CN103995051B - Testing device and testing method for recognizing weld defects of orthotropic steel bridge deck slab - Google Patents
Testing device and testing method for recognizing weld defects of orthotropic steel bridge deck slab Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种识别正交异性钢桥面板焊缝缺陷的试验装置和方法，其装置包括信号发生器(1)、声发射换能器(2)、接收换能器(3)、加速度传感器(4)、信号放大器(5)、信号采集处理系统(6)和击振锤(7)；所述击振锤(7)给桥面板(8)低频振动信号；其方法利用非线性超声调幅现象，计算并绘制旁频能量与锤击能量直线关系图，通过对比该直线斜率的变化，判断正交异性钢桥面板U肋处是否出现焊缝缺陷。本发明能利用桥面板出现缺陷后的非线性超声特征，有效识别正交异性钢桥面板U肋与桥面板焊接位置是否出现焊缝缺陷，并能判断缺陷的部位，为识别正交异性钢桥面板U肋处焊缝缺陷提供理论及实用方法。
The invention relates to a test device and method for identifying weld defects of orthotropic steel bridge decks. The device comprises a signal generator (1), an acoustic emission transducer (2), a receiving transducer (3), and an acceleration sensor (4), signal amplifier (5), signal acquisition and processing system (6) and vibrating hammer (7); described vibrating hammer (7) gives bridge deck (8) low-frequency vibration signal; its method utilizes nonlinear ultrasonic amplitude modulation According to the phenomenon, calculate and draw the linear relationship between side frequency energy and hammer energy, and judge whether there is a weld defect at the U rib of the orthotropic steel bridge deck by comparing the change of the slope of the line. The invention can utilize the non-linear ultrasonic characteristics of bridge deck defects to effectively identify whether orthotropic steel bridge deck U-ribs and bridge deck welds have welding seam defects, and can judge the position of the defect, in order to identify orthotropic steel bridges Provide theoretical and practical methods for weld defects at U-rib of panels.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明涉及一种识别正交异性钢桥面板焊缝缺陷的试验装置和方法。The invention relates to a test device and method for identifying weld defects of orthotropic steel bridge decks.
背景技术Background technique
正交异性桥面板在大跨径和特大跨径桥梁中越来越多地被采用。据统计表明，U形肋与桥面焊接裂缝是该类结构主要的损伤形式。正交异性桥面板在焊接处出现的裂纹后，如果不能及时的被发现并采取相应的补救措施，在车辆荷载的直接作用下，裂缝会迅速发展，导致维修费用大大提高，严重的情况还严重影响桥梁使用性能，给行车安全带来很大的危害。因此，为确保这类结构的安全性与可靠性，就需要提出一定的方法对正交异性桥面板的焊缝缺陷进行在线识别，及时评价材料或结构损伤状态、预测结构使用寿命并制定早期的维护计划。Orthotropic decks are increasingly used in long-span and extra-long-span bridges. According to statistics, the welding crack between U-shaped rib and bridge deck is the main damage form of this kind of structure. After the cracks of the orthotropic bridge deck appear at the weld, if they cannot be discovered in time and corresponding remedial measures are not taken, the cracks will develop rapidly under the direct action of the vehicle load, which will greatly increase the maintenance cost, and even serious It affects the performance of bridges and brings great harm to driving safety. Therefore, in order to ensure the safety and reliability of this type of structure, it is necessary to propose a certain method for online identification of weld defects in orthotropic bridge decks, timely evaluation of material or structural damage status, prediction of structural service life, and early planning. maintenance plan.
正交异性桥面板的焊缝位置隐蔽，检测困难，而且裂纹分布面积广，需要在结构表面对结构整体进行扫查，传统无损检测方法具有一定的局限性。这就要求寻找一种新的行之有效的方法对该类裂纹进行检测，这种新的方法首先要对裂纹敏感，其次检测范围要大。在缺陷识别方法上，无损检测技术中发展较为成熟的超声波无损检测技术可以提供可能的解决途径。通过分布式的声传感元件，也能够提供一定区域内材料缺陷识别所需要的覆盖范围要求。The welding seams of orthotropic bridge decks are concealed, difficult to detect, and cracks are widely distributed. It is necessary to scan the entire structure on the surface of the structure. Traditional nondestructive testing methods have certain limitations. This requires finding a new and effective method to detect this type of crack. This new method must first be sensitive to cracks, and secondly, the detection range must be large. In terms of defect identification methods, the relatively mature ultrasonic nondestructive testing technology in nondestructive testing technology can provide a possible solution. Through distributed acoustic sensing elements, it is also possible to provide the coverage requirements required for material defect identification in a certain area.
