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CN111264337A - Soilless culture medium for potted flowers and preparation method thereof - Google Patents

Soilless culture medium for potted flowers and preparation method thereof Download PDF

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Publication number
CN111264337A
CN111264337A CN202010067972.8A CN202010067972A CN111264337A CN 111264337 A CN111264337 A CN 111264337A CN 202010067972 A CN202010067972 A CN 202010067972A CN 111264337 A CN111264337 A CN 111264337A
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China
Prior art keywords
raw materials
banana
soilless culture
equal
potted flowers
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CN202010067972.8A
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Chinese (zh)
Inventor
钟爽
郑丽丽
盛占武
艾斌凌
郑晓燕
杨旸
校导
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Haikou Experimental Station of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences
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Haikou Experimental Station of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences
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Priority to CN202010067972.8A priority Critical patent/CN111264337A/en
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
    • A01G24/10—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material
    • A01G24/12—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material containing soil minerals
    • A01G24/15—Calcined rock, e.g. perlite, vermiculite or clay aggregates
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
    • A01G24/10—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
    • A01G24/20—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
    • A01G24/20—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material
    • A01G24/22—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material containing plant material
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
    • A01G24/40—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor characterised by their structure
    • A01G24/42—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor characterised by their structure of granular or aggregated structure
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05D—INORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C; FERTILISERS PRODUCING CARBON DIOXIDE
    • C05D9/00—Other inorganic fertilisers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
    • Y02W30/40—Bio-organic fraction processing; Production of fertilisers from the organic fraction of waste or refuse

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Soil Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
  • Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
  • Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)

Abstract

The invention provides a soilless culture substrate for potted flowers and a preparation method thereof, wherein the finished product substrate comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 60-70 parts of primary production matrix and 30-40 parts of auxiliary materials; the auxiliary materials comprise vermiculite and walnut shell activated carbon powder; the primary production matrix is prepared from mixed bacterial liquid and fermentation raw materials; the mixed bacterial liquid is prepared from EM bacteria, lactic acid bacteria and bacillus subtilis; the fermentation raw materials comprise fresh chicken manure, steam-exploded materials, banana peel, biogas residues and coconut coir; the raw materials of the steam explosion material comprise banana fruit shafts and/or banana stalks and camellia seed cakes. The raw materials of the soilless culture substrate for potted flowers are mostly renewable agricultural wastes, and the prepared finished substrate has balanced and comprehensive nutrient components, good water retention and air permeability and disease prevention effects, low cost and simple and convenient daily management, and is suitable for long-term use of high-grade, medium-grade and low-grade flowers.

Description

Soilless culture medium for potted flowers and preparation method thereof
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of flower culture substrates, in particular to a soilless culture substrate for potted flowers and a preparation method thereof.
Background
Soilless substrate cultivation refers to a cultivation method in which artificial soil (substrate) prepared from organic and inorganic materials and microbial agents is used to replace natural soil to fix plant roots and provide nutrient elements and oxygen in a certain container. Compared with natural soil, the soilless substrate has the characteristics of light weight, good water and air permeability, comprehensive and balanced nutrient elements, capability of avoiding soil-borne diseases, strong water and fertilizer retention capacity, no influence of natural conditions and the like. With the improvement of living standard of people, potted flowers become daily necessities in residents' homes, so the demand of flower substrates is continuously increased. According to statistics, more than 85% of flower cultivation modes in China adopt soilless substrate cultivation at present. The medium used for soilless culture has various types, and mainly comprises peat, humic acid, edible fungus residues, river sand, ceramsite, perlite and the like. The substrates generally have the defects of non-regeneration, low organic matter content, difficult collection, high processing cost and the like, and the disease prevention effect is not good enough.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the invention provides a soilless culture substrate for potted flowers and a preparation method thereof, wherein the raw materials are mostly renewable agricultural wastes, and the prepared finished substrate has balanced and comprehensive nutritional ingredients, good water retention and air permeability and disease prevention effects, low cost, simple and convenient daily management and suitability for long-term use of high-medium and low-grade flowers.
The technical scheme of the invention is realized as follows: the soilless culture substrate for potted flowers comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 60-70 parts of primary production matrix and 30-40 parts of auxiliary materials;
the auxiliary materials comprise vermiculite and walnut shell activated carbon powder; the walnut shell activated carbon powder is activated carbon powder prepared from walnut shells, has excellent adsorbability, can adsorb indoor harmful gases and dust such as formaldehyde, benzene, toluene, xylene and the like, can purify indoor air, and is beneficial to flower growth.
