CN102989076A - Method for applying hot compress of respiratory tract to treat diseases with hot air and respiratory device - Google Patents
Method for applying hot compress of respiratory tract to treat diseases with hot air and respiratory device Download PDFInfo
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- CN102989076A CN102989076A CN2012105898784A CN201210589878A CN102989076A CN 102989076 A CN102989076 A CN 102989076A CN 2012105898784 A CN2012105898784 A CN 2012105898784A CN 201210589878 A CN201210589878 A CN 201210589878A CN 102989076 A CN102989076 A CN 102989076A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M16/00—Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. ventilators; Tracheal tubes
- A61M16/06—Respiratory or anaesthetic masks
- A61M16/0605—Means for improving the adaptation of the mask to the patient
- A61M16/0627—Means for improving the adaptation of the mask to the patient with sealing means on a part of the body other than the face, e.g. helmets, hoods or domes
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M16/00—Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. ventilators; Tracheal tubes
- A61M16/06—Respiratory or anaesthetic masks
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M16/00—Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. ventilators; Tracheal tubes
- A61M16/06—Respiratory or anaesthetic masks
- A61M16/0666—Nasal cannulas or tubing
- A61M16/0672—Nasal cannula assemblies for oxygen therapy
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M16/00—Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. ventilators; Tracheal tubes
- A61M16/10—Preparation of respiratory gases or vapours
- A61M16/1075—Preparation of respiratory gases or vapours by influencing the temperature
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M16/00—Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. ventilators; Tracheal tubes
- A61M16/10—Preparation of respiratory gases or vapours
- A61M16/14—Preparation of respiratory gases or vapours by mixing different fluids, one of them being in a liquid phase
- A61M16/16—Devices to humidify the respiration air
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M2205/00—General characteristics of the apparatus
- A61M2205/36—General characteristics of the apparatus related to heating or cooling
- A61M2205/3653—General characteristics of the apparatus related to heating or cooling by Joule effect, i.e. electric resistance
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M2205/00—General characteristics of the apparatus
- A61M2205/82—Internal energy supply devices
- A61M2205/8206—Internal energy supply devices battery-operated
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- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Emergency Medicine (AREA)
- Pulmonology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Anesthesiology (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
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- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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- Otolaryngology (AREA)
- Thermotherapy And Cooling Therapy Devices (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a method for applying hot compress of a respiratory tract to treat diseases with hot air and a respiratory device. The method comprises heating cold air to a warm range relatively warm and comfortable for the respiratory tract to apply hot compress of the respiratory tract; hot air enables the blood vessels and respiratory muscles of the shrunk or spasmodic respiratory tract to have diastole and cause shrinkage reactions such as coughs, sneezes and the like to fade away; hot oxygen in hot air further enables a lung and red blood cells of people to be combined into hot blood so as to enlarge the blood flow of hot blood cycle, so that nasal mucus, sputamentum or other body fluids at inflammations or high water pressure congestion parts of the respiratory tract are also dispersed or evaporated along with hot blood cycle to cause a nasal cavity and tracheas to be smooth and easy; hot blood cycle can strengthen the blood power of carotid artery so as to be nutrient or strengthen the immunity of respiratory system, so that headache, faucitis and tonsillitis is quickly cured; moreover, the method is further beneficial to the effect of the whole body to hot oxygen, thereby strengthening the immunity of the whole body to diseases; and particularly for a fever patient, the method is easier to enable the fever patient to sweat, reduce hydraulic pressure inside the blood vessels, eliminate stagnation of blood stasis, soften tumor, diminish inflammation and bring down a fever.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of method and apparatus of health care, particularly a kind of method and breathing equipment of curing the disease with hot-air hot compress respiratory tract.
Background technology
People are under the environment that cold air enters respiratory tract or the winddorn of suffering from cold swashs, can make respiratory tract blood vessel and muscle contraction when expanding with heat and contract with cold with neural sensitivity, but, because the shrinkage degree of carotid artery vascular is subject to expanding with heat and contract with cold and the impact of neural sensitivity is smaller or opposite, therefore, the extension power of blood flow is still stronger in the arteries, will make like this and produce high hydraulic pressure or the congestion of blood vessel or muscle spasm in the larger blood vessel of other shrinkage degrees.