材料损伤后会表现出很强的非线性声学效应，利用材料非线性声学特性的改变来判断材料是否出现损伤是一种有效的方法。但是关于非线性超声特性的理论还不太成熟，有些非线性超声现象仍无法解释，而且关于这方面的试验方法都存在一定的局限性，针对一些特殊的工程问题还需要进一步的研究。目前也并没有一种简单可行的方法用于正交异性桥面板焊接裂缝的识别。After the material is damaged, it will show a strong nonlinear acoustic effect. It is an effective method to judge whether the material is damaged by using the change of the nonlinear acoustic characteristics of the material. However, the theory of nonlinear ultrasonic characteristics is still immature, and some nonlinear ultrasonic phenomena still cannot be explained, and there are certain limitations in the test methods in this area, and further research is needed for some special engineering problems. At present, there is no simple and feasible method for the identification of welding cracks in orthotropic bridge decks.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明要解决的技术问题在于，提供一种识别正交异性钢桥面板焊缝缺陷的试验装置和方法，其布置方便，操作简单、测量结果能够反映正交异性钢桥面板焊接部位的状态。The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a test device and method for identifying weld defects of orthotropic steel deck decks, which is convenient in layout, simple in operation, and the measurement results can reflect the state of welded parts of orthotropic steel deck decks.
本发明解决其技术问题所采用的技术方案是：构造一种识别正交异性钢桥面板焊缝缺陷的试验装置，包括信号发生器、声发射换能器、接收换能器、加速度传感器、信号放大器、信号采集处理系统和击振锤，所述声发射换能器、接收换能器和加速度传感器通过耦合剂附着于桥面板表面，所述信号发生器发出的高频超声信号通过声发射换能器进入信号放大器放大，放大后的信号为所述信号采集处理系统获取；所述击振锤给桥面板低频振动信号，低频振动信号通过加速度传感器为所述信号采集处理系统获取。The technical solution adopted by the present invention to solve the technical problem is: to construct a test device for identifying weld defects of orthotropic steel bridge decks, including a signal generator, an acoustic emission transducer, a receiving transducer, an acceleration sensor, a signal Amplifier, signal acquisition and processing system and vibrating hammer, the acoustic emission transducer, receiving transducer and acceleration sensor are attached to the surface of the bridge deck through a coupling agent, and the high-frequency ultrasonic signal sent by the signal generator is converted by acoustic emission The energy device enters the signal amplifier to amplify, and the amplified signal is obtained by the signal acquisition and processing system; the vibrating hammer sends a low-frequency vibration signal to the bridge deck, and the low-frequency vibration signal is obtained by the signal acquisition and processing system through the acceleration sensor.
上述方案中，所述声发射换能器通过耦合剂附着于输入点，并与信号发生器相连，接收换能器通过耦合剂附着于输出点，并与放大器相连，加速度传感器通过耦合剂附着于振动输出点，并与信号采集处理系统相连。In the above solution, the acoustic emission transducer is attached to the input point through a couplant and connected to the signal generator, the receiving transducer is attached to the output point through a couplant and connected to the amplifier, and the acceleration sensor is attached to the The vibration output point is connected with the signal acquisition and processing system.
上述方案中，所述钢桥面板处于悬挂状态。In the above solution, the steel bridge deck is in a suspended state.