The primary production matrix is prepared from mixed bacterial liquid and fermentation raw materials;
the mixed bacterial liquid is prepared from EM bacteria, lactic acid bacteria and bacillus subtilis; the lactobacillus is used for thoroughly decomposing the fermentation raw materials and synthesizing various physiologically active substances such as antioxidant ferment, amino acid, saccharide, organic acid, enzyme, active hormone and the like in the process of secondary decomposition to promote the growth of plants. The lactobacillus can also increase the number and activity of beneficial microorganisms in the fermentation raw materials, enhance the activity of plant root systems and improve the nutrient absorption capacity. Most importantly, the lactobacillus can generate synergistic effect with the bacillus subtilis to inhibit the occurrence of various soil-borne diseases such as root rot, soft rot, blight, epidemic diseases and the like.
The fermentation raw materials comprise fresh chicken manure, steam-exploded materials, banana peel, biogas residues and coconut coir; the raw materials of the steam explosion material comprise banana fruit shafts and/or banana stalks and camellia seed cakes. The pH value of the banana stem/fruit shaft, the camellia oleifera seed cake and the coconut husk is neutral and the volume weight is moderate, so that the banana stem/fruit shaft, the camellia oleifera seed cake and the coconut husk are suitable for planting most potted flowers after being matched; the banana peel contains a large amount of major, medium and trace elements such as phosphorus, potassium, calcium, zinc, iron, manganese and the like, and can improve the flower bud differentiation rate of flowers; the banana peel is rich in nitrogen and copper elements and aminolevulinic acid, so that the chlorophyll content in the flower leaves can be increased; the banana peel is also rich in endogenous biological regulation hormones such as polyphenol, salicylic acid, gibberellin, vitamin C and the like, and is helpful for prolonging the flowering phase. After steam explosion treatment, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin in the banana stalks/fruit stalks and the camellia oleifera seed cakes are fully degraded, and components such as protein, polysaccharide, nucleic acid and the like are obviously changed. Namely, the steam explosion pretreatment enables organic nutrient substances in the banana stalks/fruit stalks and the camellia oleifera seed cakes to be released more easily and thoroughly in the fermentation process, and the fermentation time is shortened by more than 25 percent.
Further, the mass ratio of the fresh chicken manure, the steam-exploded material, the banana peel (calculated on a dry basis), the biogas residue and the coconut coir is 22-25: 33-42: 12-15: 15-18: 8-10; the mass percentage of the camellia oleifera seed cake in the raw material of the steam explosion material is 50-60%, preferably 55%, and the balance is banana fruit shaft and/or banana stem. The materials contain rich macronutrient elements, medium and trace nutrient elements, and the growth and development of plants are further promoted by the primary production matrix prepared by steam explosion, fermentation and decomposition after the raw materials are reasonably mixed.
Further, the preparation method of the steam explosion material comprises the following steps: respectively crushing banana fruit shafts and/or banana stalks and camellia seed cakes into powder with the particle size of 2-3cm, uniformly mixing, placing in a microwave reactor, taking out after 3-5 minutes, placing in a closed steam explosion tank, introducing saturated steam, keeping the pressure for 5-8 minutes under the condition of 1.5-2.5MPa, and then instantly reducing the pressure to obtain a steam explosion material. The process conditions lead cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin in the banana stalks/fruit stalks and the camellia seed cakes to be degraded to the maximum extent.
Further, the mass ratio of the vermiculite to the walnut shell activated carbon powder is 5.5-6.5:3.5-4.5, preferably 6: 4. on one hand, the vermiculite content is moderate, the water storage capacity is strong, the water holding capacity is large, and the moisture can be preserved for a long time; because the volume weight of the vermiculite is lower, the support force to plants is smaller, and the root systems of the plants cannot normally extend due to overhigh content of the vermiculite, so that the absorption capacity to moisture and nutrients is obviously weakened. Meanwhile, the proportion is more beneficial to improving the effect of purifying indoor air.
