CN103512944A - Atomization and desolvation trapping sample introducing system and method - Google Patents
Atomization and desolvation trapping sample introducing system and method Download PDFInfo
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 22
- 238000004807 desolvation Methods 0.000 title abstract 5
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- 239000012159 carrier gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
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Abstract
The invention discloses an atomization and desolvation trapping sample introducing system and method. The system comprises an atomization module, a desolvation module, a trapping module and a capillary tube module, wherein the atomization module comprises a sample introducing system, a carrier gas control system, a sample atomization system and an aerosol heating system. A sample in a form of aerosol enters the desolvation module to form dry aerosol after passing through the atomization module, reaches the capillary tube module after being treated in the trapping module, and then enters an ion source of a mass spectrometer for mass spectrometry. According to the atomization and desolvation trapping sample introducing system, a total volatile organic compound (TVOC) in surface water or drinking water can be trapped and is directly subjected to trace detection through the mass spectrometer.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to chemical analysis field, relate to a kind of easy, technology of sample introducing accurately and rapidly, be specifically related to a kind of for trapping sample drawing-in system and the method for surface water or potable water volatile organic compounds (TVOC).
Background technology
Volatile organic compounds in surface water or potable water (TVOC) in the ordinary course of things concentration is all very low, is difficult to directly measure with instrument.Therefore a lot of enrichment methods have been produced, as solid absorption analytical method, Puffing and trapping and other method.China (GB11890-89) adopts headspace gas chromatography at present.This method and Puffing and trapping comparison, sensitivity is lower, and precision is poor.
Mass spectroscopy is a technology of direct measurement of species particulate.Need quantitative and qualitative analysis to detect, generally adopt mass spectrometer to complete this work.Ion gun is one of mass spectrometric core component.Electron ionization sources is ChengEI source again, is the ion gun being most widely used, and by it during for the ionization of volatile organic matter sample, if introduced, contains hydrone can make ion source filament be affected even to damage in sample.
Puffing and trapping and mass spectrometer coupling, can detect μ g/L in surface water or potable water, the volatile organic compounds of ng/L (TVOC) even.But remove the moisture in adsorbent (trade name Teniks), conventionally adopt silica gel, activated charcoal, adsorbent to mix by a certain percentage rear dry gas blowing method.Its weak point is that the material migration velocity that some volatility is large, adsorbability is weak is fast, and dry gas purging can cause them to be blown off, and purges thing and remains in adsorbent.Purge and trap can not trap sample in a large number, otherwise in sample, excess moisture is difficult to introduce mass spectrometer, owing to being trapped moisture effects, can not improve detection sensitivity by a large amount of trappings, meanwhile, also will improve and inhale de-temperature.
Summary of the invention
For the problems referred to above, the object of the invention is to provide a kind of mass spectrometer to remove molten trapping sample drawing-in system with atomization, has proposed to dewater, do not trap water, can trap in a large number volatile organic compounds in sample to improve the solution of detection sensitivity.
Molten trapping sample drawing-in system is removed in atomization provided by the invention, and for volatile organic compounds in fluid sample (TVOC), it comprises the atomizing module that is linked in sequence, goes molten module, trapping module and kapillary module; Wherein:
Described atomizing module is atomized into aqueous aerosol by fluid sample;
Describedly go molten module that aqueous aerosol is treated to dry gas colloidal sol;
Described trapping module is adsorbed in TVOC in dry gas colloidal sol in its trapping agent;
Described kapillary module, separates the TVOC of desorption from trapping agent each component of sucking-off and introduces analytical instrument (the preferred mass spectrometer of analytical instrument).Wherein:
Described atomizing module contains sample introduces unit, sample atomization unit and atomization gas heating unit; Described sample is introduced unit and is comprised peristaltic pump and sample bottle, and fluid sample is placed in sample bottle, and peristaltic pump pumps into described sample atomization unit by fluid sample; Described sample atomization unit comprises pneumatic nebulizer and spray chamber, and the entrance of pneumatic nebulizer is connected with wriggling delivery side of pump, and spray chamber is led in outlet; Described atomization gas heating unit comprises hot aerosol well heater, and it is the heating tube with heating element, is communicated with spray chamber, is provided with the first temperature sensor for feeding back hot aerosol temperature in hot aerosol well heater; Spray chamber and bottom, hot aerosol well heater joint are provided with waste liquid mouth, the external waste liquid bottle of waste liquid mouth.Described pneumatic nebulizer is axial internal and external casing form, and inner tube is established atomizer entrance and is connected with wriggling delivery side of pump, and the atomizer outlet of reducing is established in outer tube and atomizer entrance opposite end, and this atomizer outlet is stretched in the middle of spray chamber.Described atomizing module, containing carrier gas control module, is also carrier gas flux controller; The outer tube of described pneumatic nebulizer is provided with interface and is communicated with carrier gas flux controller.