本发明还提供了一种使用上述试验装置识别正交异性钢桥面板焊缝缺陷的试验方法，包括以下步骤：The present invention also provides a test method for identifying weld defects of orthotropic steel bridge decks using the above-mentioned test device, comprising the following steps:
S1、以信号发生器发出的某一固定幅值和中心频率fu超声信号作为对正交异性钢桥面板缺陷识别的载波信号，以击振锤敲击产生的低频振动作为对缺陷的激励信号；通过多次大小不等的多次敲击，给桥面板多个幅度不同、模态相近的低频击振信号，即多个大小不等的击振能量；S1. The ultrasonic signal with a certain fixed amplitude and center frequency f u sent by the signal generator is used as the carrier signal for identifying the defects of the orthotropic steel bridge deck, and the low-frequency vibration generated by the hammer hammer is used as the excitation signal for the defects ; Through multiple knocks of different sizes, multiple low-frequency vibration signals with different amplitudes and similar modes are given to the bridge deck, that is, multiple vibration energies of different sizes;
S2、通过信号采集系统获得多个通道的信号；S2. Obtain signals of multiple channels through the signal acquisition system;
S3、选取低频振动频谱[fv1,fv2]范围，对该范围内功率谱进行积分获得超声信号所产生的低频振动能量Ev；选取高频中心频率fu两侧[fu-fv2,fu-fv1]和[fu+fv1,fu+fv2]频率范围作为调幅旁频范围，并对该范围内功率谱进行积分获得超声信号所产生的旁频能量Eb；S3. Select the range of the low-frequency vibration spectrum [f v1 , f v2 ], integrate the power spectrum within this range to obtain the low-frequency vibration energy E v generated by the ultrasonic signal; select both sides of the high-frequency center frequency f u [f u -f v2 ,f u -f v1 ] and [f u +f v1 ,f u +f v2 ] frequency ranges are used as the AM side frequency range, and the power spectrum within this range is integrated to obtain the side frequency energy E b produced by the ultrasonic signal;
S4、以旁频能量Eb为纵坐标，以捶击能量Ev为横坐标，绘制多次试验两者的关系图，进行直线拟合，绘制旁频能量和捶击能量相关直线图，并得出该直线的斜率k，以此作为衡量正交异性钢桥面板缺陷状态的表征参数；S4, take the side frequency energy E b as the ordinate, and take the thumping energy E v as the abscissa, draw the relationship diagram between the two of the multiple tests, carry out straight line fitting, draw the side frequency energy and the thumping energy correlation linear diagram, and Obtain the slope k of the straight line as a characterization parameter to measure the defect state of the orthotropic steel deck;
S5、将正交异性钢桥面板检测得到的k值与初始状态(一般为无损状态或早期状态)下的k0值相比较，若发生变化，则表明有缺陷产生；并通过不同状态下正交异性钢桥面板检测试验，识别缺陷发展的变化情况。S5. Comparing the k value obtained by the orthotropic steel bridge deck detection with the k 0 value in the initial state (generally the non-destructive state or the early state), if there is a change, it indicates that there is a defect; and through the normal state in different states Inspection tests of anisotropic steel bridge decks to identify changes in the development of defects.
上述方案中，所述信号发生器发出的超声信号为连续正弦波，频率为40～60kHz。In the above solution, the ultrasonic signal sent by the signal generator is a continuous sine wave with a frequency of 40-60 kHz.
上述方案中，，正交异性钢桥面板处于悬挂状态，击振锤各次敲击产生的振动模态相同。In the above scheme, the orthotropic steel bridge deck is in a suspended state, and the vibration modes generated by each strike of the vibrating hammer are the same.
实施本发明的识别正交异性钢桥面板焊缝缺陷的试验装置和方法，具有以下有益效果：Implementing the test device and method for identifying weld defects of orthotropic steel bridge decks of the present invention has the following beneficial effects:
1、本发明试验装置，操作简便，能为利用非线性超声特征识别正交异性钢桥面板焊缝缺陷提供依据和实用价值；1. The test device of the present invention is easy to operate, and can provide basis and practical value for identifying weld defects of orthotropic steel bridge decks by using nonlinear ultrasonic features;
2、本发明试验方法，通过对比前后测量出的旁频能量与锤击能量的拟合直线斜率，得出某一测区前后状态的变化，并通过各测点位置得到出现缺陷的部位；简单明了，测量结果满足实际应用要求。2. The test method of the present invention, by comparing the side frequency energy measured before and after and the slope of the fitted line of the hammer energy, the change of the state before and after a certain measurement area is obtained, and the position of the defect is obtained through the positions of each measurement point; simple It is clear that the measurement results meet the requirements of practical applications.
