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CN103812340A - 开关调节器 - Google Patents

开关调节器 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN103812340A
CN103812340A CN201310687997.8A CN201310687997A CN103812340A CN 103812340 A CN103812340 A CN 103812340A CN 201310687997 A CN201310687997 A CN 201310687997A CN 103812340 A CN103812340 A CN 103812340A
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switching
detection unit
output current
switching regulator
actuator
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CN103812340B (zh
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E·韦特格
A·沃尔夫
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Anbofu Technology Co ltd
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Delphi Technologies Inc
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00Conversion of DC power input into DC power output
    • H02M3/02Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC
    • H02M3/04Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters
    • H02M3/10Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/156Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00Conversion of DC power input into DC power output
    • H02M3/02Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC
    • H02M3/04Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters
    • H02M3/10Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/156Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • H02M3/1563Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators without using an external clock
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/0003Details of control, feedback or regulation circuits
    • H02M1/0009Devices or circuits for detecting current in a converter
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/0003Details of control, feedback or regulation circuits
    • H02M1/0012Control circuits using digital or numerical techniques

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)
  • Control Of Eletrric Generators (AREA)

Abstract

本发明涉及一种开关调节器,其包括检测单元、从中能获取输出电流的输出能量存储器以及配置为对输出能量存储器充电的激励器。开关调节器的特征在于检测单元以激励器的开关程序为基础确定输出电流。