Describedly go molten module to consist of double glazing condenser, its skin passes into cooling circulating water, and internal layer is glass spiral pipe, and glass spiral pipe lower end is communicated with going the outlet of molten module, and upper end is communicated with the entrance of trapping module.
Described trapping module consists of trap tube, aluminum substrate and semiconductor cooler; In trap tube, be filled with efficient trapping agent polydivinylbenezene, it is communicated with going the outlet of molten module, and in its embed wholly aluminum substrate, outlet is communicated with described kapillary module; Semiconductor cooler and aluminum substrate are fitted so that aluminum substrate refrigeration is established the second temperature sensor and is loaded on aluminum substrate to feed back the temperature of trap tube.
Described kapillary module consists of aluminum cylinder, capillary column, resistive heater and three-temperature sensor, the kapillary inside of described capillary column scribbles silicone materials, kapillary spiral is around in described aluminum cylinder and forms capillary column, its gas access is communicated with the outlet of trapping module, and its gas vent is communicated with analytical instrument entrance (as mass spectrometric ion gun); The upper resistive heater that is provided with of described aluminum cylinder, it is neighbouring to feed back its temperature that three-temperature sensor is assemblied in hot water radiation wire.
Described sample drawing-in system also comprises a control module, by microprocessor, formed, be electrically connected to peristaltic pump, gas of carrier gas flow controller, the first temperature sensor and hot aerosol gas heater, the second temperature sensor and semiconductor cooler, three-temperature sensor and resistive heater respectively.
Another object of the present invention, is to provide the atomization of a kind of volatile organic compounds (TVOC) to remove molten trapping introducing method.
The method is used aforesaid sample drawing-in system, comprise following process: introduce sample and process and form gasoloid through atomizing module, then after molten resume module of past, to do aerocolloidal form, enter in trapping module, efficient trapping agent in trapping module (0 degree ~ room temperature) under cold state adsorbs TVOC in dry gas colloidal sol, after thermal treatment (50 ~ 70 degree), TVOC desorption from trapping agent enters capillary column, and adsorbed by adsorbent in capillary column, 50-300 ℃ at each temperature TVOC each component desorb and enter analytical instrument (for example mass spectrometer) to carry out each component concentration analysis.
The fluid sample introduction volume of described sample drawing-in system is 0.5-2.0ml/min; In described atomization gas heating system, hot aerosol heter temperature is 120 ℃, and the aqueous aerosol entering in spray chamber is heated formation hot aerosol after by this hot aerosol well heater; Carrier gas flux controller in described atomizing module is controlled aqueous aerosol flow velocity 0.3-0.6L/min; It is the kapillary of 50-100 μ m that capillary column in described kapillary module adopts interior diameter.
The present invention adopts technique scheme, and its distinguishing feature is:
1, adopt atomizing type to make sample form gasoloid, carrier gas can, with nitrogen or air, avoid using noble gas helium.Simple to operate, easy to use.
2, adopt condensing mode to make sample gas colloidal sol form dry gas colloidal sol, make sample advantages of good adsorption effect, can realize sample on-line continuous separation and collection.
3, adopt PDVB adsorbent, this adsorbent is planar water not, so adsorption sample in a large number, owing to not existing steam on mass spectrometric impact, can improve mass spectrometer detection sensitivity and accuracy of detection.And PDVB adsorbent desorb at 50 ℃; At 70 ℃, cure desorption, can Reusability.
4, adopt TVOC express-analysis capillary column, analysis time is short.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is external structure schematic diagram of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is that the present invention traps module-external structural representation.
Fig. 3 is kapillary module external structure schematic diagram of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is principle of work schematic diagram of the present invention.
