CN103724122B - Fabrication method of soilless culture matrix for vegetables - Google Patents

Abstract

A method for making a substrate for soilless cultivation of vegetables. In the method, the alcohol biogas residue and straw powder are first fermented and decomposed by using a high-temperature quick-rot agent containing beneficial microorganisms, and then coconut shell powder, carbonized rice husk or plant ash, frozen soil or Raw and auxiliary materials such as biogas mud, perlite, and vermiculite are mixed and prepared. The specific operations include: collection and processing of raw and auxiliary materials, raw material formula, organic material composting and fermentation, adding coconut shell powder and other auxiliary materials. The water content of the finished vegetable soilless culture substrate is ≤45%, the dry basis organic matter is ≥40%, the dry basis N+P ₂ O ₅ +K ₂ O total nutrient content is 2.5-3%, pH5.5-7, EC≤2.5, Particle size ≤ 5mm, of which particle size 2-4mm accounts for 55-60%. The invention mainly uses organic wastes such as coconut shell powder, alcohol biogas residue and straw powder as raw materials, and undergoes high-temperature fermentation treatment to produce vegetable cultivation substrates, turning waste into treasure and turning harm into profit. And the cost is low, the texture is light, and the nutrients are complete, which is very suitable for the growth and development of vegetables, and is a good substrate for vegetable soilless cultivation.

Description

A kind of preparation method of vegetable soilless cultivation substrate

technical field

The invention relates to a method for manufacturing an agricultural substrate, in particular to a method for manufacturing a vegetable soilless cultivation substrate, and belongs to the technical field of vegetable soilless cultivation.

Background technique

Soilless cultivation refers to the method of cultivating with substrate instead of natural soil. It is mainly used in vegetables or flowers. It is a high-yield and high-quality advanced technology that saves water, fertilizer and labor.

Substrate cultivation is a method with the largest promotion area in soilless cultivation. It fixes the roots of crops in organic or inorganic substrates, and supplies the nutrients or water needed by crops through drip irrigation or trickle irrigation. At present, most countries in the world use gravel, sand, mud (grass) charcoal, vermiculite, perlite, rock wool, sawdust, etc. as fixed substrates. With the promotion and application of soilless cultivation technology, the demand for substrates is increasing, and enterprises specializing in the production of substrates have emerged as the times require, and the types of substrates are becoming more and more abundant, gradually showing a trend of subdivision and specialization. At present, the most important types are divided into seedling substrate and cultivation substrate. Seedling substrate is a special substrate prepared according to seedling growth and development conditions, while cultivation substrate is subdivided according to different horticultural varieties, such as vegetable cultivation substrate, flower cultivation substrate, etc. . At present, the most widely used cultivation substrate at home and abroad is peat, rock wool, vermiculite, perlite, mushroom residue, sawdust, reed powder, fine sand, cinder, straw powder, etc. It is formulated from a mixture of raw materials. Chinese patent CN1128573C discloses the patent authorization document of Li Pingping of Jiangsu University of Science and Technology who uses reed powder as a plant seedling and cultivation substrate; A substrate for soilless cultivation by Su Rong of the Tuo villager group is formed by mixing and granulating peat with a moisture content of 63-73% and puffed perlite without moisture at a weight ratio of 9:1; 2010 On January 20th, the Chinese patent CN101627718A disclosed a substrate for soilless cultivation. The substrate is composed of a blanket and a non-woven fabric, and the non-woven fabric is sandwiched between two layers of blankets. The non-woven fabric is 10-200G/M ² , the blanket is 500-5000G/M ² ; on April 24, 2013, Chinese patent CN102648696B discloses a method of utilizing Lycium barbarum branches for vegetable cultivation and seedling raising substrate, the production steps are: crushing Lycium barbarum branches, pre-wetting, adding organic Fertilizer, urea and enzyme preparation and fermentation, fermented product and organic fertilizer, vermiculite, perlite according to the volume ratio of 2:1:1:1 to prepare the vegetable cultivation substrate.

To sum up, the existing domestic substrate production units mainly use peat, vermiculite, perlite, animal manure, reed powder, traditional Chinese medicine residue, mushroom residue, vinegar residue, wolfberry branches, etc. as the cultivation substrate raw materials. However, peat is produced in the Northeast, resources are scarce, and it cannot be regenerated. Enterprises in Jiangsu use peat at high cost; reed powder, traditional Chinese medicine residue, mushroom residue, etc. are large in size and need to be crushed; Difficulties and other deficiencies are difficult to meet the needs of vegetable substrate cultivation; Lycium barbarum branches are highly regional and their application is limited.

Contents of the invention

The purpose of the present invention is to address the deficiencies of the prior art, and provide a technical solution for producing special substrates for vegetable soilless cultivation using fermented cassava biogas residues, coconut peat, straw powder and other organic wastes as main raw materials.

