CN103430805B - Shaping cultivation method of peach tree shape with two boughs and one center truck - Google Patents
Shaping cultivation method of peach tree shape with two boughs and one center truck Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a shaping cultivation method of a peach tree shape with two boughs and one center truck. The method concretely comprises the following processes: after field planting of a peach seedling, the height of a stem is determined to be 20-30cm; a leafbud at the top end of the determined stem part germinates young sprouts; the center truck is cultivated to vertically grow upwards; two strong branches or strong buds are selected from the young sprouts germinated on a base part and cultivated into two boughs; side branches and fruiting branch groups are evenly configured at two sides of the boughs; the angles between the boughs and the ground are kept at about 30-40 degrees; the height of the center truck is controlled at about 2.2m; the two boughs and the center truck form a shape which is large in lower part and small in upper part; the influence of the upper branch on the lower branch is small; the ventilating and light-transmitting conditions are good. The tree shape cultivated by the method is simple in structure, convenient to cultivate, convenient for field management, and easy to be grasped by orchard workers; the center truck of the peach tree can be fully utilized to fruit; the early production of the peach tree is improved; the shaping cultivation method is simplified pruning with low labor intensity suitable for peach orchards.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of dimension stereo agriculture planting method, be specifically related to a kind of peach two major branch one center form form culture method.
Background technology
Peach: be subordinate to peach and belong to, Prunoideae, Rosales, Dicotyledoneae, the Angiospermae of spermatophyta, vegetative kingdom.Originating in NORTHWEST CHINA area, is one of the most ancient fruit tree of China.The defoliation small arbor of a kind of fruit as fruit, delicious flavour, nutritious, be one of fresh fruit of liking the most of people.Except eating raw, also can be processed into the dry and peach can of preserved peach, peach butter, peach juice, peach.The a lot of part of peach also has medical value, and its root, leaf, flower, benevolence can be used as medicine, and has cough-relieving, invigorates blood circulation, the function such as defaecation, and peach kernel oil content 45%, can squeeze iundustrial oil, and peach-pit duricrust can preparing active carbon, is the multiduty raw material of industry.Main Economic cultivation area in North China, East China each province, according to statistics in 2011 whole nation area under cultivation more than 1,069 ten thousand mu, produce 8,030,000 tons, peach, account for 47% of the world, 46% respectively, rank first in the world.Peach have result early, high yield stability is good, requires not too strict, the features such as cultivation management is easy to soil condition.Compare with other deciduous fruit tree such as Cultivated apple, pears, more easily can obtain economic benefit sooner, therefore be subject to the favor of grower especially.Peach fruit price in the international market often exceeds 1 ~ 2 times of apple, and economic benefit is very considerable.From now on along with the development of national economy, the raising of living standards of the people, the improvement of storage and transportation equipment and technology, the price of peach fruit and economic benefit can rise year by year,
In current production, the tree-like of peach is generally two major branches, three major branches, natural opening cardioid, thin layer shape etc.But said method is tree-like slowly shaping, and Measures compare is loaded down with trivial details.
Summary of the invention
The technical problem that the present invention mainly solves is to provide a kind of peach two major branch one center form form culture method.