Further, the preparation method of the fermentation raw material comprises the following steps: mixing fresh chicken manure, steam-exploded materials, banana peel, biogas residues and coconut residues, stacking, fermenting and decomposing to serve as main materials; the C/N ratio is controlled to be 20-30, and the volume weight is controlled to be 0.3-0.6g cm-3Controlling the water content at 40-50%, controlling the fermentation temperature at 50-60 deg.C,the pH is controlled to be 6.5-7.5, and the EC is controlled to be 1.4-2.5ms cm-1. More organic nutrient substances are released in the fermentation process.
Further, the preparation method of the mixed bacterial liquid comprises the following steps: preparing activated and cultured EM bacteria, lactic acid bacteria and bacillus subtilis into sterile water with the concentration of 70-85 g.l respectively-1、30-45g·l-1And 95-120 g.l-1The bacterium liquid is prepared into mixed bacterium liquid with EM bacteria 40-50 wt%, lactic acid bacteria 20-25 wt% and Bacillus subtilis 30-35 wt%, and the effective bacteria amount is not less than 3.5 x 1010CFUg-1DW. The proportion ensures that the three bacteria play a better synergistic effect.
Further, the preparation method of the primary production matrix comprises the following steps: mixing the mixed bacterial liquid at 42-50 l.t-1The raw materials are uniformly sprayed on the fermentation raw materials, the film is covered, anaerobic fermentation is carried out for 20-24 days, the pile is turned for 1 time every two days, and the temperature is not more than 55 ℃; and (3) uncovering the membrane after the fermentation raw materials are completely decomposed, air-drying or drying at low temperature under natural conditions, and crushing and screening when the water content is less than or equal to 20% to obtain the primary product matrix.
Furthermore, the grain diameter of the finished product substrate is less than or equal to 4.5cm, and the organic matter content is more than or equal to 35 g.kg-1The total nitrogen content is more than or equal to 3.0 g/kg-1The total phosphorus content is more than or equal to 2.0 g/kg-1The total potassium content is more than or equal to 2.5 g/kg-1The water content is more than or equal to 45 percent, the pH value is more than or equal to 6.5, and the effective bacteria number is not less than 7.5 multiplied by 109CFUg-1DW。
Further, the preparation method of the soilless culture substrate for potted flowers comprises the steps of weighing the primary production substrate and the auxiliary materials according to the weight part ratio, uniformly mixing, granulating, shot blasting and drying, and then, according to the weight ratio of 25-35 l.t-1The mixed bacteria liquid is sprayed again according to the proportion, and screening is carried out when the air drying is carried out under the natural condition until the water content is less than or equal to 15 percent, so as to obtain the soilless culture substrate for the potted flowers.
Further, sterilizing the fermentation raw materials and the auxiliary materials by high-pressure steam; the banana peel is prepared by drying fresh banana peel until the water content is less than or equal to 10%, and then crushing and sieving.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) the invention adopts fermentation raw materials prepared from fresh chicken manure, banana peel, biogas residue, coconut residue, banana fruit shafts and/or banana stalks and oil-tea camellia seed cakes and a steam explosion material prepared from EM (effective microorganisms), lactic acid bacteria and bacillus subtilis to prepare a primary product matrix, obtains auxiliary materials from vermiculite and walnut shell activated carbon powder, matches the auxiliary materials in a high-quality manner, and prepares the finished product matrix with balanced and comprehensive nutritional ingredients which meet the growth characteristics of flowers, thereby not only promoting the growth and development of the plants and prolonging the flowering phase of the plants, but also effectively killing pathogenic bacteria carried in the potting matrix and reducing the occurrence of soil-borne diseases.
(2) The finished product substrate has good water and fertilizer retention, water and air permeability and root system supporting performance, does not need to loosen soil frequently, is beneficial to flower maintenance, and is time-saving and labor-saving.
(3) The raw materials selected by the invention are mostly renewable agricultural wastes, and the raw materials are low in price and low in manufacturing cost, so that the flower pot is suitable for long-term use of high-grade, medium-grade and low-grade flowers.
Detailed Description
In order to better understand the technical content of the invention, specific examples are provided below to further illustrate the invention.
The experimental methods used in the examples of the present invention are all conventional methods unless otherwise specified.
The materials, reagents and the like used in the examples of the present invention can be obtained commercially without specific description.