Technical scheme of the present invention is realized in the following manner:

A method for making a substrate for soilless cultivation of vegetables. The substrate uses organic waste such as coconut shell powder, alcohol biogas residue, and straw powder as main raw materials, and uses carbonized rice husk or plant ash, frozen soil or marsh mud, perlite, and vermiculite as the main raw materials. Auxiliary materials; among them, coconut shell powder is the wet material processed by soaking domestic or imported coconut peat in water, with a water content of 50-75% and a particle size of 1-6 mm; The residue formed after biogas is produced by anaerobic fermentation; the straw powder is the crushed and processed crop straw, the particle size is 1-5mm, and the water content is 55-65%; the permafrost is the hillside that has been exposed to the sun and frozen at night in winter, and repeatedly frozen Surface humus has high humus content, good water absorption, and is easy to obtain materials; swamp mud is the sediment of a biogas tank that has been dried; carbonized rice husk is the ash left after rice husk is burned and carbonized.

In this method, the alcohol biogas residue and straw powder are first fermented and decomposed with a high-temperature quick-rot agent containing beneficial microorganisms, and then coconut shell powder, carbonized rice husk or plant ash, frozen soil or marsh mud, perlite, and vermiculite are added. The materials are mixed and prepared, and the specific operation steps are as follows:

1) Collection and treatment of raw and auxiliary materials: collect organic waste alcohol biogas residue, crop straw and coconut bran as the main raw materials, and carry out drying, crushing and water absorption treatment respectively; collect frozen soil or swamp mud, carbonized rice husk or plant ash, Vermiculite and perlite are used as auxiliary materials.

2) The raw material formula in parts by volume is:

The main material is 3-5 parts of alcohol biogas residue and straw powder mixed fermentation material, 2-3 parts of coconut shell powder; the auxiliary materials are 0.5-1.5 parts of carbonized rice husk or plant ash, 0.5-1.0 parts of permafrost or marsh mud, and 0.5 parts of perlite Part, 1.5-2 part of vermiculite; Add the compound fertilizer of total weight 0.1-0.5% in addition.

3) Composting and fermentation of organic materials:

①Adjust physical and chemical indicators: During pretreatment of fermented materials, the pH, C/N, EC value and water content indicators of organic materials must be adjusted;

②Material feeding and stacking: First, the organic materials alcohol biogas residue and straw powder among the above raw materials are put into the fermentation tank for composting and fermentation, and the stacking depth is 1-1.5m; the fermentation tank is 50-150m long, 5-6m wide, and 1.3-1.6m high m, the bottom of the tank is a cement floor with a thickness of 10-20cm, and the wall of the tank is a brick wall with a thickness of 24-50cm; the raw materials can also be directly stacked on the cement fermentation site with a sun board rain shelter to make a width of 1-3m, Heaps with a height of 0.8-1.2m and a length of 5-50m are fermented and decomposed;

③Inoculation of high-temperature fast-rot agent: After the organic materials are put into the fermentation tank or cement fermentation field for 2-3 days, high-temperature fast-rot agent must be added to compost the organic materials, and the starter and materials are fully mixed evenly; there is no ceiling The fermenter should be covered with sunshade and rainproof materials;

④Temperature measurement: According to step 3)-②After adding the fermentation strain, the temperature must be measured twice a day, and the time is 9:00-10:30 in the morning and 15:00-16:30 in the afternoon; each fermentation Measure 3-5 points in the tank or pile, the temperature measurement depth is 35-40cm, and the temperature measurement must be carried out before turning over the pile;

⑤ Oxygen supply by turning over the heap: When adding the fermentation strains, turn over the heap for the first time, and the frequency of turning over the heap in the future adopts the principle of "the temperature is different from time to time, and the temperature is from time to time". The temperature is slow, and the pile must be turned every 2 days to avoid the formation of anaerobic environment; after a week, the temperature will rise steadily, usually, turn the pile once every other day; once the temperature exceeds 55°C, the pile must be turned in time; when the temperature When the temperature is 68-70°C or when the material is very wet or the material is very strong, the frequency of turning must be increased to 1-3 times a day; high-temperature fermentation will consume water, and water needs to be replenished each time turning to ensure the moisture content of the fermentation material Control it at 55-65%.

⑥Material discharge treatment: when the color of alcohol biogas residue and straw powder mixed fermentation material turns brown, the temperature no longer rises, and is the same as the ambient temperature, no odor, with obvious fermentation aroma, the material can be discharged after the fermentation effect is achieved , dried, pulverized, and sieved before proceeding to the next step.

4) Add coconut shell powder and other accessories:

Mix the fermented material with alcohol biogas residue obtained in step 3), which has been dried, crushed and sieved, and straw powder, add coconut shell powder according to the formula, fully stir with other auxiliary materials and compound fertilizer, and mix evenly to form vegetable soil-free Cultivation substrate.