Vasoconstriction, high hydraulic pressure hyperemia will make that blood blocks up, blood supply insufficiency, malnutrition, resistance descend, and also can make moisture, salt or other nutrients in the blood vessel be forced to infiltrate in vascular wall and form tears liquid and sputum.
Therefore, have a delicate constitution or the people's of body constitution allergy nasal cavity when the not smooth or high hydraulic pressure of vasoconstriction, blood supply is congested, will produce the congested symptom such as hemorrhage of the high hydraulic pressure of nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea or nasal cavity; Throat and tonsil are when vasoconstriction, high hydraulic pressure are congested, because blood supply is smooth, undernutrition, resistance descend, can produce also that congested blood vessel blocks up, redness or inflammation or antibacterial infect.
Because shrinking, vein and capillary network not only can make blood circulation rate in these blood vessels slack-off again, produce crowded congested, and can make nervous system utilize cold sensitivity of itching to stimulate brain to produce persistent cough, sneeze or add the reaction that large artery trunks blood supply etc. increases heat energy, but weakened the resistance of human body to the common cold antibacterial simultaneously; Particularly when spring comes, because therefore respiratory tract muscular tissue and inadequate, the malnutrition of the long-term blood supply of vasoconstriction, will reduce respiratory tract to the resistance of infectious disease antibacterial; Add the infectious disease antibacterial of respiratory tract after warm recovery of spring, easier amount reproduction is propagated, thus so that the easier generation large tracts of land propagation of respiratory infectious disease.
Therefore, along with coming temporarily of cold air, people will utilize mask, headgear (such as medicated cap or helmet etc.) to stop that cold air is to people's cold stimulation.
But cold when weather, ambient temperature is crossed when low, even respiratory tract patient band muzzles, medicated cap, headgear etc. still have Common Cold and pharyngolaryngitis, tonsillitis, tracheitis cough, lung inflammation, the generation of the cold defect of having a headache etc.
Therefore, just have Crinis Carbonisatus to understand Electrothermic gauze mask, have the mask of warming function and mouth mask for treating common cold, the medical insurance apparatus of cup-shaped physical therapy device for common cold tool etc.
, the principle that produces for Common Cold owing to these inventors also without comparison clearly explanation, invention degree not, the high not enough reason of electric heating temperature, therefore also can't obtain the enough approvals of social market and become commodity.
Although and for example the product such as mouth mask for treating common cold and the cup-shaped physical therapy device for common cold water at low temperature steam that can produce about 45 degree prevent curing cold, and also can't promote because of complex structure or inconvenient operation or cost height.
U.S. inventor Robert La Xier develops a kind of hair drier, hot blast temperature is no more than 45 ℃, also can reach the effect for the treatment of Common Cold every day to patient nostril blowing for several times. and shortcoming is also or cost is higher, not portable or inconvenient operation etc. reason also can't be popularized.
The inventor for decades, annual winter all can the cough due to common cold, throat or tonsillitis etc., particularly when the winter morning exercises, as long as mouth breathing to a bite cold air, will itch by throat for a long time, and long-time persistent cough is more than.
Therefore, the principle that the inventor just stimulates human respiratory cold air has been carried out the test of groping of decades, successively prevent and treat with Clothing with electric heating device and electric heating eckband or electric heating hot compress piece, although effective, also be difficult to promote in market.
For this reason, the respiratory tract that the inventor has invented again is this " method and the breathing equipment of curing the disease with hot-air hot compress respiratory tract " offers oneself uses because easy to operate, effect is pretty good, so specially applied for patent of invention at this.
Summary of the invention
The way of curing the disease with hot-air hot compress respiratory tract and breathing equipment are exactly that the breathing equipment that the hot hot-air hot compress of a kind of usefulness respiratory tract is cured the disease is dressed or is arranged in face of the people's who uses it the muzzle, it is following and can allow the people feel comfortable warm air of not scalding that cold air is heated to 60 degree, utilizes people's autonomous respiration that it is drawn in the respiratory tract respiratory tract is carried out hot compress; Also can be blown into hot-air hot compress in people's the respiratory tract with hot-air blower or appendix.
By warm air to hydraulic pressure descends in the easier vasodilation that allows respiratory system of the hot compress of respiratory tract, the blood vessel, blood flow increases, resistance strengthens, and the cold reactions such as cough, sneeze are disappeared.