附图说明Description of drawings
下面将结合附图及实施例对本发明作进一步说明，附图中：The present invention will be further described below in conjunction with accompanying drawing and embodiment, in the accompanying drawing:
图1是本发明识别正交异性钢桥面板焊缝缺陷试验装置的结构图；Fig. 1 is the structural diagram of the test device for identifying orthotropic steel bridge deck weld defects of the present invention;
图2是图1的桥面板俯视图；Fig. 2 is a top view of the bridge deck of Fig. 1;
图3是图1的桥面板立面图；Fig. 3 is the elevation view of the bridge deck of Fig. 1;
图4是旁频能量和捶击能量相关直线图；Fig. 4 is a linear diagram related to side frequency energy and thumping energy;
图5是不同断面上1号点的斜率汇总；Figure 5 is a summary of the slopes of point 1 on different sections;
图6为不同断面上2号点的斜率汇总。Figure 6 is a summary of the slopes of point 2 on different sections.
具体实施方式detailed description
为了对本发明的技术特征、目的和效果有更加清楚的理解，现对照附图详细说明本发明的具体实施方式。In order to have a clearer understanding of the technical features, purposes and effects of the present invention, the specific implementation manners of the present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
如图1-图3所示，本发明识别正交异性钢桥面板焊缝缺陷试验装置，包括信号发生器1、声发射换能器2、接收换能器3、加速度传感器4、信号放大器5、信号采集处理系统6和击振锤7。声发射换能器2、接收换能器3和加速度传感器4通过耦合剂附着于桥面板8表面。信号发生器1发出的高频超声信号通过声发射换能器2进入信号放大器5放大，放大后的信号为信号采集处理系统6获取。击振锤7给桥面板8低频振动信号，低频振动信号通过加速度传感器4为信号采集处理系统6获取。As shown in Figures 1-3, the test device for identifying orthotropic steel bridge deck weld defects in the present invention includes a signal generator 1, an acoustic emission transducer 2, a receiving transducer 3, an acceleration sensor 4, and a signal amplifier 5 , signal acquisition and processing system 6 and vibration hammer 7. The acoustic emission transducer 2, the receiving transducer 3 and the acceleration sensor 4 are attached to the surface of the bridge deck 8 through a coupling agent. The high-frequency ultrasonic signal sent by the signal generator 1 is amplified by the signal amplifier 5 through the acoustic emission transducer 2 , and the amplified signal is obtained by the signal acquisition and processing system 6 . The vibrating hammer 7 sends a low-frequency vibration signal to the bridge deck 8, and the low-frequency vibration signal is acquired by the signal acquisition and processing system 6 through the acceleration sensor 4.
发射换能器2通过耦合剂附着于输入点10，并与信号发生器1相连，接收换能器3通过耦合剂附着于输出点9，并与放大器相连，加速度传感器4通过耦合剂附着于振动输出点11，并与信号采集处理系统6相连。声发射换能器2可布置在桥面板两个U肋13中间，接收换能器3可布置在桥面板相邻U肋或跨越多个U肋13进行布置，敲击位置12可控制在发射换能器2的附近，加速度传感器4可布置在敲击位置12的旁边。The transmitting transducer 2 is attached to the input point 10 through a couplant and connected to the signal generator 1, the receiving transducer 3 is attached to the output point 9 through a couplant and connected to the amplifier, and the acceleration sensor 4 is attached to the vibration The output point 11 is connected with the signal acquisition and processing system 6 . The acoustic emission transducer 2 can be arranged in the middle of two U-ribs 13 of the bridge deck, the receiving transducer 3 can be arranged on the bridge deck adjacent to the U-ribs or across multiple U-ribs 13, and the knocking position 12 can be controlled at the transmitting position. In the vicinity of the transducer 2 , the acceleration sensor 4 can be arranged beside the striking position 12 .
进一步的，多个射传感器布置于桥面板8前，须涂耦合材料。声发射换能器2与信号发生器1相连，接收换能器3与放大器5相连，加速度传感器4与信号采集处理系统6相连。Furthermore, a plurality of radiation sensors are arranged in front of the bridge deck 8 and must be coated with coupling materials. The acoustic emission transducer 2 is connected to the signal generator 1 , the receiving transducer 3 is connected to the amplifier 5 , and the acceleration sensor 4 is connected to the signal acquisition and processing system 6 .