The water content of the finished vegetable soilless culture substrate is ≤45%, the dry basis organic matter is ≥40%, the dry basis N+P ₂ O ₅ +K ₂ O total nutrient content is 2.5-3%, pH5.5-7, EC≤2.5, Particle size ≤ 5mm, of which particle size 2-4mm accounts for 55-60%.

Step 2) The compound fertilizer is 15-15-15 NPK ternary compound fertilizer; the dosage is 0.3% of the total weight of raw materials; Step 3)-①The physical and chemical indicators: pH5-7.5, C/N30-40: 1. EC value 3-4.5, water content 60-75%; step 3)-②The composting and fermentation time of alcohol biogas residue and straw powder fermentation and decomposing treatment is 15-60 days; step 3)-③ High-temperature quick-rot agent is a solid-state fermentation quick-rot agent containing beneficial microbial flora. It is mainly composed of actinomycetes, yeast, lactic acid bacteria, and bacillus. 40-60%, the water content of the quick-rot agent is 20-35%, pH5.5-7.5; the dosage of the quick-rot agent is 15-20kg per 100m3 of raw materials.

Beneficial effects of the present invention:

1. Coconut shell powder, alcohol biogas residue, straw powder, etc. are organic wastes with large quantities and few uses. Using them to replace non-renewable raw material resources such as peat for the production of soilless cultivation substrates for vegetables can reduce environmental pollution. Turn waste into treasure, turn harm into profit.

2. The present invention mixes coconut shell powder with coarse particle size and alcohol biogas residue with fine particle size, so that the substrate has both water holding capacity and air permeability, which makes up for the deficiency of poor water holding capacity of vinegar residue substrate. At the same time, using carbonized rice husks with relatively high alkalinity as auxiliary materials can not only buffer the pH of the substrate, but also contain relatively high potassium and rich trace elements, which are very suitable for the growth and development of vegetables.

3. The vegetable cultivation substrate produced by the present invention is light in texture, complete in nutrients, low in cost, easy to use, and can be widely used in soilless cultivation of vegetables.

Detailed ways

Below in conjunction with specific embodiment, further illustrate the present invention, it should be understood that this embodiment is only used to illustrate the present invention and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, after having read the present invention, those skilled in the art will understand various equivalent forms of the present invention All modifications fall within the scope defined by the appended claims of the present application.

Example 1:

A method for making a substrate for soilless cultivation of vegetables. The substrate uses organic waste such as coconut shell powder, alcohol biogas residue, and straw powder as main raw materials, and uses carbonized rice husk or plant ash, frozen soil or marsh mud, perlite, and vermiculite as the main raw materials. Auxiliary materials; among them, coconut shell powder is the wet material processed by soaking domestic or imported coconut bran in water, with a water content of 50% and a particle size of 1-6mm; The residue formed after oxygen fermentation produces biogas; the straw powder is the crushed and processed crop straw, the particle size is 1-5mm, and the water content is 65%; the permafrost is the humus soil on the hillside surface that has been exposed to the sun and frozen at night in winter and repeatedly frozen , with high humus content, good water absorption, and convenient materials; biogas sludge is the sediment of the biogas tank after drying; carbonized rice husk is the ashes left after the rice husk is burned and carbonized.

In this method, the alcohol biogas residue and straw powder are first fermented and decomposed with a high-temperature quick-rot agent containing beneficial microorganisms, and then coconut shell powder, carbonized rice husk or plant ash, frozen soil or marsh mud, perlite, and vermiculite are added. The materials are mixed and prepared, and the specific operation steps are as follows:

1) Collection and treatment of raw and auxiliary materials: collect organic waste alcohol biogas residue, crop straw and coconut bran as the main raw materials, and carry out drying, crushing and water absorption treatment respectively; collect frozen soil or swamp mud, carbonized rice husk or plant ash, Vermiculite and perlite are used as auxiliary materials.

2) The raw material formula in parts by volume is:

The main material is 3 parts of alcohol biogas residue and straw powder mixed fermentation material, 3 parts of coconut shell powder; the auxiliary materials are 1.5 parts of carbonized rice husk or plant ash, 1.0 part of permafrost or marsh mud, 0.5 part of perlite, and 2 parts of vermiculite; Add the 15-15-15 NPK ternary compound fertilizer of gross weight 0.5%.