Description

开关调节器
技术领域
本发明涉及开关调节器,其包括检测单元、从中能获取输出电流的输出能量存储器以及配置为对输出能量存储器充电的激励器。
背景技术
一般已知的是这样的开关调节器,其中,开关调节器用于例如从可变的输入电压产生恒定的输出电压。如果输出电压高于输入电压,则是所说的升压转换器。如果要求输出电压小于输入电压,则使用降压转换器。在开关调节器中,通常将激励器设计为晶体管,并且将输出能量存储器设计为线圈和/或电容。
通常在已知的开关调节器中使用分流器,以确定输出电流水平。所述分流器是非常小的电阻器,其中,在分流器处测量电压降,并且通过在分流器处的电压降和分流器的电阻的商来计算输出电流。
特别是,在开关调节器具有高输出电流的情况下,通常设计将在分流器处的电压降转换为输出电流的评估电路,使得评估电路优选地检测开关调节器的高输出电流。因此,如果也将检测较小的输出电流或者接近于零的输出电流,则这样的评估电路的动态范围被限制或者必须使用高的技术努力而被扩展。
发明内容
本发明的基础目标是提供一种开关调节器,用所述开关调节器,尽可能容易地使对开关调节器的输出电流,以及在这方面特别是小输出电流的确定成为可能。
这个目标通过具有权利要求1的特征,特别是检测单元以激励器的开关程序为基础确定输出电流的开关调节器来满足。
目标在这方面的基础理念是开关调节器的输出电流越大,输出能量存储器借助激励器充电得越频繁且越长。因此,输出电流可以以简单的方式通过检测和评估激励器的开关程序来确定。因此具有评估电路的分流器不是绝对必要的,因为仅必须监测激励器的状态。因此可以免除借助分流器的模拟电流测量,以有利于优选地数字检测开关程序。
根据本发明的输出电流的测量可以有利地用在任何所需类型的开关调节器中,即例如在升压转换器中和在降压转换器中。
例如,监测激励器的开关程序的检测单元可以集成在控制开关调节器的控制单元中。可替换地,也可以单独地形成检测单元。
例如,开关程序可以由接通或断开限定,进而也可以由连续的接通或断开限定。
本发明的有利的实施例在说明书、附图以及从属权利要求中进行了描述。
根据第一有利的实施例,检测单元以特定的时间间隔确定激励器的开关程序的数量。当使用开关调节器,其中激励器对于每个开关程序总是对输出能量存储器充电相同的时间时,确定开关程序的数量是特别有利的。可以因此根据知晓的开关程序的数量来确定输出能量存储器充电的持续时间。转而可以根据充电的持续时间来确定输出电流。
根据进一步的有利的实施例,检测单元以特定的时间间隔(负载循环)确定激励器的开关周期。因此检测单元确定输出能量存储器由激励器充电期间的时间部分。例如,检测单元可以确定时间间隔的对应于输出能量存储器的充电时间部分的百分比。在使用以恒定的开关频率进行操作的开关调节器时特别地测量开关周期或者开关信号的脉冲宽度。相反地,利用以可变的开关频率工作的开关调节器,确定开关程序的数量,因为用这样的开关调节器,开关频率随着较小的输出电流而下降。
可替换地,时间周期也可以被确定,其中,输出能量存储器没有被充电,并且激励器因此没有传导任何电流。
根据进一步的有利的实施例,检测单元是微处理器。例如,微处理器可以检测在输入端处的开关程序,并通过开关程序在微处理器中有利地触发中断。通过利用中断使特别简单快速地检测开关程序是可能的。
根据进一步有利的实施例,检测单元电连接到激励器的开关输入端。如果,例如,将晶体管用作激励器,检测单元分接晶体管的门信号以识别开关程序。可替换地,也可能的是,检测在激励器的输出端处(即例如在形成为场效应晶体管(FET)的激励器的源极端子或漏极端子处)的电压。也可以检测流过激励器的电流以识别开关程序。
根据进一步有利的实施例,检测单元借助电平转换器连接到激励器的开关输入端。在这方面,激励器和检测单元之间的不同信号电平可以由电平转换器来平衡。进而可能的是,例如通过插入场效应晶体管来抑制对激励器的开关关系,并且特别是激励器的开关速度的强大影响。
可替换地,也可以依赖开关调节器的设计以及它的操作频率而插入双极晶体管。
根据进一步有利的实施例,开关调节器包括分流器和评估电路,输出电流可以由所述评估电路根据在分流器处的电压降来确定。
可以确定开关调节器的输出电流所在的范围可以通过附加布置分流器和评估电路来扩展。分流器和评估电路有利地用于检测较高的输出电流,而检测单元以激励器的开关程序为基础确定较小的输出电流。检测单元和评估单元以这种方式彼此互补。
本发明进而包括一种确定开关调节器的输出电流的方法,所述开关调节器包括检测单元、从中能获取输出电流的输出能量存储器以及配置为对输出能量存储器充电的激励器,其中,激励器的开关程序被检测并且以检测到的激励器的开关程序为基础确定输出电流。
根据进一步有利的实施例,在特定的时间间隔内确定激励器的开关程序的数量。
根据进一步有利的实施例,在特定的时间间隔(负载循环)内确定激励器的开关周期。
根据进一步有利的实施例,使用开关调节器,所述开关调节器通过恒定持续时间的开关程序来对输出能量存储器充电。
附图说明
在下面将参考可能的实施例以及附图完全通过举例来描述本发明。在南里示出了:
图1根据本发明的开关调节器的电路图;以及
图2开关程序与开关调节器的输出电流之间的关系。
具体实施方式
在图1中原理性示出了根据本发明的开关调节器。所示的开关调节器为降压转换器10,其由输入电压Vin供电。输入电压Vin首先被提供给控制单元12,并且也被提供给功率晶体管14。控制单元12电连接到功率晶体管14的门输入端。如果功率晶体管14由控制单元12导电地接通,则电流流经连接到功率晶体管14的输出端的线圈16并对线圈16充电。在电解电容20被充电且输出电流Iout被输出的情况下,二极管18被导通的功率晶体管14阻塞。
如果功率晶体管14被断开,即如果功率晶体管14阻塞,输出电流Iout由线圈16中和电解电容20中存储的能量馈给。
输出电压Vout通过分压器22被提供给控制单元12。用于功率晶体管14的接通和断开时间以由控制单元12确定的输出电压Vout为基础来确定。
配置为微处理器的检测单元24确定输出电流Iout。为了这个目的,电平转换器26连接在检测单元24与功率晶体管14的开关输入端之间,在所述电平转换器中,由控制单元12(图2)产生的用于功率晶体管14的开关信号34与检测单元24的信号电平的电平匹配通过场效应晶体管28和两个电阻器30a、30b而发生。因此检测单元24可以识别功率晶体管14的开关程序。
在降压转换器10的操作中,检测单元24确定开关信号24的发生或者功率晶体管14的开关循环的持续时间、长度和速率,并且从这些中确定输出电流Iout
开关程序34的发生的速率与输出电流Iout之间的示例性关系在图2中示出。在这方面,如图2所示的所有开关程序34具有相同长度。
图2示出四个开关信号32,控制单元12用它们控制功率晶体管14。因此第一开关信号32a仅以时间间隔T示出开关程序34。开关程序34在这方面包括功率晶体管14的接通和断开。检测单元24根据开关程序34确定0mA的输出电流Iout
如果对于每个时间间隔T确定两个开关程序34,则检测单元24确定10mA的输出电流Iout,诸如通过举例由第二开关信号32b示出的。
开关程序34的发生的速率与输出电流Iout之间的进一步的示例性关系由开关信号32c和32d表示,其中,在时间间隔T中的三个和五个开关程序34分别对应于30mA或60mA的输出电流Iout
检测单元24输出对应于输出电流Iout的信号。输出电流可以根据针对每个时间间隔T的开关程序34数量和/或持续时间来确定,例如通过数学公式或通过存储在检测单元24中的查找表中的经验确定值来确定。
附图标记列表
10   降压转换器
12   控制单元
14   功率晶体管
16   线圈
18   二极管
20   电解电容
22   分压器
24   检测单元
26   电平转换器
28   场效应晶体管
30   电阻器
32   开关信号
34   开关程序
T    时间间隔