Fig. 5 is circuit theory schematic diagram of the present invention.
Fig. 6 is that the present invention is applied to, in Mass Spectrometer Method example, each component of TVOC in sample is detected to spectrogram.
Embodiment
A kind of mass spectrometer of the present invention removes molten trapping sample drawing-in system with atomization, comprises atomizing module, goes molten module, traps module, kapillary module and control module.Introducing sample processes and forms gasoloid through atomizing module, then after molten resume module of past, to do aerocolloidal form, enter in trapping module, efficient trapping agent in trapping module parses volatile organic compounds to be detected (TVOC) after treatment, with inert carrier gas, enter in kapillary module, kapillary module is connected the Mass Spectrometer Method system that enters with ion gun.Control module is controlled other each module work.
Referring to Fig. 1 institute: wherein, described atomizing module contains sample introduces unit, sample atomization unit, carrier gas control module, atomization gas heating unit.Sample is introduced unit and is consisted of peristaltic pump 2 and sample bottle 1, and detected sample is put into sample bottle 1, when doing sample detection, by peristaltic pump 2, detected sample is pumped into sample atomization unit, and fluid sample introduction volume is 0.5-2.0ml/min; Sample atomization unit comprises pneumatic nebulizer 4 and spray chamber 7, pneumatic nebulizer 4 is axial internal and external casing form, inner tube is established atomizer entrance 3 and is connected with the output terminal of peristaltic pump 2, the atomizer outlet 6 of reducing is established in outer tube and atomizer entrance 3 opposite ends, outer tube is also provided with interface 41, by peristaltic pump 2, the fluid sample in sample bottle 1 is pumped into atomizer entrance 3; The atomizer outlet 6 of pneumatic nebulizer 4 is stretched in the middle of a post cavate spray chamber 7; Carrier gas control module comprises gas flow controller 5, it is communicated with the carrier gas interface 41 on the outer tube of pneumatic nebulizer 4, the carrier gas of certain pressure is pressed in the outer tube of pneumatic nebulizer 4, then by gas flow controller 5, control gas flow rate, the fluid sample of carrier gas and inner tube outlet is exported to the ejection that crosses of 6 places at atomizer, sample in inner tube generates aqueous aerosol in outlet 6 places atomization, and enter in spray chamber 7, aqueous aerosol flow velocity is controlled at 0.3-0.6L/min by gas flow controller 5; Atomization gas heating unit comprises hot aerosol well heater 8, it is the heating tube with heating element, be communicated with spray chamber 7, in hot aerosol well heater 8, be provided with the first temperature sensor 9(PT1000) for monitoring hot aerosol temperature, the aqueous aerosol entering in spray chamber 7 is heated (hot aerosol heter temperature is 120 ℃) after by this hot aerosol well heater 8 and forms hot aerosol, the unnecessary waste liquid of aqueous aerosol is discharged with the waste liquid mouth 25 of hot aerosol well heater 8 bottoms, joint by being located at spray chamber 7, enters in external waste liquid bottle 24.Above part forms atomizing module.
Describedly go molten module to be formed by double glazing condenser 11, its external refrigeration circulating water equipment 22 passes into 10 ℃ of cooling circulating waters, and (there is compressor cooling cooling cyclic water equipment inside, by pump, make water circulation), inside is glass spiral pipe 12, glass spiral pipe 12 is communicated with 8 outlets of hot aerosol well heater, the hot aerosol inner glass spiral pipe 12 of flowing through from bottom to top, with pipe outside in the heat interchange of cooling circulating water, in hot aerosol, water vapor is met after cold and is condensed into water, by the waste liquid mouth 23 of being located at glass spiral pipe 12 lower ends, discharged, enter in external waste liquid bottle 24, volatile organic compounds in hot aerosol gas (TVOC) is upwards overflowed from the 12 top outlets of glass spiral pipe with dry gas solation, enter described trapping module.