3) Composting and fermentation of organic materials:

①Adjustment of physical and chemical indicators: During the pretreatment of fermented materials, the pH, C/N, EC value, and water content indicators of organic materials must be adjusted: pH5-7.5, C/N30-40:1, EC value 3-4.5, water content 60-75%;

②Material feeding and stacking: First, the organic materials alcohol biogas residue and straw powder among the above raw materials are put into the fermentation tank for composting and fermentation, and the stacking depth is 1-1.5m; the fermentation tank is 50-150m long, 5-6m wide, and 1.3-1.6m high m, the bottom of the tank is a cement floor with a thickness of 10-20cm, and the tank wall is a brick wall with a thickness of 24-50cm; the fermentation and decomposing treatment time is 15 days;

③Inoculation of high-temperature quick-rot agent: 2-3 days after the organic material is placed in the fermentation tank, a high-temperature quick-rot agent must be added to compost and decompose the organic material, and the starter and the material are fully mixed evenly; the fermentation tank without a ceiling should be covered Sunshade and rainproof materials; among them, the high-temperature quick-rot agent is a solid-state fermentation quick-rot agent containing beneficial microbial flora, mainly composed of actinomycetes, yeast, lactic acid bacteria, and bacillus, and the effective number of viable bacteria is 0.5-100 million units/gram Among them, actinomycetes account for 40-60%, the water content of the quick-rot agent is 20-35%, and the pH is 5.5-7.5; the dosage of the quick-rot agent is 15kg of the quick-rot agent per 100m3 of raw materials.

④Temperature measurement: According to step 3)-②After adding the fermentation strain, the temperature must be measured twice a day, and the time is 9:00-10:30 in the morning and 15:00-16:30 in the afternoon; each fermentation Measure 3-5 points in the tank or pile, the temperature measurement depth is 35-40cm, and the temperature measurement must be carried out before turning over the pile;

⑤ Oxygen supply by turning over the heap: When adding the fermentation strains, turn over the heap for the first time, and the frequency of turning over the heap in the future adopts the principle of "the temperature is different from time to time, and the temperature is from time to time". The temperature is slow, and the pile must be turned every 2 days to avoid the formation of anaerobic environment; after a week, the temperature will rise steadily, usually, turn the pile once every other day; once the temperature exceeds 55°C, the pile must be turned in time; when the temperature When the temperature is 68-70°C or when the material is very wet or the material is very strong, the frequency of turning must be increased to 1-3 times a day; high-temperature fermentation will consume water, and water needs to be replenished each time turning to ensure the moisture content of the fermentation material Control it at 55-65%.

⑥Material discharge treatment: when the color of alcohol biogas residue and straw powder mixed fermentation material turns brown, the temperature no longer rises, and is the same as the ambient temperature, no odor, with obvious fermentation aroma, the material can be discharged after the fermentation effect is achieved , dried, pulverized, and sieved before proceeding to the next step.

4) Add coconut shell powder and other accessories:

Mix the fermented material with alcohol biogas residue obtained in step 3), which has been dried, crushed and sieved, and straw powder, add coconut shell powder according to the formula, fully stir with other auxiliary materials and compound fertilizer, and mix evenly to form vegetable soil-free Cultivation substrate.

The water content of the finished vegetable soilless culture substrate is ≤45%, the dry basis organic matter is ≥40%, the dry basis N+P ₂ O ₅ +K ₂ O total nutrient content is 2.5-3%, pH5.5-7, EC≤2.5, Particle size ≤ 5mm, of which particle size 2-4mm accounts for 55-60%.

Example 2:

A method for making a substrate for soilless cultivation of vegetables. The substrate uses organic waste such as coconut shell powder, alcohol biogas residue, and straw powder as main raw materials, and uses carbonized rice husk or plant ash, frozen soil or marsh mud, perlite, and vermiculite as the main raw materials. Auxiliary materials; among them, coconut shell powder is the wet material processed by soaking domestic or imported coconut peat in water, with a water content of 75% and a particle size of 1-6mm; The residue formed after oxygen fermentation produces biogas; the straw powder is the crushed and processed crop straw, the particle size is 1-5mm, and the water content is 55%; the permafrost is the humus soil on the hillside surface that has been exposed to the sun and frozen at night in winter and repeatedly frozen , with high humus content, good water absorption, and convenient materials; biogas sludge is the sediment of the biogas tank after drying; carbonized rice husk is the ashes left after the rice husk is burned and carbonized.

In this method, the alcohol biogas residue and straw powder are first fermented and decomposed with a high-temperature quick-rot agent containing beneficial microorganisms, and then coconut shell powder, carbonized rice husk or plant ash, frozen soil or marsh mud, perlite, and vermiculite are added. The materials are mixed and prepared, and the specific operation steps are as follows:

1) Collection and treatment of raw and auxiliary materials: collect organic waste alcohol biogas residue, crop straw and coconut bran as the main raw materials, and carry out drying, crushing and water absorption treatment respectively; collect frozen soil or swamp mud, carbonized rice husk or plant ash, Vermiculite and perlite are used as auxiliary materials.

