight: 40-80 parts of aluminate cement, 1-30 parts of Portland cement, 20-30 parts of hemihydrate gypsum, 350-400 parts of quartz sand, latex powder 4-12 parts, 0.1-0.5 parts of cellulose ether, 0.01-0.5 parts of retarder, 1-9 parts of pigment, 75-90 parts of water; among them, Portland cement, Portland cement and hemihydrate gypsum The sum is 100 copies.
所述铝酸盐水泥为白色铝酸盐水泥。 The aluminate cement is white aluminate cement.
所述硅酸盐水泥为强度等级52.5R的白色硅酸盐水泥。 The Portland cement is white Portland cement with a strength grade of 52.5R.
所述半水石膏为α-半水石膏。 The hemihydrate gypsum is α-hemihydrate gypsum.
所述石英砂采用如下粒径和级配：40～70目，占55%～65%，70～100目，占35%～45%。 The quartz sand adopts the following particle size and gradation: 40-70 mesh, accounting for 55%-65%, and 70-100 mesh, accounting for 35%-45%.
所述纤维素醚是黏度为40000～75000Pa·s的羟乙基甲基纤维素。 The cellulose ether is hydroxyethyl methylcellulose with a viscosity of 40000-75000 Pa·s.
所述乳胶粉为乙烯-醋酸乙烯-丙烯酸酯三元共聚物乳胶粉。 The latex powder is ethylene-vinyl acetate-acrylate terpolymer latex powder.
所述缓凝剂为一水合柠檬酸。 The retarder is citric acid monohydrate.
所述颜料为氧化铁无机红颜料。 The pigment is iron oxide inorganic red pigment.
所述的一种饰面砂浆的制备方法，包括以下步骤： The preparation method of described a kind of finishing mortar, comprises the following steps:
（1）将铝酸盐水泥、硅酸盐水泥、半水石膏、石英砂、乳胶粉、缓凝剂及颜料干拌至均匀状态，得干粉料； (1) Dry mix aluminate cement, Portland cement, hemihydrate gypsum, quartz sand, latex powder, retarder and pigment to a uniform state to obtain dry powder;
（2）将水加入搅拌机中，再将干粉料加入搅拌机中搅拌，搅拌时间为2～3分钟，即得成品。 (2) Add water into the mixer, then add the dry powder into the mixer and stir for 2 to 3 minutes to get the finished product.
本发明饰面砂浆的检测结果如下： The detection result of facing mortar of the present invention is as follows:
表1 饰面砂浆的基本性能 Table 1 Basic properties of facing mortar
本发明与现有技术相比，具有以下优点及有益效果： Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following advantages and beneficial effects:
本发明采用采用各原料相互之间的配合，将铝酸盐水泥与硅酸盐水泥进行复合，并加入半水石膏调凝，以及加入其它原料，水化过程时消耗Ca(OH)2生成高硫型水化硫铝酸钙（AFt）或者低硫型水化硫铝酸钙（AFm），以达到抑制泛白的目的。 The present invention adopts the cooperation between various raw materials to compound aluminate cement and Portland cement, and add hemihydrate gypsum to adjust the coagulation, and add other raw materials. During the hydration process, Ca(OH) 2 is consumed to form high Sulfur-type calcium sulfoaluminate hydrate (AFt) or low-sulfur type calcium sulfoaluminate hydrate (AFm) to achieve the purpose of inhibiting whitening.
本发明的饰面砂浆无泛白，耐沾污性好，吸水量低，粘结强度高，长期使用性能好，色泽持久，防水透气性好，且生产工艺简单，应用方法便捷，同时环保。 The facing mortar of the invention has no whitening, good stain resistance, low water absorption, high bonding strength, good long-term use performance, long-lasting color, good waterproof and air permeability, simple production process, convenient application method, and environmental protection.
具体实施方式 Detailed ways
下面结合实施例对本发明作进一步说明，本发明的实施方式包括但不限于下列实施例。 The present invention will be further described below in conjunction with the examples, and the embodiments of the present invention include but not limited to the following examples.