本发明还提供了一种使用上述试验装置识别正交异性钢桥面板焊缝缺陷的试验方法，包括以下步骤：The present invention also provides a test method for identifying weld defects of orthotropic steel bridge decks using the above-mentioned test device, comprising the following steps:
S1、以信号发生器发出的某一固定幅值和中心频率fu超声信号(连续正弦波，频率40～60kHz)作为对正交异性钢桥面板缺陷识别的载波信号，以敲击产生的低频振动作为对缺陷的激励信号。通过多次大小不等的多次敲击，给桥面板多个幅度不同、模态相近的低频击振信号，即多个大小不等的击振能量。S1. Use a certain fixed amplitude and center frequency f u ultrasonic signal (continuous sine wave, frequency 40-60kHz) sent by the signal generator as the carrier signal for identifying defects in orthotropic steel bridge decks, and use the low-frequency signal generated by tapping Vibration serves as an excitation signal to the defect. Through multiple knocks of different sizes, multiple low-frequency vibration signals with different amplitudes and similar modes are given to the bridge deck, that is, multiple vibration energies of different sizes.
S2、通过信号采集系统获得多个通道的信号(包括高频超声信号和低频振动信号)X1,X2,X3；S2. Obtain signals of multiple channels (including high-frequency ultrasonic signals and low-frequency vibration signals) X 1 , X 2 , and X 3 through the signal acquisition system;
S3、选取低频振动频谱[fv1,fv2]范围，对该范围内功率谱进行积分获得超声信号所产生的低频振动能量Ev；选取高频中心频率fu两侧[fu-fv2,fu-fv1]和[fu+fv1,fu+fv2]频率范围作为调幅旁频范围，并对该范围内功率谱进行积分获得超声信号所产生的旁频能量Eb；S3. Select the range of the low-frequency vibration spectrum [f v1 , f v2 ], integrate the power spectrum within this range to obtain the low-frequency vibration energy E v generated by the ultrasonic signal; select both sides of the high-frequency center frequency f u [f u -f v2 ,f u -f v1 ] and [f u +f v1 ,f u +f v2 ] frequency ranges are used as the AM side frequency range, and the power spectrum within this range is integrated to obtain the side frequency energy E b produced by the ultrasonic signal;
S4、以旁频能量Eb为纵坐标，以捶击能量Ev为横坐标，绘制多次试验两者的关系图，进行直线拟合，绘制旁频能量和捶击能量相关直线图，并得出该直线的斜率k，以此作为衡量正交异性钢桥面板缺陷状态的表征参数。S4, take the side frequency energy E b as the ordinate, and take the thumping energy E v as the abscissa, draw the relationship diagram between the two of the multiple tests, carry out straight line fitting, draw the side frequency energy and the thumping energy correlation linear diagram, and The slope k of the straight line is obtained as a characteristic parameter to measure the defect state of the orthotropic steel bridge deck.
S5、将正交异性钢桥面板检测得到的k值与初始状态下的k0值相比较，若发生变化，则表明有缺陷产生；并通过不同状态下正交异性钢桥面板检测试验，识别缺陷发展的变化情况。S5. Comparing the k value obtained by the detection of the orthotropic steel bridge deck with the k 0 value in the initial state, if there is a change, it indicates that there is a defect; and through the detection test of the orthotropic steel bridge deck in different states, identify Changes in defect development.
本发明的一个具体检测实例如下：识别一正交异性钢桥面板焊缝缺陷，该正交异性钢桥面板试件长1.5m，宽0.52m，材料为Q235钢，面板厚度3.2mm，U形肋厚度2mm。A specific detection example of the present invention is as follows: identify an orthotropic steel bridge deck weld seam defect, this orthotropic steel bridge deck test piece is 1.5m long, 0.52m wide, and the material is Q235 steel, and the deck thickness is 3.2mm, U-shaped Rib thickness 2mm.