2) The raw material formula in parts by volume is:

The main material is 5 parts of alcohol biogas residue and straw powder mixed fermentation material, 2 parts of coconut shell powder; the auxiliary materials are 0.5 part of carbonized rice husk or plant ash, 0.5 part of permafrost or marsh mud, 0.5 part of perlite, and 1.5 part of vermiculite; Add 0.1% of the total weight of 15-15-15 NPK ternary compound fertilizer.

3) Composting and fermentation of organic materials:

①Adjustment of physical and chemical indicators: During the pretreatment of fermented materials, the pH, C/N, EC value, and water content indicators of organic materials must be adjusted: pH5-7.5, C/N30-40:1, EC value 3-4.5, water content 60-75%;

②Material feeding and pile building: Firstly, the organic material alcohol biogas residue and straw powder among the above raw materials are directly placed on the cement fermentation site with a sun board rain shelter to make a pile with a width of 1-3m, a height of 0.8-1.2m, and a length of 5- 50m piles are fermented and decomposed; the pile fermentation time is 60 days;

③ Inoculation of high-temperature quick-rot agent: After the organic materials are stacked in the cement fermentation field for 2-3 days, high-temperature quick-rot agent must be added to compost the organic materials, and the starter and materials are fully mixed evenly; the high-temperature quick-rot agent is Solid-state fermented quick-rot agent containing beneficial microbial flora, mainly composed of actinomycetes, yeast, lactic acid bacteria, and bacillus, the effective number of viable bacteria is 0.5-100 million units/g, of which actinomycetes account for 40-60%. The water content of the quick-rot agent is 20-35%, and the pH is 5.5-7.5; the dosage of the quick-rot agent is 20kg of the quick-rot agent per 100m3 of raw materials.

④Temperature measurement: According to step 3)-②After adding the fermentation strain, the temperature must be measured twice a day, and the time is 9:00-10:30 in the morning and 15:00-16:30 in the afternoon; each fermentation Measure 3-5 points in the tank or pile, the temperature measurement depth is 35-40cm, and the temperature measurement must be carried out before turning over the pile;

⑤ Oxygen supply by turning over the heap: When adding the fermentation strains, turn over the heap for the first time, and the frequency of turning over the heap in the future adopts the principle of "the temperature is different from time to time, and the temperature is from time to time". The temperature is slow, and the pile must be turned every 2 days to avoid the formation of anaerobic environment; after a week, the temperature will rise steadily, usually, turn the pile once every other day; once the temperature exceeds 55°C, the pile must be turned in time; when the temperature When the temperature is 68-70°C or when the material is very wet or the material is very strong, the frequency of turning must be increased to 1-3 times a day; high-temperature fermentation will consume water, and water needs to be replenished each time turning to ensure the moisture content of the fermentation material Control it at 55-65%.

⑥Material discharge treatment: when the color of alcohol biogas residue and straw powder mixed fermentation material turns brown, the temperature no longer rises, and is the same as the ambient temperature, no odor, with obvious fermentation aroma, the material can be discharged after the fermentation effect is achieved , dried, pulverized, and sieved before proceeding to the next step.

4) Add coconut shell powder and other accessories:

Mix the fermented material with alcohol biogas residue obtained in step 3), which has been dried, crushed and sieved, and straw powder, add coconut shell powder according to the formula, fully stir with other auxiliary materials and compound fertilizer, and mix evenly to form vegetable soil-free Cultivation substrate.

The water content of the finished vegetable soilless culture substrate is ≤45%, the dry basis organic matter is ≥40%, the dry basis N+P ₂ O ₅ +K ₂ O total nutrient content is 2.5-3%, pH5.5-7, EC≤2.5, Particle size ≤ 5mm, of which particle size 2-4mm accounts for 55-60%.

Example 3:

A method for making a substrate for soilless cultivation of vegetables. The substrate uses organic waste such as coconut shell powder, alcohol biogas residue, and straw powder as main raw materials, and uses carbonized rice husk or plant ash, frozen soil or marsh mud, perlite, and vermiculite as the main raw materials. Auxiliary materials; among them, coconut shell powder is the wet material processed by domestic or imported coconut bran soaked in water, with a water content of 60% and a particle size of 1-6 mm; alcohol biogas residue is the leftovers after extracting alcohol from cassava raw materials, and then dried The residue formed after oxygen fermentation produces biogas; the straw powder is the crushed and processed crop straw, the particle size is 1-5mm, and the water content is 60%; the permafrost is the humus soil on the hillside surface that has been exposed to the sun and frozen at night in winter and repeatedly frozen , with high humus content, good water absorption, and convenient materials; biogas sludge is the sediment of the biogas tank after drying; carbonized rice husk is the ashes left after the rice husk is burned and carbonized.