Shown in Figure 2: described trapping module consists of trap tube 14, aluminum substrate 17, the second temperature sensor 16, semiconductor cooler 15 and semiconductor cooler heat radiator 151.Trap tube 14 is communicated with the 12 top outlets of glass spiral pipe, and in its embed wholly aluminum substrate 17, outlet is communicated with described kapillary module; Semiconductor cooler 15 is fitted so that aluminum substrate 17 refrigeration with aluminum substrate 17, the second temperature sensor (PT1000) 16 is located on aluminum substrate 17 to feed back the temperature of trap tube 14, dry gas colloidal sol need to be lowered the temperature and could in trap tube 14, be captured, control refrigeration trapping temperature between 0 ℃~room temperature, in trap tube 14, fill 0.3~0.5gPDVB(polydivinylbenezene) trapping agent, this new PDVB trapping agent has maximum specific surface area (1219m
2/ g) and be not subject to the performance of influence of moisture, and under 50-70 ℃ of conditions, there is good desorption function, reusable.By the continuous firing of trapping module, the dry gas colloidal sol (TVOC) of overflowing from the 12 top outlets of glass spiral pipe enters trap tube 14, TVOC is adsorbed by trapping agent wherein, treat that TVOC traps finite concentration, at this moment can adjust 15 to 50 ~ 70 ℃ of semiconductor coolers by TVOC desorption from trapping agent, and enter in capillary die piece.
Shown in Figure 3, described kapillary module main body is comprised of aluminum cylinder 181, capillary column 18, resistive heater 21 and three-temperature sensor 20.Capillary column 18 and resistive heater 21 is parallel to be wrapped on aluminum cylinder 181, three-temperature sensor 20 on aluminum cylinder for feeding back the temperature of capillary column 18.Capillary column generally adopts internal diameter 50-100um glass capillary (capillary pipe length can change between 30-50 meters), and the inner proprietary material polysiloxane that is coated with adsorbs TVOC.Capillary column 18 can adopt interior diameter at the glass capillary of 50-100 μ m in the present embodiment, its gas access 182 is communicated with the outlet of trap tube 14, its gas vent is 183 connection ion guns 19, three-temperature sensor (PT1000) 20 is assemblied in the temperature (50-300 ℃) of feeding back capillary column 18 on aluminum cylinder 181, by resistive heater 21, changes the temperature of capillary column 18 with the different component of separated TVOC.From trap tube 14, the TVOC sample of desorption is adsorbed by polysiloxane wherein when the capillary column 18, adjusting resistive heater 21 is controlled between 50-300 ℃ the temperature of kapillary module, by changing temperature, make the different component desorb respectively in TVOC, each component gradation of the TVOC gas after desorb from the outlet 183 of capillary column 18 be introduced into mass spectrometric ion gun 19 for detection of.
Described control module mainly comprise that a microprocessor 30(is connected with other parts and principle of work referring to Fig. 4), the STC89 series that its adopts SST company to produce, its major parameter is 8 single-chip microcomputers, internal storage 64K.The electron device of controlling in other modules by microprocessor 30 is worked, and Figure 4 shows that the formation of control module, and the speed that microprocessor 30 is controlled peristaltic pump 2 is controlled sample size; Pressure and flow that microprocessor 30 is controlled carrier gas flux controller 5 are controlled atomization quantity; Microprocessor 30 is by the heating-up temperature of the FEEDBACK CONTROL hot aerosol gas heater 8 of the first temperature sensor 9; Microprocessor 30 is by refrigeration and the heating-up temperature of the FEEDBACK CONTROL semiconductor cooler 15 of the second temperature sensor 16; Microprocessor 30 is by the heating-up temperature of the FEEDBACK CONTROL resistive heater 21 of three-temperature sensor.Whole process is controlled by Single Chip Microcomputer (SCM) program, and its circuit connects can be with reference to figure 5, and this circuit is only for realizing a kind of physical circuit connected mode of aforementioned function, not as the restriction that other possible circuit are connected.
Removing the cooling cyclic water equipment 22 of molten module is independent system, can control separately in known manner and use, and is independent of microprocessor 30 and implements special control.
The present invention connects required accessory by above design, form mass spectrometer and remove molten trapping sample drawing-in system with atomization.During use, by starting microprocessor 30, can automatically carry out sample preparation by follow procedure, the TVOC in sample is introduced to mass spectrometric ion gun for mass spectrophotometry.Molten trapping sample drawing-in system is removed in the atomization of instrument of the present invention, can be used as unitary system and any type of mass spectrometer coupling, also can be used as mass spectrometric sampling system and is combined to form the new-type mass spectrometer with robotization sample preparation and sample introduction function.