For solving the problems of the technologies described above, the technical scheme that the present invention adopts is:
A kind of peach two major branch one center form form culture method, comprises the following steps:
First Year: select full bud surely to do after seedling planting, heading height 20 ~ 30cm, determines top, cadre position leaf bud and sprouts young sprout Culture Center and do upright growth, until center is dry grow to more than 20cm time, insert the bamboo pole of a vertical ground, will be fixed on bamboo pole, the young sprout that after fixed dry, trunk base portion is sprouted is selected and remain reverse 2 vigorous branches or strong bud, be trained 2 major branches, follow between major branch to back growth, major branch grows to 20cm, with bamboo pole bondage gently, the angle of major branch and central backbone is made to be 60 ~ 70 degree, center is dry grow into certain altitude after, the side shoot that it sends selects and remain one every 10 ~ 15cm, to note selecting and remain the side shoot in each orientation, prosperous branch and thin and delicate branch are done in the center that removes in time, center is done and is not stayed side shoot from below trunk 50cm, to the side shoot selected and remain, turn round downwards with hand and draw, it is made to change direction, be and ground level state growth, in the extension process of major branch, the side shoot that major branch sends stays one every 20cm, and by the both sides tractive of side shoot to major branch, side shoot and major branch is kept to distribute in vertical state, the back branch that major branch sends to be wiped out or be evened up and grow to both sides, during winter pruning, the dry elongated shoot in center stays golden mean of the Confucian school branch to take the lead, major branch elongated shoot taperingness is little, removes the prosperous tip in top and major branch elongated shoot competitive branch, and major branch prolongation end of the branch is not cut and cut, what major branch elongated shoot taperingness was large is compressed to healthy and strong sublateral shoot place,
Second Year: carry out pinching when the dry elongated shoot in center grows into about 2.2m, the elongated shoot of major branch continues elongation growth, the branch that center is done utilizes its result as far as possible, Dong Jianshijiang do at center length be greater than 70cm, band sublateral shoot water sprout and be less than the branch on the weak side of 30cm, sick branch all removes, retain small-sized fruit-bearing shoot cluster and the length unijunction fruit branch at 50 ~ 70cm, 13 ~ 15 side shoots of selecting and remain on center is dry; The season of growth, major branch is not cultivated the large-scale branch group of back, the water sprout of major branch back in early days length lower than bud picking during 15cm, if grow to certain altitude, can wipe out from base portion, also can carry out pinching process repeatedly, be trained small-sized fruit-bearing shoot cluster, prevent limb day from burning for major branch keeps the sun off, in major branch, bottom, cultivate medium-sized branch group; Small branch group and oblique raw unijunction fruit branch are then cultivated in tree crown top and periphery, branch group should be splayed distribution and development to major branch both sides, medium-sized branch group interval 60 ~ 80cm on major branch when winter cuts, small branch group interval 20 ~ 30cm, oblique raw unijunction fruit branch interval 10 ~ 15cm, peach two major branch one center form is tree-like to be completed substantially.
Also comprise the 3rd year: center is done top and selected 2 ~ 3 weak branches or fruit bearing shoot to fall head, the fruit bearing shoot cutting back done at center, retains 30 ~ 40cm length after retraction, after rudiment young sprout, retain front end branch and continue elongation growth, and carry out turning round drawing and make it in horizontal growth; The branch pinching that major branch rear end is sprouted controls, it is made to form interim fruit spur, note cultivating unijunction fruit branch on major branch simultaneously, when winter cuts, the medium-sized branch group on major branch, small branch group are carried out retraction and upgraded, major branch taperingness little and keep apical dominance remove the prosperous tip in top and major branch elongated shoot competitive branch, major branch end of the branch is not cut and is cut, and allows it continue elongation growth; Major branch elongated shoot angle too small, the behind branch that when winter cuts, choosing is healthy and strong changes a spreading angle.
Also comprise and dig field planting ditch: the field planting ditch excavating wide 60cm ~ 80cm, dark 40cm in field planting row, first insert 1000kg ~ 1500kg straw or weeds for every mu, after inserting straw or weeds, cover native about the 10cm of table, every mu is executed chicken manure 1500 ~ 2000kg, fused calcium magnesium phosphate 50 ~ 75kg again, potassium sulfate compound fertilizer 20 ~ 30kg mixes with soil, fill out while having peace of mind, when banketing to overhead about 5 ~ 10cm, cover subsoil and pile low higher than 15 ~ 20cm both sides, face, ridge in the middle of the high field planting row in full shape.
Also comprise field planting: mid-February is to early March field planting, spacing in the rows is 2.5m, line-spacing is 5m, select a good Ji, daybreak nursery stock, require that peach seedling is healthy and strong, branch is healthy and strong, tissue enriches, degree of lignification is high, trunk is clear and definite, well developed root system and complete, main root reaches 30cm, there are more side root and fibrous root, root system is without splitting, there is the bud of complete stalwartness, nursery stock has no mechanical damage, without damage by disease and insect, not dehydration, possess exuberant vitality, root system 70% thiophanate methyl wetting powder, 700 times of liquid disinfectants before field planting, stem 3 Baume degrees ~ 5 Baume degrees lime sulfur sterilizations, shoot root is placed on field planting row field planting point, nursery stock is held up directly, root is made in order rear earthing and having peace of mind, usual earthing is under grafting mouth, full bud is selected surely to do, heading height 20 ~ 30cm, water permeable, root week uses black plastic mulching, water conservation moisturizing.