In this method, the alcohol biogas residue and straw powder are first fermented and decomposed with a high-temperature quick-rot agent containing beneficial microorganisms, and then coconut shell powder, carbonized rice husk or plant ash, frozen soil or marsh mud, perlite, and vermiculite are added. The materials are mixed and prepared, and the specific operation steps are as follows:

1) Collection and treatment of raw and auxiliary materials: collect organic waste alcohol biogas residue, crop straw and coconut bran as the main raw materials, and carry out drying, crushing and water absorption treatment respectively; collect frozen soil or swamp mud, carbonized rice husk or plant ash, Vermiculite and perlite are used as auxiliary materials.

2) The raw material formula in parts by volume is:

The main material is 4 parts of alcohol biogas residue and straw powder mixed fermentation material, 3 parts of coconut shell powder; the auxiliary materials are 1 part of carbonized rice husk or plant ash, 1.0 part of permafrost or marsh mud, 0.5 part of perlite, and 2 parts of vermiculite; Add the 15-15-15 NPK ternary compound fertilizer of gross weight 0.3%.

3) Composting and fermentation of organic materials:

①Adjustment of physical and chemical indicators: During the pretreatment of fermented materials, the pH, C/N, EC value, and water content indicators of organic materials must be adjusted: pH5-7.5, C/N30-40:1, EC value 3-4.5, water content 60-75%;

②Material feeding and stacking: First, the organic materials alcohol biogas residue and straw powder among the above raw materials are put into the fermentation tank for composting and fermentation, and the stacking depth is 1-1.5m; the fermentation tank is 50-150m long, 5-6m wide, and 1.3-1.6m high m, the bottom of the tank is a cement floor with a thickness of 10-20cm, and the tank wall is a brick wall with a thickness of 24-50cm; the fermentation and decomposing treatment time is 30 days;

③Inoculation of high-temperature quick-rot agent: 2-3 days after the organic material is placed in the fermentation tank, a high-temperature quick-rot agent must be added to compost and decompose the organic material, and the starter and the material are fully mixed evenly; the fermentation tank without a ceiling should be covered Sunshade and rainproof materials; among them, the high-temperature quick-rot agent is a solid-state fermentation quick-rot agent containing beneficial microbial flora, mainly composed of actinomycetes, yeast, lactic acid bacteria, and bacillus, and the effective number of viable bacteria is 0.5-100 million units/gram Among them, actinomycetes account for 40-60%, the water content of the quick-rot agent is 20-35%, and the pH is 5.5-7.5; the dosage of the quick-rot agent is 18kg of the quick-rot agent per 100m3 of raw materials.

④Temperature measurement: According to step 3)-②After adding the fermentation strain, the temperature must be measured twice a day, and the time is 9:00-10:30 in the morning and 15:00-16:30 in the afternoon; each fermentation Measure 3-5 points in the tank or pile, the temperature measurement depth is 35-40cm, and the temperature measurement must be carried out before turning over the pile;

⑤ Oxygen supply by turning over the heap: When adding the fermentation strains, turn over the heap for the first time, and the frequency of turning over the heap in the future adopts the principle of "the temperature is different from time to time, and the temperature is from time to time". The temperature is slow, and the pile must be turned every 2 days to avoid the formation of anaerobic environment; after a week, the temperature will rise steadily, usually, turn the pile once every other day; once the temperature exceeds 55°C, the pile must be turned in time; when the temperature When the temperature is 68-70°C or when the material is very wet or the material is very strong, the frequency of turning must be increased to 1-3 times a day; high-temperature fermentation will consume water, and water needs to be replenished each time turning to ensure the moisture content of the fermentation material Control it at 55-65%.

⑥Material discharge treatment: when the color of alcohol biogas residue and straw powder mixed fermentation material turns brown, the temperature no longer rises, and is the same as the ambient temperature, no odor, with obvious fermentation aroma, the material can be discharged after the fermentation effect is achieved , dried, pulverized, and sieved before proceeding to the next step.

4) Add coconut shell powder and other accessories:

Mix the fermented material with alcohol biogas residue obtained in step 3), which has been dried, crushed and sieved, and straw powder, add coconut shell powder according to the formula, fully stir with other auxiliary materials and compound fertilizer, and mix evenly to form vegetable soil-free Cultivation substrate.

The water content of the finished vegetable soilless culture substrate is ≤45%, the dry basis organic matter is ≥40%, the dry basis N+P ₂ O ₅ +K ₂ O total nutrient content is 2.5-3%, pH5.5-7, EC≤2.5, Particle size ≤ 5mm, of which particle size 2-4mm accounts for 55-60%.

A kind of vegetable cultivation substrate prepared in embodiment 1 is jointly used in fruit cucumber soilless cultivation with other 3 kinds of vegetable cultivation substrates purchased on the market, and the comparative test results are as follows:

Variety: Zhexiu No. 1 fruit cucumber selected by Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences.