Example 1
The soilless culture substrate for potted flowers comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 60 parts of primary production matrix and 40 parts of auxiliary materials; the auxiliary materials comprise vermiculite and walnut shell activated carbon powder; the primary production matrix is prepared from mixed bacterial liquid and fermentation raw materials; the mixed bacterial liquid is prepared from EM bacteria, lactic acid bacteria and bacillus subtilis; the fermentation raw materials comprise fresh chicken manure, steam-exploded materials, banana peel, biogas residues and coconut coir; the raw materials of the steam explosion material comprise banana fruit stalks and camellia seed cakes.
The preparation method of the soilless culture substrate for the potted flowers comprises the following steps:
(1) pretreatment of fermentation raw materials: respectively crushing banana fruit shafts and camellia seed cakes into powder with the particle size of 2-3cm, uniformly mixing the powder according to the mass ratio of 4.5:5.5, putting the powder into a microwave reactor, taking the powder out after 3 minutes, putting the powder into a closed steam explosion tank, introducing saturated steam, maintaining the pressure for 8 minutes under the condition of 1.5MPa, and then instantly reducing the pressure to obtain a steam explosion material.
(2) Preparing a fermentation raw material: mixing fresh chicken manure, steam-exploded materials, banana peel (calculated on dry products), biogas residues and coconut coir according to the mass ratio of 23:39:14:16:8, stacking for fermentation, and decomposing to obtain main materials; the C/N ratio is controlled to be 20-30, and the volume weight is controlled to be 0.3-0.6g cm-3Controlling water content at 40-50%, fermentation temperature at 50-60 deg.C, pH at 6.5-7.5, and EC at 1.4-2.5ms cm-1。
(3) Preparing mixed bacterial liquid: preparing activated and cultured EM bacteria, lactic acid bacteria and bacillus subtilis into sterile water with the concentration of 75 g.l respectively-1、40g·l-1And 110 g.l-1The bacterium liquid is prepared into mixed bacterium liquid according to the mass percentage of 47 percent of EM bacteria, 21 percent of lactic acid bacteria and 32 percent of bacillus subtilis, and the effective bacterium quantity is 4.5 multiplied by 1010CFUg-1DW。
(4) Preparing a primary production matrix: mixing the bacterial liquid obtained in the step (3) according to the proportion of 45 l.t-1The mixture is uniformly sprayed on fermentation raw materials, film covering is carried out, anaerobic fermentation is carried out for 20 days, pile turning is carried out for 1 time every two days, and the temperature is not more than 55 ℃. And (3) uncovering the membrane after the fermentation raw materials are completely decomposed, air-drying or drying at low temperature under natural conditions, and crushing and screening when the water content is less than or equal to 20% to obtain the primary product matrix.
(5) Preparing a finished product: weighing 60 parts by mass of the primary product matrix obtained in the step (4), adding 40 parts by mass of auxiliary materials prepared from vermiculite and renewable walnut shell activated carbon powder according to the mass ratio of 6:4, uniformly mixing, granulating, shot blasting and drying, and then granulating according to the proportion of 30 l.t-1Spraying the mixed bacterial liquid obtained in the step (3) again according to the proportion, and screening when the mixed bacterial liquid is air-dried under natural conditions until the water content is less than or equal to 15 percent to obtain a finished product matrix, wherein the grain size of the finished product matrix is 3.0cm, and the organic matter content is more than or equal to 35 g/kg-1The total nitrogen content is more than or equal to 3.0 g/kg-1All areThe phosphorus content is more than or equal to 2.0 g/kg-1The total potassium content is more than or equal to 2.5 g/kg-1The water content is more than or equal to 45 percent, the pH value is more than or equal to 6.5, and the effective bacteria number is not less than 7.5 multiplied by 109CFUg-1DW。
Sterilizing the fermentation raw materials and the auxiliary materials by high-pressure steam; the banana peel is prepared by drying fresh banana peel until the water content is less than or equal to 10%, and then crushing and sieving; the biogas residue is commercially available biogas residue, has organic matter content of 40% or more, and total nutrient content (N + P)2O5+K2O)≥43％，N︰P2O5︰K2O is 1: 0.34: 0.71, and pH is 7.16.
Example 2
The soilless culture substrate for potted flowers comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 70 parts of primary production matrix and 30 parts of auxiliary materials; the auxiliary materials comprise vermiculite and walnut shell activated carbon powder; the primary production matrix is prepared from mixed bacterial liquid and fermentation raw materials; the mixed bacterial liquid is prepared from EM bacteria, lactic acid bacteria and bacillus subtilis; the fermentation raw materials comprise fresh chicken manure, steam-exploded materials, banana peel, biogas residues and coconut coir; the raw materials of the steam explosion material comprise banana stalks and camellia seed cakes.