实施例1 Example 1
一种饰面砂浆，是由下列重量份的原料组成：铝酸盐水泥65份、硅酸盐水泥10份、半水石膏25份、40～70目石英砂160份、70～100目石英砂240份、乳胶粉9份、纤维素醚0.4份、氧化铁红9份、缓凝剂0.3份、水90份。制备方法如下： A facing mortar is composed of the following raw materials in parts by weight: 65 parts of aluminate cement, 10 parts of Portland cement, 25 parts of hemihydrate gypsum, 160 parts of 40-70 mesh quartz sand, 70-100 mesh quartz sand 240 parts, 9 parts of latex powder, 0.4 parts of cellulose ether, 9 parts of iron oxide red, 0.3 parts of retarder, 90 parts of water. The preparation method is as follows:
制备方法如下： The preparation method is as follows:
（1）将铝酸盐水泥、硅酸盐水泥、半水石膏、石英砂、乳胶粉、缓凝剂及颜料干拌至均匀状态，得干粉料； (1) Dry mix aluminate cement, Portland cement, hemihydrate gypsum, quartz sand, latex powder, retarder and pigment to a uniform state to obtain dry powder;
（2）将水加入搅拌机中，再将干粉料加入搅拌机中搅拌，搅拌时间为2～3分钟，即得成品。 (2) Add water into the mixer, then add the dry powder into the mixer and stir for 2 to 3 minutes to get the finished product.
本实施例的砂浆性能如下表。 The mortar properties of the present embodiment are as follows.
表2 实施例1的饰面砂浆性能指标 The facing mortar performance index of table 2 embodiment 1
实施例2 Example 2
一种饰面砂浆，是由下列重量份的原料组成：铝酸盐水泥75份、硅酸盐水泥5份、半水石膏20份、40～70目石英砂140份、70～100目石英砂210份、乳胶粉9份、纤维素醚0.4份、氧化铁红4份、缓凝剂0.2份、水85份。制备方法同实施例1。 A facing mortar is composed of the following raw materials in parts by weight: 75 parts of aluminate cement, 5 parts of Portland cement, 20 parts of hemihydrate gypsum, 140 parts of 40-70 mesh quartz sand, 70-100 mesh quartz sand 210 parts, 9 parts of latex powder, 0.4 parts of cellulose ether, 4 parts of iron oxide red, 0.2 parts of retarder, and 85 parts of water. The preparation method is the same as in Example 1.
本实施例的砂浆性能如下表。 The mortar properties of the present embodiment are as follows.
表3 实施例2的饰面砂浆性能指标 The facing mortar performance index of table 3 embodiment 2
实施例3 Example 3
一种饰面砂浆，是由下列重量份的原料组成：铝酸盐水泥60份、硅酸盐水泥10份、半水石膏30份、40～70目石英砂152份、70～100目石英砂228份、乳胶粉6份、纤维素醚0.3份、氧化铁红3份、缓凝剂0.15份、水80份。制备方法同实施例1。 A facing mortar is composed of the following raw materials in parts by weight: 60 parts of aluminate cement, 10 parts of Portland cement, 30 parts of hemihydrate gypsum, 152 parts of 40-70 mesh quartz sand, 70-100 mesh quartz sand 228 parts, 6 parts of latex powder, 0.3 parts of cellulose ether, 3 parts of iron oxide red, 0.15 parts of retarder, 80 parts of water. The preparation method is the same as in Example 1.
本实施例的砂浆性能如下表。 The mortar properties of the present embodiment are as follows.
表4 实施例3的饰面砂浆性能指标 The facing mortar performance index of table 4 embodiment 3
实施例4 Example 4
一种饰面砂浆，是由下列重量份的原料组成：铝酸盐水泥55份、硅酸盐水泥20份、半水石膏25份、40～70目石英砂148份、70～100目石英砂222份、乳胶粉8份、纤维素醚0.4份、氧化铁红5份、缓凝剂0.10份、水77份。制备方法同实施例1。 A facing mortar is composed of the following raw materials in parts by weight: 55 parts of aluminate cement, 20 parts of Portland cement, 25 parts of hemihydrate gypsum, 148 parts of 40-70 mesh quartz sand, 70-100 mesh quartz sand 222 parts, 8 parts of latex powder, 0.4 parts of cellulose ether, 5 parts of iron oxide red, 0.10 parts of retarder, 77 parts of water. The preparation method is the same as in Example 1.
表5 实施例4的饰面砂浆性能指标 The facing mortar performance index of table 5 embodiment 4
按照上述实施例，便可很好地实现本发明。值得说明的是，基于上述结构设计的前提下，为解决同样的技术问题，即使在本发明上做出的一些无实质性的改动或润色，所采用的技术方案的实质仍然与本发明一样，故其也应当在本发明的保护范围内。 According to the above-mentioned embodiments, the present invention can be well realized. It is worth noting that, based on the premise of the above-mentioned structural design, in order to solve the same technical problem, even if some insubstantial changes or polishes are made on the present invention, the essence of the adopted technical solution is still the same as the present invention. Therefore, it should also be within the protection scope of the present invention.