Because utilizing hot-air that the hot compress of respiratory tract is also helped the hot oxygen that allows in the hot-air echos or is combined into warm blood with erythrocyte and flow through whole body by blood circulation in lung, thereby also make the warm blood flow that accounts for whole body about 40 percent be back to head by neck arteries, also clear off the headache that causes because of head vasoconstriction blood supply insufficiency or because of the congested caused headache and slight fever of cranium cerebral blood vessel; Make that throat is itched, cough and laryngopharynx swelling and pain inflammation or tonsillitis cured rapidly by warm blood; Also so that tears, sputum body are flowed away or are evaporated by the warm blood circulation disappears.
Because the warm blood that the hot oxygen in the hot-air is combined with erythrocyte in lung circulation not only can strengthen nutrition supply, and additional increase oxygen unit increase oxygen supply can also installed, remove the malnourished problem of part organ oxygen of human body, thereby strengthen Whole Body to the resistivity of disease.
Perspire in the easier human body building body ground just as taking exercises that makes because warm blood circulates again, thereby the content of reduction blood vessel the inside moisture content, particularly for the fever patient, the easier blood vessel the inside that makes him evaporates sweat and reduces the hydraulic pressure in the blood vessel, the resistance of dehematizing, and the increase blood flow comes antiinflammatory, detumescent, brings down a fever.
Experimental results show that when the people being had a headache, when having a stuffy nose, will feeling to have the logical refreshing happy comfortable sensation of a kind of gas as long as will cooperate with the breathing equipment that hot-air hot compress respiratory tract is cured the disease body warmth use a few minutes; If it is interim that Common Cold symptom that laryngopharyngitis or tonsil swell and ache is come, as long as put on the breathing equipment of curing the disease with the hot-air hot compress respiratory tract feel of sleeping, will allow laryngopharynx swelling and pain subside a swelling and reduce phlegm, allow Common Cold stop abruptly.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is a kind of breathing equipment of curing the disease with alternating current electrothermal air hot compress respiratory tract.
Fig. 2 is a kind of breathing equipment of AC DC electric Two-purpose hemlet shape electrothermal air hot compress respiratory tract.
Fig. 3 is that a kind of hot blast is blown into the breathing equipment that type is cured the disease with electrothermal air hot compress respiratory tract.
Fig. 4 is the breathing equipment that a kind of aeration-type is cured the disease with electrothermal air hot compress respiratory tract.
Fig. 5 is the breathing equipment that a kind of humidification type is cured the disease with hot-air hot compress respiratory tract.
The specific embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing the specific embodiment of the present invention is described further.
As shown in Figure 1: Fig. 1 is a kind of breathing equipment of curing the disease with alternating current electrothermal air hot compress respiratory tract, and alternating current (1) passes through the heatings such as attaching plug (2), electric wire (3), temperature regulating switch (4), temperature detect switch (TDS) (8), heating wire (5) air heat; And with objects such as respirator (6), elastic braid or fasteners (7) hot-air is sucked hot compress such as Fig. 1 for putting the respiratory tract that supplies the people in people's nose and front, oral cavity.
That respirator described in Fig. 1 (6) can be done is circular, the mask shape, also can do triangularity, trapezoidal or other shapes.
Respirator described in Fig. 1 (6) can be that the net plate shape is ventilated.
Respirator described in Fig. 1 (6) also can form warming layer by flame-retardant textile, and has blow vent inside and outside mouth and nose breathing place, and medial surface has the three-dimensional gas storage space of the irregular shape in a smaller part left and right sides or elliposoidal.
As shown in Figure 2: Fig. 2 is the breathing equipment that a kind of AC DC electric Two-purpose hemlet shape is used electrothermal air hot compress respiratory tract, and it both can use aneroid battery (10) to heat by the cold air that the heatings such as electric wire (3), switch (9), Electric radiant Heating Film or carbon fiber electrothermal part (12) are interior the helmet (11) and respirator (6) is inside and outside as dc source (1); Also can use alternating current (1) by heatings such as attaching plug (2), electric wire (3), transformator (15), temperature regulating switch (4), jack piece (14), female connector (13), Electric radiant Heating Film or carbon fiber electrothermal parts (12) in the helmet (11) and the inside and outside cold air heating of respirator (6), and with the respiratory tract suction hot compress of the hot-air after heating for the people.