The invention has the beneficial effects as follows: it is tree-like that the present invention cultivates, structure is simple, is convenient to cultivate, field management is convenient, is easily grasped by orchard worker, and can make full use of the dry and hard fruit in peach center, improving peach early yield, is that a kind of simplification being suitable for the low labour intensity in peach garden is pruned.
Embodiment
Below preferred embodiment of the present invention is described in detail, can be easier to make advantages and features of the invention be readily appreciated by one skilled in the art, thus more explicit defining is made to protection scope of the present invention.
The embodiment of the present invention one comprises:
The enforcement time: 2010 ~ 2013
Implement place: white rabbit town, Jurong City of Jiangsu Province Bai Zhishan Ecological Orchard
(1), instantiation is implemented:
Select kind: a good Ji, daybreak;
(2) implementation method:
Comprise:
(1) field is selected: select soil layer to loosen deep, the soil that the content of organic matter is high.Optimum pH 5.5 ~ 7.5.
(2) field planting ditch is dug: the field planting ditch excavating wide 60cm ~ 80cm, dark 40cm in field planting row.First insert 1000kg ~ 1500kg straw or weeds for every mu, after inserting straw or weeds, cover native about the 10cm of table, more every mu is executed organic base manure 1500 ~ 2000kg, the fused calcium magnesium phosphate 50 ~ 75kg such as chicken manure, potassium sulfate compound fertilizer 20 ~ 30kg mixes with soil, fills out while having peace of mind.When banketing to overhead about 5 ~ 10cm, cover subsoil and pile low higher than 15 ~ 20cm both sides, face, ridge in the middle of the high field planting row in full shape.
(3) field planting:
Mid-February, spacing in the rows was 2.5m to early March field planting, and line-spacing is 5m.Select a good Ji, daybreak nursery stock, require peach seedling healthy and strong, branch is healthy and strong, tissue enriches, and degree of lignification is high, and trunk is clear and definite, well developed root system and complete, main root reaches 30cm, has more side root and fibrous root, root system is without splitting, have the bud of complete stalwartness, nursery stock has no mechanical damage, without damage by disease and insect, not dehydration, possesses exuberant vitality.Root system 70% thiophanate methyl wetting powder, 700 times of liquid disinfectants before field planting, stem 3 Baume degrees ~ 5 Baume degrees lime sulfur sterilizations.
Shoot root is placed on field planting row field planting point, nursery stock is held up directly.Root is made in order rear earthing and having peace of mind, usual earthing, under grafting mouth, selects full bud surely to do, heading height 20 ~ 30cm.Water permeable, root week uses black plastic mulching, water conservation moisturizing.
(4) irrigate
When water capacity lower than 15% ~ 20% time, must pour water.The method such as pouring, tubule short stream, drip irrigation can be adopted.Watering time mainly the budding period, Fruit and Drought in Autumn time.
(5) pruning
First Year: select full bud surely to do after seedling planting, heading height 20 ~ 30cm, determines top, cadre position leaf bud and sprouts young sprout Culture Center and do upright growth, until center is dry grow to more than 20cm time, insert the bamboo pole of a vertical ground, will be fixed on bamboo pole; The young sprout that after fixed dry, trunk base portion is sprouted is selected and remain reverse 2 vigorous branches or strong bud, and be trained 2 major branches, follow between major branch to back growth, major branch grows to 20cm, with bamboo pole bondage gently, makes the angle of major branch and central backbone be 60 ~ 70 degree.Center is dry grow into certain altitude after, the side shoot that it sends selects and remain one every 10 ~ 15cm, to note selecting and remain the side shoot in each orientation, prosperous branch and thin and delicate branch are done in the center that removes in time, center is done and is not stayed side shoot from below trunk 50cm, to the side shoot selected and remain, turns round downwards draw with hand, make it change direction, be and ground level state growth.In the extension process of major branch, the side shoot that major branch sends stays one every 20cm, and by the both sides tractive of side shoot to major branch, keeps side shoot and major branch to distribute in vertical state, will wipe out or even up to grow to both sides the back branch that major branch sends.During winter pruning, the dry elongated shoot in center stays golden mean of the Confucian school branch to take the lead; Major branch elongated shoot taperingness is little, removes the prosperous tip in top and major branch elongated shoot competitive branch, and major branch prolongation end of the branch is not cut and cut; What major branch elongated shoot taperingness was large is compressed to healthy and strong sublateral shoot place.
