CN103392469A - Water-saving and high-yield cultivation method for dry land wheat - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a water-saving and high-yield cultivation method for dryland wheat, which relates to a cultivation method for crops. Its cultivation method: fertilization—cultivation—variety selection—flat sowing—population control—using intertillage and suppression to preserve moisture and prevent drought; the present invention uses early and deep application of fertilizers to increase root pricking before winter, increase root-to-shoot ratio, and make roots fully Absorb water and nutrients from the deep soil, increase the dryland wheat population by horizontal sowing, cultivate strong seedlings, adopt reasonable population management strategies, and increase the number of grains per panicle and thousand-grain weight synchronously on the basis of large populations to increase the yield of dryland wheat; not only It reduces the risk of waiting for rain in the later stage of wheat growth, and saves labor and effort.

Description

Water-saving and High-yielding Cultivation Method of Dryland Wheat

technical field

The invention relates to a cultivation method for crops, in particular a water-saving and high-yield cultivation method for dryland wheat.

Background technique

The average annual precipitation in the dry farming areas of northern my country is between 250-550mm, and the rainfall in most areas is concentrated in July, August, and September, accounting for about 60%-70% of the total annual precipitation. The rainfall in winter and spring The amount only accounts for 10%-15%, and the frequency of spring drought in the northern region is quite high. There is relatively much rain in summer, but the rainfall is too concentrated, and there are many showers, heavy rains, and rainstorms. In hilly and mountainous areas, most of them form surface runoff and are lost. The utilization rate of rainwater by crops is less than 30%. In recent years, the variability of annual rainfall in northern regions has been relatively large. In addition to spring droughts, summer droughts, autumn droughts, spring-summer droughts, summer-autumn droughts, and winter-spring droughts are also very serious. Therefore, in the northern regions, it is ten years. Nine droughts, two droughts in three years, small droughts every year, major droughts in five years and ten years. Nearly half of the cultivated land in my country is often threatened by drought and water shortage. Due to the obstacle of the "three water cycles" and the trend of drought that continues to expand the scope of arid areas and intensify the degree of drought, the already scarce water resources are becoming more and more stretched.

Wheat is the main food crop in my country. Its growing season is the period of severe drought in northern my country. Wheat production has been low and unstable for a long time. This is due to the frequent threat of drought on the one hand, and the incomplete utilization of precipitation resources on the other hand. More important immediate reasons. Therefore, it is of great significance to increase the yield of dryland wheat by improving the drought-resistant and water-saving production technology of wheat for coping with drought and ensuring food production.

The existing dryland wheat production technologies are mainly:

1. Cultivation: Dryland wheat mostly adopts deep plowing to store moisture, shallow plowing to preserve moisture, and rotates plowing every other year to increase the accumulation of precipitation in the plow layer. After the previous crops are harvested, plow early in time, with a depth of 20-25cm, and plots with thick soil layers can be plowed to a depth of more than 30cm, so as to absorb more rainwater. It is necessary to harrow along with plowing, and harrow through the harrow to reduce moisture loss and wait for sowing.

2. Fertilizer: On the basis of applying more than 2000kg of high-quality organic fertilizer per mu, apply enough inorganic fertilizer with formula, pure nitrogen 10-15kg, phosphorus (P2O5) 8-10kg, potassium (K2O) 5kg, zinc sulfate 1kg, borax 0.5kg. In the total amount of fertilization mentioned above, all organic fertilizers, phosphate fertilizers, potassium fertilizers, 70% to 80% of nitrogen fertilizers, zinc fertilizers, and boron fertilizers are applied to the soil in combination with deep plowing and full-cropping base fertilizers. Apply the remaining 20%-30% nitrogen fertilizer (or topdressing by rain after the wheat turns green).

3. Select semi-winter varieties with strong drought resistance, strong tillering ability, well-developed root system, compact plant type, high spike rate, and good cold resistance. Coat the seeds and sow at the right time. When the soil layer is thick and the soil fertility is good, the sowing rate per mu is about 8kg, and the soil layer is thin and the fertility is low. The sowing rate is about 10kg per mu.

4. After the wheat is sown, suppress it in time, make the soil firm, check the seedlings and replenish the seedlings after emergence, and replant the fields lacking seedlings in time. It is required to have 120,000-160,000 basic seedlings per mu, 6-7 main stem leaves before winter, 700,000-800,000 tillers before winter, 800,000-1,000,000 tillers in spring, and about 500,000 spikes per mu. Timely hoeing in the two stages from sowing to overwintering and turning green to jointing has obvious effects on moisture conservation and drought prevention, especially in early spring, it should be suppressed first and then hoeed.