As shown in Figure 3: Fig. 3 is that a kind of hot blast is blown into the breathing equipment that type is cured the disease with electrothermal air hot compress respiratory tract, and alternating current (1) heats cold air by heatings such as attaching plug (2), electric wire (3), temperature regulating switch (4), temperature detect switch (TDS) (8), hot-air blowers (16); And with objects such as respirator (6), elastic braid or fasteners (7) heated air for putting hot compress in people's mouth and nose front is blown into people's respiratory tract.
As shown in Figure 4: Fig. 4 is the breathing equipment that a kind of aeration-type is cured the disease with electrothermal air hot compress respiratory tract, and its principal character is the breathing equipment that is it except many Lei Feng's medicated caps (19) and alternating current (1) by heatings such as attaching plug (2), electric wire (3), temperature regulating switch (4), temperature detect switch (TDS) (8), heating wire (5) air heat; And with objects such as respirator (6), elastic braid or fasteners (7) hot-air is supplied to put beyond people's nose and front, the oral cavity respiratory tract suction hot compress for the people, also on Lei Feng's medicated cap (19), increased an oxygen bag (18); And the inner oxygen of oxygen bag (18) can mix oxygen and hot-air in input people's the respiratory tract by oxygen therapy trachea (17), valve (20), and people's respiratory tract is carried out hot compress.
As shown in Figure 5: Fig. 5 is the breathing equipment that a kind of humidification type is cured the disease with hot-air hot compress respiratory tract, on the bottom of a pan of hot-air pot (23) hot water (24) is arranged in the drawings, the steam that hot water produces can mix with the hot-air that hot-air blower (16) produce and carry out hot compress by the respiratory tract to the people in the nostril that flows to inflow people in humidified hot air gas outlet (22) in appendix (21) pore on the hot-air pot pot cover (20) from appendix or the oral cavity.
If without hot-air blower (16), also can be placed on hot water (24) in the cup that does not have a lid and be placed in the hot-air pot (23), and with stove to hot-air pot (23) heating, also can produce the hot-air of humidification.
The breathing equipment of curing the disease with hot-air hot compress respiratory tract can also be simplified to become and heating wire (5) is placed directly in heated air in place, nostril or the oral cavity people's respiratory tract is carried out hot compress; Also can heating wire (5) be stained with fewer Sal powder be placed directly on the inflamed tonsil of pain with hot compress come pain relieving, go to swell, antiinflammatory.
In a word, in cold air, not only can directly increase energy for respiratory tract with hot-air to the respiratory tract hot compress; And can also make hot oxygen in the hot-air in lung and erythrocyte can directly strengthen erythrocyte and leukocyte and other body kinetic energy after being combined into the warm blood circulation; Therefore, can directly strengthen its people of use to the resistivity of disease.
Exist because people's respiratory tract only a few has the situation of traumatic hemorrhage, therefore, the method for curing the disease with hot-air hot compress respiratory tract also seldom can produce the side effect that increases traumatic hemorrhage.
Claims (6)
1. the method for curing the disease with hot-air hot compress respiratory tract and its feature of breathing equipment are exactly: utilize the breathing equipment of curing the disease with hot-air hot compress respiratory tract hot-air to be blown into, to input or utilizes in people's autonomous respiration suction people's the respiratory tract, people's respiratory tract is carried out hot compress.
2. the technical characterictic of the breathing equipment of curing the disease with hot-air hot compress respiratory tract according to claim 1 is exactly: allow alternating current or unidirectional current (1) by attaching plug (2), electric wire (3), temperature regulating switch (4), temperature detect switch (TDS) (8), heating wire (5) or the heatings such as Electric radiant Heating Film or carbon fiber electrothermal part (12) air heat; And suck in the respiratory tract by the autonomous respiration of hot-air employment before people's nostril and oral cavity with objects such as respirator (6) or the helmet (11), elastic braid or fasteners (7) and to carry out hot compress such as Fig. 1, Fig. 2 etc.
3. the breathing equipment of curing the disease with hot-air hot compress respiratory tract according to claim 1 can also utilize hot-air blower (16) heated air to be blown in people's the respiratory tract to carry out hot compress such as Fig. 3.
4. the breathing equipment of curing the disease with hot-air hot compress respiratory tract according to claim 1 can also outside the breathing equipment of hot compress respiratory tract, increase with oxygen catheter (17) oxygen with hot-air mix the input people respiratory tract in carry out hot compress oxygen-increasing device such as Fig. 4.