Claims (10)

1.一种开关调节器(10),包括检测单元(24)、从中能获取输出电流(Iout)的输出能量存储器(16,20)以及配置为对输出能量存储器(16,20)充电的激励器(14),其中:
所述检测单元(24)以所述激励器(14)的开关程序(34)为基础确定所述输出电流(Iout);以及
所述开关调节器(10)包括分流器和评估电路,能够由所述评估电路根据在所述分流器处的电压降来确定所述输出电流(Iout);
其特征在于:
所述分流器和所述评估电路被配置为检测较高的输出电流(Iout);以及
所述检测单元(24)被配置为检测较小的输出电流(Iout)。
2.根据权利要求1的开关调节器(10),
其特征在于:
所述检测单元(24)以特定的时间间隔(T)确定所述激励器(14)的开关程序(34)的数量。
3.根据权利要求1或权利要求2的开关调节器(10),
其特征在于:
所述检测单元(24)以特定的时间间隔(T)确定所述激励器(14)的开关持续时间。
4.根据前述权利要求中的任意一项的开关调节器(10),
其特征在于:
所述检测单元(24)是微处理器。
5.根据前述权利要求中的任意一项的开关调节器(10),
其特征在于:
所述检测单元(24)电连接到所述激励器(14)的开关输入端。
6.根据权利要求5的开关调节器(10),
其特征在于:
所述检测单元(24)借助电平转换器(26)连接到所述激励器(14)的所述开关输入端。
7.一种确定开关调节器(10)的输出电流(Iout)的方法,所述开关调节器(10)包括分流器和评估电路、检测单元(24)、从中能获取输出电流(Iout)的输出能量存储器(16,20)以及配置为对输出能量存储器(16,20)充电的激励器(14),其中所述激励器(14)的开关程序(34)被检测,
其特征在于:
以检测到的所述激励器(14)的开关程序(34)为基础,借助所述分流器和所述评估电路确定较高的输出电流(Iout),以及借助检测单元(24)确定较小的输出电流(Iout)。
8.根据权利要求7的方法,
其特征在于:
以特定的时间间隔(T)确定所述激励器(14)的开关程序(34)的数量。
9.根据权利要求7或权利要求8的方法,
其特征在于:
以特定的时间间隔(T)确定所述激励器(14)的所述开关持续时间。
10.根据权利要求7至9中的任意一项的方法,
其特征在于:
使用开关调节器(10),所述开关调节器(10)通过恒定持续时间的开关程序(34)来对所述输出能量存储器(16,20)充电。
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