Utilize this atomization to go molten trapping sample drawing-in system to carry out the detection example of volatile organic compounds in water (TVOC):
Go molten trapping sample drawing-in system access Agilent mass spectrometer to carry out sample detection atomization of the present invention.
The mixed mark of the TVOC that is 0.01mg/ml by concentration 1ml, is mixed in 10ml methanol solvate, then the solution after preparation is dissolved in the water of 1000ml (in this solution, TVOC concentration is 1ppb).The component that TVOC contains is benzene, toluene, ethyl acetate, ethylbenzene, to m-xylene, styrene, o-xylene and n-undecane.
By adjusting the flow of carrier gas flux controller, by mass spectrometric sample introduction pressure setting, be 0.12MP, capillary column adopts the glass capillary of overall diameter 0.47mm interior diameter 0.3mm, control 50 ℃ of capillary column temperature (temperature of the three-temperature sensor reflection) temperature that begins, 10 ℃/min of programming rate, heating-up time 20min, 250 ℃ of final temperatures.With mass spectrometer, each component of desorb in sample is detected, detect spectrogram as shown in Figure 6.
Above experimental data shows that utilizing drawing-in system of the present invention to coordinate with mass spectrometer only has the sample solution of 1ppb to detect to TVOC concentration, still can effectively measure the wherein content of each component of TVOC, show not contain moisture in each component after sample trapping system of the present invention, utilize the detection method sensitivity of this system higher simultaneously; And adopt common Puffing and trapping and mass spectrometer coupling to detect same sample, because steam too much can not detect with mass spectrometer.
Claims (10)
1. a molten trapping sample drawing-in system is removed in atomization, for volatile organic compounds in fluid sample (TVOC), it is characterized in that, it comprises the atomizing module that is linked in sequence, goes molten module, trapping module and kapillary module; Wherein:
Described atomizing module is atomized into aqueous aerosol by fluid sample;
Describedly go molten module that aqueous aerosol is treated to dry gas colloidal sol;
Described trapping module is adsorbed in TVOC in dry gas colloidal sol in its trapping agent;
Described kapillary module, separates the TVOC of desorption from trapping agent each component of sucking-off and introduces analytical instrument.
2. sample drawing-in system according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described atomizing module contains sample introduces unit, sample atomization unit and atomization gas heating unit;
Described sample is introduced unit and is comprised peristaltic pump and sample bottle, and fluid sample is placed in sample bottle, and peristaltic pump pumps into described sample atomization unit by fluid sample;
Described sample atomization unit comprises pneumatic nebulizer and spray chamber, and the entrance of pneumatic nebulizer is connected with wriggling delivery side of pump, and spray chamber is led in outlet;
Described atomization gas heating unit comprises hot aerosol well heater, and it is the heating tube with heating element, is communicated with spray chamber, is provided with the first temperature sensor for feeding back hot aerosol temperature in hot aerosol well heater; Spray chamber and bottom, hot aerosol well heater joint are provided with waste liquid mouth, the external waste liquid bottle of waste liquid mouth.
3. sample drawing-in system according to claim 2, it is characterized in that, described pneumatic nebulizer is axial internal and external casing form, inner tube is established atomizer entrance and is connected with wriggling delivery side of pump, the atomizer outlet of reducing is established in outer tube and atomizer entrance opposite end, and this atomizer outlet is stretched in the middle of spray chamber.
4. sample drawing-in system according to claim 3, is characterized in that, described atomizing module, containing carrier gas control module, is also carrier gas flux controller; The outer tube of described pneumatic nebulizer is provided with interface and is communicated with carrier gas flux controller.
5. according to sample drawing-in system described in claim 1 or 2 or 3 or 4, it is characterized in that, describedly go molten module to be formed by double glazing condenser, its skin passes into cooling circulating water, internal layer is glass spiral pipe, glass spiral pipe lower end is communicated with going the outlet of molten module, and upper end is communicated with the entrance of trapping module.