5. the breathing equipment of curing the disease with hot-air hot compress respiratory tract according to claim 1 can manufacture in hot-air pot (23) and produce first hot-air, then, again hot-air pot cover (20) with appendix (21) by transfer port (22) with hot-air hot compress such as Fig. 5 in mouth or nostril input people's the respiratory tract.
6. according to claim 1, the 5 usefulness hot-air hot compress respiratory tracts breathing equipment of curing the disease can add hot water (24) in the hot-air the bottom of a pan that produces hot-air outside people's oral cavity, nasal cavity and all add hot-wet compress such as Fig. 5 in the respiratory tract.
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CN2012105898784A CN102989076A (en) | 2012-12-27 | 2012-12-27 | Method for applying hot compress of respiratory tract to treat diseases with hot air and respiratory device |
PCT/CN2013/075413 WO2014101365A1 (en) | 2012-12-27 | 2013-05-09 | Method for hot compress of respiratory tract with hot air to treat diseases and respiratory apparatus |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
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CN2012105898784A CN102989076A (en) | 2012-12-27 | 2012-12-27 | Method for applying hot compress of respiratory tract to treat diseases with hot air and respiratory device |
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Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2014101365A1 (en) * | 2012-12-27 | 2014-07-03 | Zhang Pingping | Method for hot compress of respiratory tract with hot air to treat diseases and respiratory apparatus |
CN105267024A (en) * | 2014-07-14 | 2016-01-27 | 河北联合大学 | Nasal cavity heater |
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US4699136A (en) * | 1983-12-22 | 1987-10-13 | Krauser Robert S | Method and apparatus for treating ailments |
CN1689656A (en) * | 2003-09-12 | 2005-11-02 | 张树先 | Respiratory system therapeutic equipment |
US6997185B2 (en) * | 2003-12-17 | 2006-02-14 | Tai-Kang Han | Adjustable auxiliary apparatus of stable air conditioning for human respiratory system |
CN202069982U (en) * | 2011-05-16 | 2011-12-14 | 河南省电力公司驻马店供电公司 | Multifunctional breathing mask |
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CN2421026Y (en) * | 2000-05-06 | 2001-02-28 | 王兴卫 | Wet-heat physiotherapeutic apparatus for respiratory tract |
WO2009085995A1 (en) * | 2007-12-28 | 2009-07-09 | Nellcor Puritan Bennett Llc | Systems and methods for controlling a heated humidifier |
DE112010005006T5 (en) * | 2009-12-23 | 2012-11-15 | Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Ltd. | Humidified gas supply device and method for its control |
CN203138817U (en) * | 2012-12-27 | 2013-08-21 | 张平平 | Hot compressing device for compressing hot air to treat respiratory diseases |
CN102989076A (en) * | 2012-12-27 | 2013-03-27 | 张平平 | Method for applying hot compress of respiratory tract to treat diseases with hot air and respiratory device |
CN103071216A (en) * | 2013-02-02 | 2013-05-01 | 张平平 | Method for expanding head and respiratory vessels through electrothermal air so as to treat diseases and thermal helmet |
-
2012
- 2012-12-27 CN CN2012105898784A patent/CN102989076A/en active Pending
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2013
- 2013-05-09 WO PCT/CN2013/075413 patent/WO2014101365A1/en active Application Filing
Patent Citations (4)
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US4699136A (en) * | 1983-12-22 | 1987-10-13 | Krauser Robert S | Method and apparatus for treating ailments |
CN1689656A (en) * | 2003-09-12 | 2005-11-02 | 张树先 | Respiratory system therapeutic equipment |
US6997185B2 (en) * | 2003-12-17 | 2006-02-14 | Tai-Kang Han | Adjustable auxiliary apparatus of stable air conditioning for human respiratory system |
CN202069982U (en) * | 2011-05-16 | 2011-12-14 | 河南省电力公司驻马店供电公司 | Multifunctional breathing mask |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2014101365A1 (en) * | 2012-12-27 | 2014-07-03 | Zhang Pingping | Method for hot compress of respiratory tract with hot air to treat diseases and respiratory apparatus |
CN105267024A (en) * | 2014-07-14 | 2016-01-27 | 河北联合大学 | Nasal cavity heater |
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WO2014101365A1 (en) | 2014-07-03 |
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