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| CN106630897A (en) * | 2016-12-09 | 2017-05-10 | 广西北海浩邦新能源科技有限公司 | Mortar for exterior wall facings of buildings |
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| CN111995344A (en) * | 2020-08-26 | 2020-11-27 | 亚士创能科技（滁州）有限公司 | Decorative mortar and application thereof |
| CN112341114A (en) * | 2020-10-20 | 2021-02-09 | 浙江忠信新型建材股份有限公司 | Facing mortar with humidity adjusting function and preparation method thereof |
| CN112723853A (en) * | 2020-12-31 | 2021-04-30 | 北京三棵树新材料科技有限公司 | Efflorescence-free low-alkalinity high-fire-resistance inner and outer wall facing mortar and preparation method thereof |
| CN113860838A (en) * | 2021-10-26 | 2021-12-31 | 同济大学 | A kind of anti-pan-alkali color finishing mortar |
| CN114315296A (en) * | 2021-12-14 | 2022-04-12 | 盐城工学院 | A kind of gypsum-based colored decorative mortar and preparation method thereof |
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| CN104496382A (en) * | 2014-11-24 | 2015-04-08 | 柳州立洁科技有限公司 | Organic-inorganic composite thermal insulation mortar with low density and low shrinkage |
| CN104529341A (en) * | 2014-11-26 | 2015-04-22 | 芜湖中民科技建材有限公司 | Dry-mixed masonry mortar, and preparation method and application thereof |
| CN104591659A (en) * | 2014-12-23 | 2015-05-06 | 武汉奥捷高新技术有限公司 | Rapidly hardening mortar for binding and jointing sticker mosaic tile |
| CN104591659B (en) * | 2014-12-23 | 2017-10-31 | 武汉奥捷高新技术有限公司 | A kind of bonding and the fast rigid mortar of joint filling for paster leatheroid brick |
| CN106630897A (en) * | 2016-12-09 | 2017-05-10 | 广西北海浩邦新能源科技有限公司 | Mortar for exterior wall facings of buildings |
| CN106966679A (en) * | 2017-03-10 | 2017-07-21 | 同济大学 | A kind of ternary gelling system facing mortar and its application method |
| CN106966679B (en) * | 2017-03-10 | 2019-05-14 | 同济大学 | A kind of ternary gelling system facing mortar and its application method |
| CN107117913A (en) * | 2017-05-09 | 2017-09-01 | 安徽梦谷纤维材料科技有限公司 | A kind of facing mortar of low contract with dry rate |
| CN107602059A (en) * | 2017-08-19 | 2018-01-19 | 湖南七纬科技有限公司 | A kind of non-fading red facing mortar of environmental protection |
| CN107382228A (en) * | 2017-08-29 | 2017-11-24 | 南通成山高分子材料有限公司 | A kind of preparation method of colored finish mortar |
| CN107337413A (en) * | 2017-08-29 | 2017-11-10 | 南通成山高分子材料有限公司 | A kind of colored finish mortar |
| CN107721310A (en) * | 2017-10-26 | 2018-02-23 | 君旺节能科技股份有限公司 | Anti- accumulation of salt in the surface soil facing mortar composite bed |
| CN111995344A (en) * | 2020-08-26 | 2020-11-27 | 亚士创能科技（滁州）有限公司 | Decorative mortar and application thereof |
| CN111995344B (en) * | 2020-08-26 | 2022-05-27 | 亚士创能科技（滁州）有限公司 | Decorative mortar and application thereof |
| CN112341114A (en) * | 2020-10-20 | 2021-02-09 | 浙江忠信新型建材股份有限公司 | Facing mortar with humidity adjusting function and preparation method thereof |
| CN112723853A (en) * | 2020-12-31 | 2021-04-30 | 北京三棵树新材料科技有限公司 | Efflorescence-free low-alkalinity high-fire-resistance inner and outer wall facing mortar and preparation method thereof |
| CN113860838A (en) * | 2021-10-26 | 2021-12-31 | 同济大学 | A kind of anti-pan-alkali color finishing mortar |
| CN114315296A (en) * | 2021-12-14 | 2022-04-12 | 盐城工学院 | A kind of gypsum-based colored decorative mortar and preparation method thereof |
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