Second Year: carry out pinching when the dry elongated shoot in center grows into about 2.2m, the elongated shoot of major branch continues elongation growth, and the branch that center is done utilizes its result as far as possible.Dong Jianshijiang do at center length be greater than 70cm, band sublateral shoot water sprout and be less than the branch on the weak side of 30cm, sick branch all removes, and retains small-sized fruit-bearing shoot cluster and the length unijunction fruit branch at 50 ~ 70cm, 13 ~ 15 side shoots of selecting and remain on General Central is dry; The season of growth, major branch is not cultivated the large-scale branch group of back, the water sprout of major branch back can in early days length lower than bud picking during 15cm, if grow to certain altitude, can wipe out from base portion, also can carry out pinching process repeatedly, be trained small-sized fruit-bearing shoot cluster, prevent limb day from burning for major branch keeps the sun off.In major branch, bottom, cultivate medium-sized branch group; Small branch group and oblique raw unijunction fruit branch are then cultivated in tree crown top and periphery, and branch group should be splayed distribution and development to major branch both sides, medium-sized branch group interval 60 ~ 80cm, small branch group interval 20 ~ 30cm, tiltedly life unijunction fruit branch interval 10 ~ 15cm on major branch when the winter cuts.Form tree-like and shaping in peach two major branch one center completes substantially.
3rd year: center is done top and selected 2 ~ 3 weak branches or fruit bearing shoot to fall head, the fruit bearing shoot cutting back done at center, after general retraction, retain 30 ~ 40cm length, after rudiment young sprout, retain front end branch and continue elongation growth, and carry out turning round drawing and make it in horizontal growth; The branch pinching that major branch rear end is sprouted controls, and makes it form interim fruit spur, notes cultivating unijunction fruit branch on major branch simultaneously.When winter cuts, the medium-sized branch group on major branch, small branch group are carried out retraction and upgraded.Major branch taperingness little and keep apical dominance remove the prosperous tip in top and major branch elongated shoot competitive branch, major branch end of the branch do not cut cut, allow its continue elongation growth; Major branch elongated shoot angle too small, the behind branch that when winter cuts, choosing is healthy and strong changes a spreading angle.
(6) fruit thinning
After full-bloom stage between 5 ~ 15 days, remove give birth to intensive, hypogenetic fruit.After Sheng is spent, 25 ~ 35 are preordained really, mainly remove the not good fruitlet of setting fruit position, sick fruit, wormed fruit, malformed fruit, mechanical damage fruit.General long fruit branch stays fruit 2; Medium fruit branch stays fruit 1; Fruit spur stays 1 or do not stay.
(7) bagging
Bagging has good effect to steady production, raising fruit marketability.After fruit thinning terminates, before bagging, with an insecticidal bactericide, in mid or late May bagging, adopt white paper bag or the white paper bag with printed words or decorative pattern.
(8) gather
Appropriate to the occasion gently adopting of gathering is put down gently, lives fruit slightly reverse with hand rest, takes along above fruit branch side.Fruit will be gathered according to mature condition in batches.Fruit picking bamboo, cane basket or plastic crate, basket or plastic crate should not be excessive, pad the piece of sack or blank sheet of paper in basket or plastic crate.Fruit puts 1 ~ 2 layer in basket or plastic crate.