The preparation method of the soilless culture substrate for the potted flowers comprises the following steps:
(1) pretreatment of fermentation raw materials: respectively crushing banana stalks and camellia seed cakes into powder with the granularity of 2-3cm, uniformly mixing the powder according to the mass ratio of 4.5:5.5, putting the powder into a microwave reactor, taking the powder out after 5 minutes, putting the powder into a closed steam explosion tank, introducing saturated steam, maintaining the pressure for 5 minutes under the condition of 2.5MPa, and then instantly reducing the pressure to obtain a steam explosion material.
(2) Preparing a fermentation raw material: mixing fresh chicken manure, steam-exploded materials, banana peel (calculated on dry products), biogas residues and coconut residues according to the mass ratio of 24:37:13:17:9, stacking for fermentation, and decomposing to obtain main materials; the C/N ratio is controlled to be 20-30, and the volume weight is controlled to be 0.3-0.6g cm-3Controlling water content at 40-50%, fermentation temperature at 50-60 deg.C, pH at 6.5-7.5, and EC at 1.4-2.5ms cm-1。
(3) Preparing mixed bacterial liquid: the activated and cultured EM bacteria, lactic acid bacteria and bacillus subtilis are used for sterilizationThe water is prepared into the water with the concentration of 80 g.l respectively-1、35g·l-1And 100 g.l-1The bacterial liquid is prepared into mixed bacterial liquid according to the mass percentage of 42 percent of EM bacteria, 25 percent of lactic acid bacteria and 33 percent of bacillus subtilis, and the effective bacterial quantity is 4.5 multiplied by 1010CFUg-1DW。
(4) Preparing a primary production matrix: mixing the bacterial liquid obtained in the step (3) according to the proportion of 48 l.t-1The mixture is uniformly sprayed on fermentation raw materials, film covering is carried out, anaerobic fermentation is carried out for 24 days, pile turning is carried out for 1 time every two days, and the temperature is not more than 55 ℃. And (3) uncovering the membrane after the fermentation raw materials are completely decomposed, air-drying or drying at low temperature under natural conditions, and crushing and screening when the water content is less than or equal to 20% to obtain the primary product matrix.
(5) Preparing a finished product: weighing 70 parts by mass of the initial product matrix obtained in the step (4), adding 30 parts by mass of auxiliary materials prepared from vermiculite and renewable walnut shell activated carbon powder according to the mass ratio of 6:4, uniformly mixing, granulating, shot blasting and drying, and then granulating according to the proportion of 30 l.t-1Spraying the mixed bacterial liquid obtained in the step (3) again according to the proportion, and screening when the mixed bacterial liquid is air-dried under natural conditions until the water content is less than or equal to 15 percent to obtain a finished product matrix, wherein the grain size of the finished product matrix is 3.0cm, and the organic matter content is more than or equal to 35 g/kg-1The total nitrogen content is more than or equal to 3.0 g/kg-1The total phosphorus content is more than or equal to 2.0 g/kg-1The total potassium content is more than or equal to 2.5 g/kg-1The water content is more than or equal to 45 percent, the pH value is more than or equal to 6.5, and the effective bacteria number is not less than 7.5 multiplied by 109CFUg-1DW。
Sterilizing the fermentation raw materials and the auxiliary materials by high-pressure steam; the banana peel is prepared by drying fresh banana peel until the water content is less than or equal to 10%, and then crushing and sieving; the biogas residue is commercially available biogas residue, has organic matter content of 40% or more, and total nutrient content (N + P)2O5+K2O)≥43％，N︰P2O5︰K2O is 1: 0.34: 0.71, and pH is 7.16.
Example 3
This embodiment is different from embodiment 1 in that,
in the step (1), the mass ratio of the banana fruit stalks to the camellia seed cakes is 4.0: 6.0;
in the step (5), the mass ratio of the vermiculite to the walnut shell activated carbon powder is 5.5: 4.5;
in the step (5), after drying, the mixture is dried according to the proportion of 25 l.t-1The mixed bacterial liquid is sprayed again according to the proportion.