Cultivation facilities: glass greenhouse; length 36 meters, span 9.5 meters, 4 spans with a total width of 38 meters.

Cultivation method: trough cultivation, 1-1.2 meters in width of the cultivation trough, and 16.5 meters in length; the vegetable cultivation substrate prepared in Example 5 and 3 kinds of vegetable cultivation substrates purchased in the market are laid into the cultivation groove respectively, and one of each kind of substrate is paved. Cultivation tank, substrate thickness 10-13cm.

Colonization: Fruit cucumber planting seedling age is two leaves and one core. 3 to 4 days before planting, pour enough nutrient solution on the cultivation medium. When planting, pour an appropriate amount of nutrient solution on the seedlings, and transplant them with fertilizer.

Fertilizer and water management: The greenhouse uses a water and fertilizer integrated drip irrigation system for nutrient solution and water irrigation, and uses a special nutrient solution formula to prepare nutrient solution.

Plant management: use the single-pole seat seedling pruning method. When the plant is 20cm to 25cm high, hang the rattan with nylon rope or hemp rope. Each rope corresponds to a fruit cucumber. One end of the hanging rope is fixed at the base of the plant, and the other end is wrapped around the ring. , hang on the top growth rack, so that the fruit cucumber vines climb up along the sling. During the growth of the fruit cucumber, it is necessary to remove all the tendrils, side buds and all flower buds in the 5 leaves at the base. Save one melon, and remove old leaves, diseased leaves and deformed melons in time in the future. Pruning 2 to 3 times a week, thinning old leaves, side branches, fruit thinning, timely removal of discolored and aging leaves at the lower part, usually in the morning for old leaves and side branches, tying vines and wrapping heads 3 times a week, preferably in the afternoon. Pay attention to release the vines in time.

Environmental control: Fruit cucumbers have different requirements for temperature and humidity in different growth periods, and should be kept within an appropriate range as much as possible. In winter, night-time insulation curtains are used to keep warm or heated, and in summer, sunshade nets are used for shading. Top spraying can help cool down; when the indoor humidity is too high, forced ventilation can be used to dehumidify, or heated exhaust air can be used to dehumidify; when the humidity is too low, the top of the greenhouse can be used to humidify. Fruit cucumbers are sensitive to light. During the entire cultivation period, as long as the normal room temperature is ensured, the indoor temperature should not be lowered too much, and the plants should be exposed to as much light as possible.

See Table 1 for the yield indexes of fruits and cucumbers in different vegetable cultivation substrates

As can be seen from Table 1, most of the indicators of the vegetable cultivation substrate described in Example 5 are slightly higher than other substrates, and the test shows that the vegetable cultivation substrate of Example 1 has a specific and good use effect.

Claims (8)