(9) extermination of disease and insect pest
The disease of harm peach mainly contains leaf-curl, Bacterial septicaemia syndrome, peach brown rot, shot hole, anthracnose etc.; Major Pests has: aphid, dichocrocis punctiferalis, oriental fruit moth, scale insect, two spotted spider mite, chafer, eating attraction, pink neck longicorn etc.These sick worms are adopted to the method for integrated control, Qing Gengquan in winter garden, in season of growth garden, Sod culture increases natural enemy quantity.Spray with the lime sulfur of 3 ~ 5 degree before early and middle ten days rudiment in March, Zhan Yehou 20% Yekuzuo 1000 extraordinarily 70% thiophanate methyl 600 extraordinarily 10% Imidacloprid, 2000 times of liquid mixing sprayings, prevent and treat leaf-curl, Bacterial septicaemia syndrome and aphid.Young fruit expanding stage with 10% generation high 2000 times or 40% lucky star, 6000 times of liquid add 4.5% beta-cypermethrin 1000 times or 48% these 1000 times of liquid happy used in combination, sprayed once every 10 ~ 15 days, the sick worm harm of basic controlling.
(10) soil amelioration techniques
In order to obtain high grade producing, need improve soil, increasing soil fertility.Ditching-fertilizing improvement soil year by year, after field planting every year in conjunction with autumn basal dressing in field planting ditch both sides year by year rotation turn over to extending out ditch depth, in ditch, layering mixing applies the organic substances such as straw, fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer, and mu executes straw 1000kg, fertilizer 1000 ~ 1200kg, fused calcium magnesium phosphate 40 ~ 50kg, potassium sulfate 15 ~ 20kg.By excavation fertilising, create adapt circumstance to root growth, the shoot growth of plant is healthy and strong, and blade face assimilation is strengthened, and is conducive to the raising of flower_bud formation and output.
(3) implementation result
The conventional cultivation i.e. peach of three major branch natural opening cardioid (seeding row spacing is 5 × 5m) is compared.Table 1 is found out, there are inapparent difference in the peach of this planting type cultivation and the peach phenophase of conventional cultivation, and the peach phenophase of this cultivation method is slightly early than routine.
Table 1: peach phenophase application form
As shown in Table 2, the peach cultivated under this cultivation method and three major branch natural opening cardioid contrast, and single fruit weight improves 4.1 ~ 5.8%, soluble solid content improves 4.8 ~ 6.3%, single plant yield reduces 24.9 ~ 26.4%, but due to plantation density increase by 100%, every 667m
2fruit per unit area yield improves 47.2 ~ 50.2%, and root footpath rugosity improves 5.4 ~ 6.0%, and this cultivation method fully effectively can utilize luminous energy as seen, promotes plant vegetative growth and reproductive growth.
Table 2: habit of growth information slip (2013, life in 4 years)
The foregoing is only embodiments of the invention; not thereby the scope of the claims of the present invention is limited; every utilize description of the present invention to do equivalent structure or equivalent flow process conversion; or be directly or indirectly used in other relevant technical fields, be all in like manner included in scope of patent protection of the present invention.
Claims (4)
1. a peach two major branch one center form form culture method, is characterized in that comprising the following steps:
First Year: select full bud surely to do after seedling planting, heading height 20 ~ 30cm, determines top, cadre position leaf bud and sprouts young sprout Culture Center and do upright growth, until center is dry grow to 20cm time, insert the bamboo pole of a vertical ground, be fixed on bamboo pole, the young sprout that after fixed dry, trunk base portion is sprouted is selected and remain reverse 2 vigorous branches or strong bud, be trained 2 major branches, follow between major branch to back growth, major branch grows to 20cm, with bamboo pole bondage gently, the angle of major branch and trunk is made to be 60 ~ 70 degree, center is dry grow into certain altitude after, the side shoot that it sends selects and remain one every 10 ~ 15cm, to note selecting and remain the side shoot in each orientation, prosperous branch and thin and delicate branch are done in the center that removes in time, center is done and is not stayed side shoot from below trunk 50cm, to the side shoot selected and remain, turn round downwards with hand and draw, it is made to change direction, be and ground level state growth, in the extension process of major branch, the side shoot that major branch sends stays one every 20cm, and by the both sides tractive of side shoot to major branch, side shoot and major branch is kept to distribute in vertical state, the back branch that major branch sends to be wiped out or be evened up and grow to both sides, during winter pruning, the dry elongated shoot in center stays golden mean of the Confucian school branch to take the lead, major branch elongated shoot taperingness is little, removes the prosperous tip in top and major branch elongated shoot competitive branch, and major branch prolongation end of the branch is not cut and cut, what major branch elongated shoot taperingness was large is compressed to healthy and strong sublateral shoot place,