Example 4
This embodiment is different from embodiment 1 in that,
in the step (1), the mass ratio of the banana fruit shaft to the camellia seed cake is 5.0: 5.0;
in the step (5), the mass ratio of the vermiculite to the walnut shell activated carbon powder is 6.5: 3.5;
in the step (5), drying and then pressing according to 35 l.t-1The mixed bacterial liquid is sprayed again according to the proportion.
Comparative example 1
The comparative example is different from example 1 in that 50 parts of the primary product matrix and 50 parts of the auxiliary material are used.
Comparative example 2
This comparative example differs from example 1 in that the adjuvant does not contain walnut shell activated carbon powder.
Comparative example 3
This comparative example differs from example 1 in that the fermentation feedstock does not contain banana peel.
Comparative example 4
The comparative example is different from example 1 in that in the step (1), the steam exploded material is replaced by the banana fruit stalks and the camellia seed cakes which are not subjected to steam explosion, namely the banana fruit stalks and the camellia seed cakes are crushed and then are not subjected to steam explosion treatment.
Comparative example 5
The comparative example is different from example 1 in that the lactic acid bacteria in the mixed bacterial liquid are replaced by yeast.
Test example 1
The flower variety to be tested is bought from bought flowerpots with good air permeability and is cleaned for later use. The finished product substrate prepared by the same quality example and the comparative example and the flower substrate purchased in the market (the substrate is the commercial substrate for short, namely the comparative example, the formula of the substrate is that the dry cow dung, the peat, the corn straw and the wood chip are mixed according to the mass ratio of 35:15:20:30, fermented and matured, and then are mixed with MgSO4And FeSO4As main material, then evenly mixed with river sand according to the mass ratio of 7: 3) are respectively put into flowerpots, and the dosage isThe depth of the flowerpot is adjusted according to the depth of the flowerpot, and the depth is preferably 1-2cm below the edge of the flowerpot. After the plants are planted, one-time watering is needed, and then conventional management is carried out. After planting for 25 days, measuring various physical and chemical indexes of different matrixes and plant physiological indexes, and repeating the treatment for 6 times.
(1) Physical and chemical indexes of different substrates
TABLE 1 physicochemical Properties (mean. + -. standard deviation) of the different matrices
Figure BDA0002376527910000081
As can be seen from Table 1, the water content, porosity, pH, organic matter and available nutrient content in inventive examples 1-4 were significantly higher than those of comparative examples 1-5 and the commercially available substrate (P <0.01), while the bulk weight was significantly lower than those of comparative examples 1-5 and the commercially available substrate (P < 0.05). This demonstrates that the "water-fertilizer-air" ratios in inventive examples 1-4 are superior to comparative examples 1-5 and the commercially available substrate.
The main differences between examples 1 and 2 are steam explosion conditions, fermentation raw material ratios, the contents of each strain in the mixed bacterial liquid and the fermentation conditions of the primary production substrate. The main differences among examples 1, 3 and 4 are the mass ratio of banana fruit axis and camellia seed cake in the steam explosion raw material, the mass ratio of vermiculite and walnut shell activated carbon powder in the auxiliary material and the dosage of the mixed bacteria liquid sprayed for the second time. The experimental results show that the water content, porosity and organic content of example 2 are all higher than those of example 1. The pH and the available nutrient content of examples 3 and 4, although slightly lower than example 1, were significantly higher than comparative examples 1-5 and the commercial substrate (P <0.01), with no significant difference between the indices of examples 3 and 4. This shows that the manufacturer can properly adjust the ratio and amount of the above raw materials according to the actual situation, and the use effect will not be affected as long as the invention is within the limited range.
(2) Effect of different substrates on plant growth
TABLE 2 physiological indices of plants under different substrate conditions (mean. + -. standard deviation)
Figure BDA0002376527910000091
As can be seen from Table 2, compared with the commercially available substrate, the incidence of root rot of bougainvillea spectabilis in examples 1-4 is reduced by 79.6% on average, the average flowering phase is prolonged by 38.5 days, and the plant height, the dry weight of roots and the increment of chlorophyll exceed 35%, which shows that the invention not only promotes the growth and development of plants, but also effectively avoids the occurrence of soil-borne diseases. In summary, example 2 gave the best results, example 1 gave the next least results, and example 4 gave the worst results, but also gave significantly better results than the commercial substrate. This shows that the raw material ratio and the preparation method of example 2 most conform to the growth characteristics of bougainvillea spectabilis, and long-term use of the raw material ratio and the preparation method can not only promote the growth of flowers, but also purify indoor air.