1. A method for making a soilless cultivation substrate for vegetables. The substrate takes coconut shell powder, alcohol biogas residue, and straw powder as main raw materials, and takes carbonized rice husk or plant ash, frozen soil or marsh mud, perlite, and vermiculite as auxiliary materials The method is characterized in that: firstly, the alcohol biogas residue and straw powder are fermented and decomposed with a high-temperature quick-rot agent containing beneficial microorganisms, and then coconut shell powder, carbonized rice husk or plant ash, frozen soil or marsh mud, perlite, The raw and auxiliary materials of vermiculite are mixed and prepared, and the specific operation steps are as follows: 1) Collection and treatment of raw and auxiliary materials: collect organic waste alcohol biogas residue, crop straw and coconut bran as the main raw materials, and carry out drying, crushing and water absorption treatment respectively; collect frozen soil or swamp mud, carbonized rice husk or plant ash, Vermiculite and perlite are used as auxiliary materials; the coconut shell powder is a wet material processed by soaking domestic or imported coconut peat in water, with a water content of 50-75% and a particle size of 1-6 mm; the alcohol biogas residue is cassava raw material The leftovers after alcohol extraction, and then the residue formed after anaerobic fermentation to generate biogas; the straw powder is the crop straw that has been crushed, with a particle size of 1-5mm and a water content of 55-65%; the frozen soil is a The humus soil on the surface of the hillside exposed to the sun and frozen at night and repeatedly frozen in winter has high humus content, good water absorption, and convenient material extraction; biogas sludge is the sediment of the biogas tank after drying; the carbonized rice husk is the Ashes left after burning and carbonization; 2) The raw material formula in parts by volume is: The main material is 3-5 parts of alcohol biogas residue and straw powder mixed fermentation material, 2-3 parts of coconut shell powder; the auxiliary materials are 0.5-1.5 parts of carbonized rice husk or plant ash, 0.5-1.0 parts of permafrost or marsh mud, and 0.5 parts of perlite part, vermiculite 1.5-2 part; Add the compound fertilizer of gross weight 0.1-0.5% in addition; 3) Composting and fermentation of organic materials: ①Adjust physical and chemical indicators: During the pretreatment of fermented products, the pH, C/N, EC value, and water content indicators of organic materials must be adjusted. The specific physical and chemical indicators are: pH5-7.5, C/N30-40: 1, EC value 3 -4.5, water content 60-75%; ②Material feeding and stacking: first put the organic materials alcohol biogas residue and straw powder among the above raw materials into the fermentation tank for composting and fermentation, and the stacking depth is 1-1.5m; or put them directly on the cement fermentation site with a sun-shelter shelter The upper pile is made into a pile with a width of 1-3m, a height of 0.8-1.2m, and a length of 5-50m for fermentation and decomposing treatment; ③Inoculation of high-temperature fast-rot agent: After the organic materials are put into the fermentation tank or cement fermentation field for 2-3 days, high-temperature fast-rot agent must be added to compost the organic materials, and the starter and materials are fully mixed evenly; there is no ceiling The fermenter should be covered with sunshade and rainproof materials; ④Temperature measurement: According to step 3)-②After adding the fermentation strain, the temperature must be measured twice a day, and the time is 9:00-10:30 in the morning and 15:00-16:30 in the afternoon; each fermentation Measure 3-5 points in the tank or pile, the temperature measurement depth is 35-40cm, and the temperature measurement must be carried out before turning over the pile; ⑤ Oxygen supply by turning over the heap: When adding the fermentation strains, turn over the heap for the first time, and the frequency of turning over the heap in the future adopts the principle of "the temperature is different from time to time, and the temperature is from time to time". The temperature is slow, and the pile must be turned every 2 days to avoid the formation of anaerobic environment; after a week, the temperature will rise steadily, usually, turn the pile once every other day; once the temperature exceeds 55°C, the pile must be turned in time; when the temperature When the temperature is 68-70°C or when the material is very wet or the material is very strong, the frequency of turning must be increased to 1-3 times a day; high-temperature fermentation will consume water, and water needs to be replenished each time turning to ensure the moisture content of the fermentation material Control at 55-65%; ⑥Material discharge treatment: when the color of alcohol biogas residue and straw powder mixed fermentation material turns brown, the temperature no longer rises, and is the same as the ambient temperature, no odor, with obvious fermentation aroma, the material can be discharged after the fermentation effect is achieved , and enter the next step after drying, pulverizing and sieving; 4) Add coconut shell powder and other accessories: Mix the fermented material with alcohol biogas residue obtained in step 3), which has been dried, crushed and sieved, and straw powder, add coconut shell powder according to the formula, fully stir with other auxiliary materials and compound fertilizer, and mix evenly to form vegetable soil-free Cultivation substrate; The water content of the finished vegetable soilless culture substrate is ≤45%, the organic matter of the dry basis is ≥40%, the total nutrient content of the dry basis is 2.5-3%, the pH is 5.5-7, the EC is ≤2.5, and the particle size is ≤5mm. 2. The method for making a vegetable soilless culture substrate according to claim 1, characterized in that: step 2) the compound fertilizer is 15-15-15 nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium ternary compound fertilizer; 0.3%. 3 . The method for making a vegetable soilless culture substrate according to claim 1 , characterized in that: step 3)-② The composting and fermentation time of the alcohol biogas residue and straw powder fermentation and decomposing treatment is 15-60 days. 4. The method for making a vegetable soilless culture substrate according to claim 1, characterized in that: step 3)-②The composting and fermentation time of the alcohol biogas residue and straw powder fermentation and decomposing treatment is 30 days. 5. The method for making a vegetable soilless culture substrate according to claim 1, characterized in that: the high-temperature quick-rot agent described in step 3)-③ is a solid-state fermentation quick-rot agent containing beneficial microbial flora, mainly composed of Composed of actinomycetes, yeast, lactic acid bacteria, and bacillus, the number of effective viable bacteria is 0.5-100 million units/g, of which actinomycetes account for 40-60%. The water content of the quick-rot agent is 20-35%, and the pH is 5.5 -7.5; The amount of quick-rot agent is 15-20kg per 100m3 of raw materials. 6 . The method for making a vegetable soilless cultivation substrate according to claim 1 , characterized in that: in step 4), the total nutrient is N+P ₂ O ₅ +K ₂ O. 7. The method for making a vegetable soilless culture substrate according to claim 1, characterized in that: in step 4), the particle size is ≤5mm, wherein the particle size is 2-4mm and accounts for 55-60%. 8. The preparation method of a kind of vegetable soilless culture substrate according to claim 1, characterized in that: the fermentation tank is 50-150m long, 5-6m wide, 1.3-1.6m high, and the bottom of the tank is 10-20cm thick concrete floor, the groove wall is a brick wall with a thickness of 24-50cm.