Second Year: carry out pinching when the dry elongated shoot in center grows into about 2.2m, the elongated shoot of major branch continues elongation growth, the branch that center is done utilizes its result, Dong Jianshijiang do at center length be greater than 70cm, band sublateral shoot water sprout and be less than the branch on the weak side of 30cm, sick branch all removes, retain small-sized fruit-bearing shoot cluster and the length unijunction fruit branch at 50 ~ 70cm, 13 ~ 15 side shoots of selecting and remain on center is dry; The season of growth, major branch is not cultivated the large-scale branch group of back, the water sprout of major branch back in early days length lower than bud picking during 15cm, if grow to certain altitude, wipe out from base portion, or carry out pinching process repeatedly, be trained small-sized fruit-bearing shoot cluster, prevent limb day from burning for major branch keeps the sun off, in major branch, bottom, cultivate medium-sized branch group; Small branch group and oblique raw unijunction fruit branch are then cultivated in tree crown top and periphery, branch group should be splayed distribution and development to major branch both sides, medium-sized branch group interval 60 ~ 80cm on major branch when winter cuts, small branch group interval 20 ~ 30cm, oblique raw unijunction fruit branch interval 10 ~ 15cm, peach two major branch one center form is tree-like to be completed substantially.
2. a kind of peach two major branch one center form form culture method as claimed in claim 1, characterized by further comprising the 3rd year: center is done top and selected 2 ~ 3 weak branches or fruit bearing shoot to fall head, the fruit bearing shoot cutting back that center is done, 30 ~ 40cm length is retained after retraction, after rudiment young sprout, retain front end branch and continue elongation growth, and carry out turning round drawing and make it in horizontal growth; The branch pinching that major branch rear end is sprouted controls, and makes it form interim fruit spur, notes cultivating unijunction fruit branch on major branch simultaneously; Carry out retraction to the medium-sized branch group on major branch, small branch group when winter cuts to upgrade, major branch taperingness little and keep apical dominance remove the prosperous tip in top and major branch elongated shoot competitive branch, major branch end of the branch is not cut and is cut, and allows it continue elongation growth; Major branch elongated shoot angle too small, the behind branch that when winter cuts, choosing is healthy and strong changes a spreading angle.
3. a kind of peach two major branch one center form form culture method as claimed in claim 1 or 2, characterized by further comprising and dig field planting ditch: excavate wide 60cm ~ 80cm in field planting row, the field planting ditch of dark 40cm, first insert 1000kg ~ 1500kg straw or weeds for every mu, after inserting straw or weeds, cover native about the 10cm of table, execute chicken manure 1500 ~ 2000kg for every mu again, fused calcium magnesium phosphate 50 ~ 75kg, potassium sulfate compound fertilizer 20 ~ 30kg mixes with soil, fill out while having peace of mind, when banketing to overhead 5 ~ 10cm, cover subsoil and pile higher than the low middle high field planting row in full shape in 15 ~ 20cm both sides, face, ridge.
4. a kind of peach two major branch one center form form culture method as claimed in claim 1 or 2, characterized by further comprising field planting: mid-February is to early March field planting, spacing in the rows is 2.5m, line-spacing is 5m, select a good Ji, daybreak nursery stock, require that peach seedling is healthy and strong, branch is healthy and strong, tissue enriches, degree of lignification is high, trunk is clear and definite, well developed root system and complete, main root reaches 30cm, there are more side root and fibrous root, root system is without splitting, there is the bud of complete stalwartness, nursery stock has no mechanical damage, without damage by disease and insect, not dehydration, possess exuberant vitality, root system 70% thiophanate methyl wetting powder, 700 times of liquid disinfectants before field planting, stem 3 Baume degrees ~ 5 Baume degrees lime sulfur sterilizations, shoot root is placed on field planting row field planting point, nursery stock is held up directly, root is made in order rear earthing and having peace of mind, earthing is under grafting mouth, full bud is selected surely to do, heading height 20 ~ 30cm, water permeable, root week uses black plastic mulching, water conservation moisturizing.
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