5. Strengthen spring management. In early spring, when the soil returns to pulp, topdressing with moisture should be combined with hoeing to eliminate weeds. Pests such as spider mites and aphids in dryland wheat fields are seriously harmful and should be controlled in time. Defertilization is easy to occur in the late and middle stages of growth. Topdressing outside the root or topdressing with moisture can be carried out. Foliar fertilizers such as fulvic acid and potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be sprayed as appropriate to delay aging and increase grain weight. At the end of wax ripening, timely harvest.

In summary, there are following disadvantages in adopting the above technology:

1. Fertilizer needs to be applied in batches. Topdressing is limited by the rainfall after the wheat turns green. If there is no rainfall and no irrigation, the fertilizer topdressing will not be applied, which will affect the growth and development of wheat in the later stage, and the phenomenon of defertilization will occur . And topdressing fertilizer is labor-intensive and time-consuming.

2. Due to the inaccurate grasp of the yield elements of the dryland wheat yield formation mechanism in the dryland wheat production technology, the group development in the later stage is insufficient, and the three yield elements cannot be coordinated. The general yield is low. less than 300 kg.

Contents of the invention

The purpose of the present invention is to provide a water-saving and high-yield cultivation method for dryland wheat, which uses early and deep application of fertilizers to increase the root pricking before winter, increase the root-to-shoot ratio, and make the roots fully absorb the water and nutrients of the deep soil. Increase the dryland wheat population by sowing, cultivate strong seedlings, adopt reasonable population management strategies, increase the number of grains per panicle and thousand-grain weight synchronously on the basis of large populations to increase the yield of dryland wheat; not only reduce the risk of waiting for rain topdressing in the later stage of wheat growth , and save labor and effort.

In order to solve the existing problems in the background technology, the present invention adopts the following cultivation methods: fertilization—cultivation—variety selection—flat sowing—population control—use of intertillage and suppression to preserve moisture and prevent drought.

The fertilization mentioned above refers to dry land with dry soil, low nutrients and poor soil structure. Water shortage in dry land is often accompanied by barren soil. Fertilization should not only meet the needs of increasing production in the current season, but also apply enough fertilizer to cultivate soil fertility. The main direction of dryland wheat is to increase tillers and spikes on the ground, to promote the development of deep roots underground, and to highlight the characteristics of early and deep fertilizer distribution. Generally, 3000-5000 kg of organic fertilizer is applied per mu, 16 kg of pure nitrogen, 12 kg of phosphorus pentoxide, about 8 kg of potassium oxide, 1 kg of zinc sulfate, and 0.5-1 kg of borax. The applied fertilizer is combined with deep plowing and fully applied as basal fertilizer into the soil to promote the vegetative growth of wheat seedlings and tillering before winter, and increase the number of ears per mu.

The plowing is to deepen the plowing layer through deep plowing, increase the accumulation of the plowing layer for the next rainy season precipitation, and expand the absorption range of the root system. The plowing depth is preferably 25-30 cm. The soil should be plowed before wheat sowing in dry land, and deep plowing should not be done blindly. Generally, during three crops in two years, deep plowing is done during winter slack, and shallow plowing is done before wheat sowing. When cropping twice a year, the soil moisture is good and the land that has not been plowed for many years has obvious plow bottom, so deep plowing should be carried out; when the sowing period is dry and the plow layer is in danger of moisture loss, shallow plowing should be used. In the field of corn stalk returning to the field, it is advisable to adopt the method of subsoiling and returning to the field, and use the subsoiler to integrate tillage and seeding.

The variety selection is to select semi-winter varieties with strong drought resistance, strong tillering ability, well-developed root system, compact plant type, high spike rate and good cold resistance.

The flat sowing is sowing with equal row spacing (20-22 centimeters) without ridges. Because the main direction of dryland wheat is to increase the population in the early stage and increase the number of ears per mu in the later stage, flat sowing can ensure sufficient seedlings, plants, ears, and grains, which can increase production by about 5% compared with other planting methods, while saving labor and labor.

The population control is to cultivate strong seedlings, create a reasonable population structure, and sow seeds in a timely manner, requiring 120,000 to 160,000 basic seedlings per mu, 6 to 7 main stem leaves before winter, and 700,000 to 80 total tillers before winter. The total number of tillers in spring is 800,000 to 1 million, and the number of ears per mu is about 500,000. The dryland wheat population must have a high-yield and low-consumption structure. Among the main population indicators, the key is that the number of pre-winter populations is sufficient but not too high. It is necessary to control the uncontrolled development of the pre-winter population, control prosperity and promote weakness, and supplement it with chemical control regulators and drought resistance. The steam agent is drought-resistant and water-saving.