S1、保持高频超声信号(连续正弦波)输入幅值100mVpp和频率55KHz不变，用大小不等的三个力敲击桥面板，给桥面板三个大小不同的击振，其低频信号最大振幅分别为100mV、200mV、300mV，代表三个大小不等的击振水平；S1. Keep the input amplitude of high-frequency ultrasonic signal (continuous sine wave) 100mVpp and frequency 55KHz unchanged, knock the bridge deck with three forces of different sizes, and give the bridge deck three vibrations of different sizes, and the low-frequency signal is the largest The amplitudes are 100mV, 200mV, and 300mV respectively, representing three vibration levels of different sizes;
S2、通过信号采集系统获得一个通道的高频超声信号，采样频率2MHz，采样长度N＝1000000,频率分辨率1Hz；S2. Obtain a high-frequency ultrasonic signal of one channel through the signal acquisition system, the sampling frequency is 2MHz, the sampling length is N=1000000, and the frequency resolution is 1Hz;
S3、选取低频80～400Hz范围振动频谱，进行积分求和，得到敲击引起的振动能量代表值；选取高频中心频率两侧54.6～54.92kHz和55.08～55.4kHz范围作为调幅旁频范围，对该范围内功率谱进行积分获得超声信号所产生的旁频能量代表值；S3. Select the vibration spectrum in the range of 80-400Hz at low frequency, and perform integral summation to obtain the representative value of the vibration energy caused by knocking; select the ranges of 54.6-54.92kHz and 55.08-55.4kHz on both sides of the high-frequency center frequency as the range of the AM side frequency. Integrate the power spectrum within this range to obtain the representative value of side frequency energy generated by the ultrasonic signal;
S4、以旁频能量为纵坐标，以捶击能量为横坐标，绘制两者的关系图，通过直线拟合，绘制旁频能量和捶击能量相关直线图，并得出该直线的斜率k，如图4所示，图4中k＝0.3174；S4, take the side frequency energy as the ordinate, and take the thumping energy as the abscissa, draw the relationship diagram between the two, and draw the related line diagram of the side frequency energy and the thumping energy through straight line fitting, and obtain the slope k of the straight line , as shown in Figure 4, k=0.3174 in Figure 4;
S5、将试验过程中测得的所有直线斜率k进行汇总，图5为不同断面上A侧点的斜率汇总，图6为不同断面上C侧点的斜率汇总。图中D0，D1，D2和D3分别对应试件初始状态、第一次引入裂缝状态、第二次和第三次裂缝扩展状态，5#、3#、1#、0#、2#、4#和6#等表示试件沿U肋纵向空间断面位置；S5. Summarize all the straight line slopes k measured during the test. Figure 5 is a summary of the slopes of the A-side points on different sections, and Figure 6 is a summary of the slopes of the C-side points on different sections. In the figure, D 0 , D 1 , D 2 and D 3 respectively correspond to the initial state of the specimen, the first crack introduction state, the second and third crack propagation states, 5#, 3#, 1#, 0#, 2#, 4# and 6# represent the position of the longitudinal space section of the specimen along the U-rib;
S6、观察斜率的变化可知，4#断面和6#断面的C侧点均出现缺陷，且缺陷不断增大，其他断面上的点均未出现缺陷，与实际裂缝分布和发展情况呈现对应关系。S6. Observing the change of the slope, it can be seen that the C side points of the 4# section and the 6# section have defects, and the defects continue to increase, and no defects appear at the points on the other sections, showing a corresponding relationship with the actual crack distribution and development.
本发明试验装置操作简便，能为利用非线性超声特征识别正交异性钢桥面板焊缝缺陷提供依据和实用价值。本发明试验方法通过对比前后测量出的旁频能量与锤击能量的拟合直线斜率，得出某一测区前后状态的变化，并通过各测点位置得到出现缺陷的部位；简单明了，测量结果满足实际应用要求。The test device of the invention is easy to operate, and can provide basis and practical value for identifying weld seam defects of orthotropic steel bridge decks by using nonlinear ultrasonic features. The test method of the present invention compares the slope of the fitting line between the measured side frequency energy and the hammer energy before and after, and obtains the change of the state before and after a certain measurement area, and obtains the position of the defect through the positions of each measurement point; simple and clear, the measurement The results meet the requirements of practical application.
上面结合附图对本发明的实施例进行了描述，但是本发明并不局限于上述的具体实施方式，上述的具体实施方式仅仅是示意性的，而不是限制性的，本领域的普通技术人员在本发明的启示下，在不脱离本发明宗旨和权利要求所保护的范围情况下，还可做出很多形式，这些均属于本发明的保护之内。Embodiments of the present invention have been described above in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, but the present invention is not limited to the above-mentioned specific implementations, and the above-mentioned specific implementations are only illustrative, rather than restrictive. Those of ordinary skill in the art will Under the enlightenment of the present invention, many forms can also be made without departing from the gist of the present invention and the protection scope of the claims, and these all belong to the protection of the present invention.
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