6. according to the arbitrary described sample drawing-in system of claim 1 to 5, it is characterized in that, described trapping module consists of trap tube, aluminum substrate and semiconductor cooler; In trap tube, be filled with efficient trapping agent polydivinylbenezene, it is communicated with going the outlet of molten module, and in its embed wholly aluminum substrate, outlet is communicated with described kapillary module; Semiconductor cooler and aluminum substrate are fitted so that aluminum substrate refrigeration is established the second temperature sensor and is loaded on aluminum substrate to feed back the temperature of trap tube.
7. according to the arbitrary described sample drawing-in system of claim 1 to 6, it is characterized in that, described kapillary module consists of aluminum cylinder, capillary column, resistive heater and three-temperature sensor, the kapillary inside of described capillary column scribbles silicone materials, kapillary spiral is around in described aluminum cylinder and forms capillary column, its gas access is communicated with the outlet of trapping module, and its gas vent is communicated with analytical instrument entrance (as mass spectrometric ion gun); The upper resistive heater that is provided with of described aluminum cylinder, it is neighbouring to feed back its temperature that three-temperature sensor is assemblied in hot water radiation wire.
8. according to the arbitrary described sample drawing-in system of claim 1 to 7, it is characterized in that, also comprise a control module, by microprocessor, formed, be electrically connected to peristaltic pump, gas of carrier gas flow controller, the first temperature sensor and hot aerosol gas heater, the second temperature sensor and semiconductor cooler, three-temperature sensor and resistive heater respectively.
9. molten trapping introducing method is removed in the atomization of a volatile organic compounds (TVOC), right to use requires 1 to 8 arbitrary described sample drawing-in system, comprise following process: introduce sample and process and form gasoloid through atomizing module, then after molten resume module of past, to do aerocolloidal form, enter in trapping module, efficient trapping agent in trapping module (0 degree ~ room temperature) under cold state adsorbs TVOC in dry gas colloidal sol, after thermal treatment (50 ~ 70 degree), TVOC desorption from trapping agent enters capillary column, and adsorbed by adsorbent in capillary column, 50-300 ℃ at each temperature TVOC each component desorb and enter analytical instrument (for example mass spectrometer) to carry out each component concentration analysis.
10. method as claimed in claim 9, is characterized in that: the fluid sample introduction volume of described sample drawing-in system is 0.5-2.0ml/min;
In described atomization gas heating system, hot aerosol heter temperature is 120 ℃, and the aqueous aerosol entering in spray chamber is heated formation hot aerosol after by this hot aerosol well heater;
Carrier gas flux controller in described atomizing module is controlled aqueous aerosol flow velocity 0.3-0.6L/min;
It is the kapillary of 50-100 μ m that capillary column in described kapillary module adopts interior diameter.
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CN104807809A (en) * | 2015-05-19 | 2015-07-29 | 上海化工研究院 | Negative-pressure pollution preventing inductive coupling plasma detector and method |
CN108918642A (en) * | 2018-05-15 | 2018-11-30 | 中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院 | Film condensing device and method are extracted in the online atomization of volatile organic matter in a kind of water |
CN110167886A (en) * | 2017-01-09 | 2019-08-23 | 赢创德固赛有限公司 | Method for producing metal oxides by means of spray pyrolysis |
CN114354520A (en) * | 2021-12-29 | 2022-04-15 | 杭州谱育科技发展有限公司 | Device and method for detecting VOCs in water |
CN115901919A (en) * | 2022-12-02 | 2023-04-04 | 杭州谱育科技发展有限公司 | Quantitative analysis method of metal impurities in special gas and detection system based on it |
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CN104807809A (en) * | 2015-05-19 | 2015-07-29 | 上海化工研究院 | Negative-pressure pollution preventing inductive coupling plasma detector and method |
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CN110167886A (en) * | 2017-01-09 | 2019-08-23 | 赢创德固赛有限公司 | Method for producing metal oxides by means of spray pyrolysis |
CN108918642A (en) * | 2018-05-15 | 2018-11-30 | 中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院 | Film condensing device and method are extracted in the online atomization of volatile organic matter in a kind of water |
CN114354520A (en) * | 2021-12-29 | 2022-04-15 | 杭州谱育科技发展有限公司 | Device and method for detecting VOCs in water |
CN115901919A (en) * | 2022-12-02 | 2023-04-04 | 杭州谱育科技发展有限公司 | Quantitative analysis method of metal impurities in special gas and detection system based on it |
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