The use of intertillage and suppression to preserve moisture and prevent drought is to hoe in time after the rain and when the soil returns to slurry in early spring. Especially in early spring, a combination of hoeing and pressing should be used, first suppressing and then hoeing. In the later stage of growth, if there is a phenomenon of defertilization, foliar topdressing should be carried out according to the conditions. At the same time, it is necessary to do a good job in the "three defenses" of wheat fields, that is, preventing diseases and insect pests, preventing premature aging, and preventing dry and hot wind. In the process of changing from low-yield to high-yield wheat in dry land, the pests and diseases tend to increase, so it is necessary to pay attention to the prevention and control of diseases and insect pests. Harvest in time when the wheat wax is ripe.

The present invention has the following beneficial effects: apply fertilizer early and deeply to increase root pruning before winter, increase the ratio of root to shoot, make the root system fully absorb the water and nutrients in the deep soil, increase dryland wheat populations by uniform horizontal sowing, and cultivate strong seedlings , using a reasonable group management strategy, the number of grains per ear and the thousand-grain weight are simultaneously increased on the basis of a large group to increase the yield of dryland wheat; it not only reduces the risk of waiting for rain topdressing in the later stage of wheat growth, but also saves labor and effort.

Detailed ways

This specific embodiment adopts the following cultivation methods: fertilization—cultivation—variety selection—flat sowing—group control—using intertillage and suppression to preserve moisture and prevent drought.

The fertilization mentioned above refers to dry land with dry soil, low nutrients and poor soil structure. Water shortage in dry land is often accompanied by barren soil. Fertilization should not only meet the needs of increasing production in the current season, but also apply enough fertilizer to cultivate soil fertility. The main direction of dryland wheat is to increase tillers and spikes on the ground, to promote the development of deep roots underground, and to highlight the characteristics of early and deep fertilizer distribution. Generally, 3000-5000 kg of organic fertilizer is applied per mu, 16 kg of pure nitrogen, 12 kg of phosphorus pentoxide, about 8 kg of potassium oxide, 1 kg of zinc sulfate, and 0.5-1 kg of borax. The applied fertilizer is combined with deep plowing and fully applied as basal fertilizer into the soil to promote the vegetative growth of wheat seedlings and tillering before winter, and increase the number of ears per mu.

The plowing is to deepen the plowing layer through deep plowing, increase the accumulation of the plowing layer for the next rainy season precipitation, and expand the absorption range of the root system. The plowing depth is preferably 25-30 cm. The soil should be plowed before wheat sowing in dry land, and deep plowing should not be done blindly. Generally, during three crops in two years, deep plowing is done during winter slack, and shallow plowing is done before wheat sowing. When cropping twice a year, the soil moisture is good and the land that has not been plowed for many years has obvious plow bottom, so deep plowing should be carried out; when the sowing period is dry and the plow layer is in danger of moisture loss, shallow plowing should be used. In the field of corn stalk returning to the field, it is advisable to adopt the method of subsoiling and returning to the field, and use the subsoiler to integrate tillage and seeding.

The variety selection is to select semi-winter varieties with strong drought resistance, strong tillering ability, well-developed root system, compact plant type, high spike rate and good cold resistance.

The flat sowing is sowing with equal row spacing (20-22 centimeters) without ridges. Because the main direction of dryland wheat is to increase the population in the early stage and increase the number of ears per mu in the later stage, flat sowing can ensure sufficient seedlings, plants, ears, and grains, which can increase production by about 5% compared with other planting methods, while saving labor and labor.

The population control is to cultivate strong seedlings, create a reasonable population structure, and sow seeds in a timely manner, requiring 120,000 to 160,000 basic seedlings per mu, 6 to 7 main stem leaves before winter, and 700,000 to 80 total tillers before winter. The total number of tillers in spring is 800,000 to 1 million, and the number of ears per mu is about 500,000. The dryland wheat population must have a high-yield and low-consumption structure. Among the main population indicators, the key is that the number of pre-winter populations is sufficient but not too high. It is necessary to control the uncontrolled development of the pre-winter population, control prosperity and promote weakness, and supplement it with chemical control regulators and drought resistance. The steam agent is drought-resistant and water-saving.

The use of intertillage and suppression to preserve moisture and prevent drought is to hoe in time after the rain and when the soil returns to slurry in early spring. Especially in early spring, a combination of hoeing and pressing should be used, first suppressing and then hoeing. In the later stage of growth, if there is a phenomenon of defertilization, foliar topdressing should be carried out according to the conditions. At the same time, it is necessary to do a good job in the "three defenses" of wheat fields, that is, preventing diseases and insect pests, preventing premature aging, and preventing dry and hot wind. In the process of changing from low-yield to high-yield wheat in dry land, the pests and diseases tend to increase, so it is necessary to pay attention to the prevention and control of diseases and insect pests. Harvest in time when the wheat wax is ripe.