The research results show that the plant height, the dry root weight and the chlorophyll content in the examples 1-4 are all obviously higher than those in the comparative examples 1-5(P <0.01), and the indexes of the comparative examples 1-5 and the commercial matrix are not different significantly. The differences between examples 1-4 and comparative examples 1-5 are that the mass ratio of the primary product matrix to the auxiliary material, the type of the strain in the mixed bacterial liquid, the walnut shell activated carbon powder not added to the auxiliary material, the banana peel not added to the fermentation raw material, and the pretreatment of the fermentation raw material are changed. Therefore, the raw materials and the proportion thereof adopted by the invention have great influence on the finished product matrix.
Test example 2
The flower variety to be tested is phalaenopsis, and the formula of the substrate (comparative example) sold in the market is that dried cow dung, humic acid, mushroom residue and wood dust are mixed, fermented and matured according to the mass ratio of 30:15:25:30, and then Ca (NO) is added3) And FeSO4As a main material, and then mixed with river sand in a mass ratio of 6: 4) other conditions were the same as in test example 1. After 30 days of field planting, various physical and chemical indexes and plant physiological indexes of different matrixes are measured, and each treatment is repeated for 6 times.
(1) Physical and chemical indexes of different substrates
TABLE 3 physicochemical Properties (mean. + -. standard deviation) of the different matrices
Figure BDA0002376527910000101
As can be seen from Table 3, this bookThe water content, porosity, pH, organic matter and available nutrient content of inventive examples 1-4 were all significantly higher than those of the commercial substrate (P)<0.01) and a volume weight significantly lower than that of the commercial substrate (P)<0.01). According to the physiological characteristics of phalaenopsis, the ideal substrate should be 0.4-0.6g cm in volume weight-3The porosity is 55-65%, the pH is 6.5-7.0, and the organic matter content is 35-40 g/kg-1Quick-acting nutrient (N + P)2O5+K2O) content of not less than 2.5 g/kg-1And the detection result after 30 days of field planting shows that the examples 1 to 4 completely meet the requirement of phalaenopsis on the culture medium. The comprehensive analysis result shows that the examples 1 to 4 have the characteristics of good air permeability, moisture retention, nutrition, acidity and alkalinity and the like, can meet the requirements of plants on oxygen, moisture and nutrients, and the indexes of the example 2 are the highest and can be used as key reference substrates.
(2) Effect of different substrates on plant growth
TABLE 4 physiological indices of plants under different substrate conditions (mean. + -. standard deviation)
Figure BDA0002376527910000102
As can be seen from Table 4, compared with the commercially available substrate, the incidence of soft rot of butterfly orchid planted in the finished product substrate (examples 1-4) of the invention is averagely reduced by 85.5%, the flowering phase is averagely prolonged by 42.2 days, and the plant height, the dry root weight and the chlorophyll increment all exceed 40%, which shows that the invention remarkably promotes the growth and root development of the overground part of the transplanted plant and simultaneously inhibits soil-borne diseases. The invention uses agricultural wastes such as banana fruit shafts, banana peels, biogas residues, coconut residues, camellia oleifera seed cakes and the like to replace natural soil, peat or humic acid, adopts a steam explosion method as pretreatment, and adds a microbial agent, thereby greatly improving the culture effect of the potted flower matrix. The flower in the embodiment 2 grows best, and further shows that the matrix has reasonable raw material selection and proper proportion, and the production method is scientific and reasonable, simple and easy to operate.
In addition, the finished product substrate is also suitable for planting flowers such as geranium, cyclamen, azalea, rosemary and the like.
It should be understood that the present invention is not limited to the particular embodiments described herein, but is intended to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

Claims (10)

1. The soilless culture substrate for potted flowers is characterized by comprising the following raw materials in parts by weight: 60-70 parts of primary production matrix and 30-40 parts of auxiliary materials;
the auxiliary materials comprise vermiculite and walnut shell activated carbon powder;
the primary production matrix is prepared from mixed bacterial liquid and fermentation raw materials;
the mixed bacterial liquid is prepared from EM bacteria, lactic acid bacteria and bacillus subtilis;
the fermentation raw materials comprise fresh chicken manure, steam-exploded materials, banana peel, biogas residues and coconut coir;
the raw materials of the steam explosion material comprise banana fruit shafts and/or banana stalks and camellia seed cakes.
2. A soilless culture substrate for potted flowers according to claim 1, wherein the mass ratio of the fresh chicken manure, the steam exploded material, the banana peel, the biogas residue and the coconut coir is 22-25: 33-42: 12-15: 15-18: 8-10; the mass percentage of the camellia oleifera seed cake in the raw material of the steam explosion material is 50-60%, and the balance is banana fruit shaft and/or banana stem.
3. A soilless culture substrate for potted flowers as claimed in claim 2, wherein the preparation method of said steam exploded material includes the following steps: respectively crushing banana fruit shafts and/or banana stalks and camellia seed cakes into powder with the particle size of 2-3cm, uniformly mixing, placing in a microwave reactor, taking out after 3-5 minutes, placing in a closed steam explosion tank, introducing saturated steam, keeping the pressure for 5-8 minutes under the condition of 1.5-2.5MPa, and then instantly reducing the pressure to obtain a steam explosion material.
4. A soilless culture substrate for potted flowers according to claim 1, wherein the mass ratio of said vermiculite and walnut shell activated carbon powder is 5.5-6.5: 3.5-4.5.
5. A soilless culture substrate for potted flowers as claimed in claim 2 wherein the preparation method of said fermentation raw material includes the steps of: mixing fresh chicken manure, steam-exploded materials, banana peel, biogas residues and coconut residues, stacking, fermenting and decomposing to serve as main materials; the C/N ratio is controlled to be 20-30, and the volume weight is controlled to be 0.3-0.6g cm-3Controlling water content at 40-50%, fermentation temperature at 50-60 deg.C, pH at 6.5-7.5, and EC at 1.4-2.5ms cm-1。
6. A soilless culture substrate for potted flowers according to claim 1, wherein the preparation method of said mixed bacterial liquid includes the following steps: preparing activated and cultured EM bacteria, lactic acid bacteria and bacillus subtilis into sterile water with the concentration of 70-85 g.l respectively-1、30-45g·l-1And 95-120 g.l-1The bacterium liquid is prepared into mixed bacterium liquid with EM bacteria 40-50 wt%, lactic acid bacteria 20-25 wt% and Bacillus subtilis 30-35 wt%, and the effective bacteria amount is not less than 3.5 x 1010CFUg-1DW。
7. A soilless culture substrate for potted flowers according to claim 6 wherein the preparation method of said initial production substrate includes the following steps: mixing the mixed bacterial liquid at 42-50 l.t-1The raw materials are uniformly sprayed on the fermentation raw materials, the film is covered, anaerobic fermentation is carried out for 20-24 days, the pile is turned for 1 time every two days, and the temperature is not more than 55 ℃; and (3) uncovering the membrane after the fermentation raw materials are completely decomposed, air-drying or drying at low temperature under natural conditions, and crushing and screening when the water content is less than or equal to 20% to obtain the primary product matrix.
8. A soilless culture substrate for potted flowers as claimed in claim 1 wherein the particle size of the finished substrate is less than or equal to 4.5cm,the organic matter content is more than or equal to 35 g/kg-1The total nitrogen content is more than or equal to 3.0 g/kg-1The total phosphorus content is more than or equal to 2.0 g/kg-1The total potassium content is more than or equal to 2.5 g/kg-1The water content is more than or equal to 45 percent, the pH value is more than or equal to 6.5, and the effective bacteria number is not less than 7.5 multiplied by 109CFUg-1DW。
9. A preparation method of a soilless culture substrate for potted flowers according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the primary production substrate and the auxiliary material are weighed according to the weight part ratio, uniformly mixed, granulated, shot-blasted and dried, and then granulated, shot-blasted and dried according to the proportion of 25-35 l.t-1The mixed bacteria liquid is sprayed again according to the proportion, and screening is carried out when the air drying is carried out under the natural condition until the water content is less than or equal to 15 percent, so as to obtain the soilless culture substrate for the potted flowers.
10. A method of preparing a soilless culture substrate for potted flowers according to claim 9 wherein said fermentation raw materials and auxiliary materials are autoclaved; the banana peel is prepared by drying fresh banana peel until the water content is less than or equal to 10%, and then crushing and sieving.
CN202010067972.8A 2020-01-21 2020-01-21 Soilless culture medium for potted flowers and preparation method thereof Pending CN111264337A (en)

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Application publication date: 20200612