The specific embodiment of the present embodiment uses early and deep application of fertilizers to increase root pricking before winter, increase the root-to-shoot ratio, and make the roots fully absorb moisture and nutrients in the deep soil. Based on the group management strategy, the number of grains per panicle and thousand-grain weight are increased synchronously on the basis of large groups to increase the yield of dryland wheat; it not only reduces the risk of topdressing after the rain in the later stage of wheat growth, but also saves labor and effort.

The above is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, it should be pointed out that for those of ordinary skill in the art, without departing from the principle of the present invention, some improvements and modifications can also be made, and these improvements and modifications should also be It is regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (7)

1. the cultivation method of dry land wheat water saving high yield, it is characterized in that its cultivation method is: fertilising-farming-kind selections-flat planting-collective control-utilizations intertilled and suppressed to preserve soil moisture and take precautions against drought.

2. the cultivation method of dry land wheat according to claim 1 water saving high yield, it is characterized in that described fertilising is nonirrigated farmland general soil arid, nutrient is few, soil structure is bad, the nonirrigated farmland lack of water is normal and soil is barren accompanies, in fertilising, not only to meet this season volume increase needs, also will use sufficient the fertilizer culture fertility; The dry land wheat main direction is on the ground to increase tiller to increase fringe, and underground short deep layer root system development, fertilizer application will give prominence to early, dark characteristics; 3000～5000 kilograms of general mu organic fertilizers, 16 kilograms of purity nitrogens, 12 kilograms of phosphorus pentoxides, 8 kilograms of left and right of potassium oxide, 1 kilogram, zinc sulphate, 0.5～1 kilogram of borax; Institute's fertilise is entirely made base manure in conjunction with deep ploughing and is manured into soil, and to promote Wheat Seedling, nourishes and grows and tillers before the winter, increases the mu spike number.

3. the cultivation method of dry land wheat according to claim 1 water saving high yield, it is characterized in that described farming is for to deepen plow layer by deep ploughing, increase the amount of savings of topsoil to rainy season precipitation in the coming year, and enlarge the absorption region of root system, tilling depth is advisable with 25～30 centimetres; Soil cultivation before the dry land wheat sowing, should not blindly deep plough; During general 2 years triple-croppings, just when winter slack, deep plough, shallow plowing before wheat cultivation; While doing, there was obvious tillage pan on the ground that soil moisture content is not better deep ploughed again for many years, should deep plough in 1 year two; Date of seeding arid, topsoil has the dangerous appropriate to the occasion shallow plowing of the loss of moisture; In the maize straw plot, should take the also mode in field of subsoiling, with subsoiler, carry out the farming sowing integrated.

4. the cultivation method of dry land wheat according to claim 1 water saving high yield, it is characterized in that described kind be chosen as select that strong drought resistance, tillering ability are strong, well developed root system, plant type is compact, the percentage of earbearing tiller is high, cold resistance is good semiwinterness kind.

5. the cultivation method of dry land wheat according to claim 1 water saving high yield, is characterized in that described flat planting sows for line-spacings (20～22 centimetres) such as ridgings not; Because the dry land wheat main direction is to increase in early days colony, the later stage increases the mu spike number, and flat planting can ensure enough seedlings, strain, fringe, grain number, than other planting patterns, can increase production 5% left and right, saves labor simultaneously.

6. the cultivation method of dry land wheat according to claim 1 water saving high yield, it is characterized in that described collective control is for cultivating strong sprout, create rational group structure, begin sowing in good time, require Basic Seedling every mu 120,000～160,000,6～7 of Before winter main stalk blades, total tiller several 700,000～800,000 before the winter, spring, total tiller was several 800,000～1,000,000, mu spike number 500,000 left and right; Dry land wheat colony must be the structure of high yield and low cost, and in the main foreigner tourists index, key is that before the winter, colony is enough and not excessive, must control the winter before colony's development out of control, a little less than control prosperous urging, assist with chemical regulators and drought resisting evaporation-reducing agent resisting drought saving water.

7. the cultivation method of dry land wheat according to claim 1 water saving high yield, it is characterized in that described utilization intertillage and suppression soil moisture conservation take precautions against drought as after the rain when early spring, soil returned slurry, in time draw hoe, particularly early spring and should adopt hoe and pressure to combine, first suppress and draw afterwards hoe; Late growth stage, if there is taking off fertile phenomenon, carry out foliage spray according to condition; To do simultaneously wheatland " three is anti-" well, i.e. diseases prevention worm, anti-early ageing, anti-dry-hot wind; Dry land wheat is by the process of high-yield, and damage by disease and insect has the trend that increases the weight of, and must pay attention to carrying out diseases and pests controlling work; Wheat ripening stage, in time results.