CN102939880B

CN102939880B - A kind of black plum standardized planting method

Info

Publication number: CN102939880B
Application number: CN201210489719.7A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 余德亿; 姚锦爱; 王长方; 陈华; 魏泽平; 陈兰进; 黄鹏
Original assignee: Institute of Plant Protection of FAAS
Current assignee: Institute of Plant Protection of FAAS
Priority date: 2012-11-27
Filing date: 2012-11-27
Publication date: 2014-01-08
Anticipated expiration: 2032-11-27
Also published as: CN102939880A

Abstract

本发明涉及一种黑李规范化种植方法，包括苗木繁育、建园及定植、栽培管理、病虫害防治及果实采收。本发明将各种栽培管理措施进行有机整合，提供了一种黑李规范化种植方法，引导李农按规程有序地进行黑李种植，可实现黑李的无公害、绿色、有机生产，具有较好的社会、生态与经济效益。优质高产科技示范园一级果率达80%以上，株产30kg以上，亩产1900kg以上；规范化生产基地一级果率达70%以上，株产20kg以上，亩产1300kg以上，效果显著。The invention relates to a standardized planting method of black plums, which includes seedling breeding, garden building and planting, cultivation management, pest control and fruit harvesting. The present invention organically integrates various cultivation management measures, provides a standardized black plum planting method, guides plum farmers to plant black plums in an orderly manner, and can realize pollution-free, green, and organic production of black plums. Good social, ecological and economic benefits. The high-quality and high-yield science and technology demonstration garden has a first-grade fruit rate of more than 80%, a plant yield of more than 30kg, and a mu yield of more than 1900kg; a standardized production base has a first-grade fruit rate of more than 70%, a plant yield of more than 20kg, and a mu yield of more than 1300kg. The effect is remarkable.

Description

A kind of black Lee's normalized planting method

Technical field

The present invention relates to a kind of black Lee's normalized planting method.

Background technology

Japanese plum is the perennial deciduous fruit tree of the rose family (Rosaceae) Prunus (Prunus), Lee fruit is nutritious, the market occupy-place is good, to regulating and improving the fresh fruit market availability, meet the diversified demand of people to fruit, enrich people's material life and have important function, the market of having sold well, enjoy the people to consume hobby.

Fujian is the major production areas of southern Japanese plum, and approximately 3.2 ten thousand hectares of cultivated areas account for 9.82% of the total cultivated area in the whole nation; Gross yield reaches 23.3 ten thousand tons, accounts for 14.61% of national gross yield, occupies the 2nd, the whole nation.In recent years, for realizing the change of Japanese plum plantation from " output epoch " to " quality epoch ", more strengthened the kind of Japanese plum and upgraded and the standardized planting working dynamics.Black Lee is because fruit is large, output is high, product are of fine quality, and good market prospects, become one of leading kind be widely cultivated after lotus Lee, and planting area spreads all over Plain, hills and the mountain regions of establishing district and municipality such as Ningde, Nan Ping, Sanming City, Foochow.When scoring achievements, we also answer conscious understanding to arrive, when greatly developing high-quality and eating black Lee raw and produce, black Lee's standardized cultivation management work is ignored, with developed country and area, compare, the agricultural technology problem that comprises seedling-wood breeding ,Jian garden and field planting, cultivation management, the extermination of disease and insect pest and fruit harvesting etc. is comparatively outstanding, most of Hei Li still can't realize nuisanceless, green, organic production in garden, Lee's fruit quality and output descend year by year, market competition advantage is lost year by year, and health and the sustainable development of black Lee having been planted to industry constitute a threat to.Therefore should continue to strengthen black Lee production technology research that standardizes, make as early as possible black Lee production technology regulation of standardizing, for instructing black Lee's standardized planting, for the sound development of eating black Lee raw provides support.

Summary of the invention

The present invention carries out organic combination by various cultivation management measures, a kind of black Lee's normalized planting method is provided, guiding Li Nong deceives Lee's plantation in an orderly manner by rules, can realize black Lee's nuisanceless, green, organic production, has society, ecology and economy benefit preferably.

The technical scheme that the present invention takes is as follows:

A kind of black Lee's normalized planting method, comprise seedling-wood breeding ,Jian garden and field planting, cultivation management, the extermination of disease and insect pest and fruit harvesting.

Specific as follows:

(1) seedling-wood breeding: comprise that the suitable stock variety of selection is cultivated, grafting.

Stock variety comprises wild peach, mountain peach, Lee, Nanking cherry, and preferably wild peach is made stock.

(2) build garden and field planting: comprise field planning, seedling planting and pollinizers configuration.

(3) cultivation management: comprise soil management, fertilising, water management and flower and fruit management.

Described soil management comprises soil melioration intercropping in the ranks, intertill and clean tillage, and concrete operation step is as follows:

A, soil melioration

After black Li Zhi, to extending out cave, dig dark 0.4～0.5m in kind of plant hole surrounding winter next year, wide 0.5m, and the microscler ditch of long 0.8m～1.0m, layering is executed lower farmyard manure, green manure etc. and is improved the soil.Expanding the cave time of improving the soil is late November～late December.

B, intercropping in the ranks

In 2 years after field planting, tree dish outer room kind short-term short-stalked crop, comprise peanut, legume or leaf vegetables, and the stem stalk after results, residual leaf are as pressing the green material of improving the soil for improveing soil.

C, intertill and clean tillage

Interior clear the ploughing or covering of tree dish, the outer intercropping of tree dish or employing sod culture, remove deep-rootedness, malignant weed.Introduce a fine variety butch clover, paspalum notatum, Japanese grass, perennial ryegrass, alfalfa, lady's-grass, Ageratum conyzoides, leatherleaf Cassia tora for the covering of ground sward, regularly mow overlay tree dish and ground.

After fruit picking, once set the dish weeding, dark 5cm～6cm loosens the soil, weed killer herbicide of spray that sward is overstocked, after weeds are withered, stay it to cover ground, washing away serious Hei Li garden should earth up and cover exposed root mass, before annual November～late December, carry out once full garden artificial weeding, the weeds that scoop up are imbedded by ploughing deeply the requirement of improving the soil under the tree crown drip, and the shallow 6cm～7cm that loosens the soil of full field table.

Described fertilising is determined fertilizing amount according to soil fertility, heavy dressing base manure, and growth is rationally topdressed in season.Concrete fertilizing method is as follows:

A, base manure

After fruit harvesting, before fallen leaves, carry out, in conjunction with ploughing deeply the autumn basal dressing of improving the soil.The fertilizer of take is executed 2500kg～3000kg as general every mu of main ，Cheng Ling garden, is affixed by a small amount of fused calcium magnesium phosphate and boron fertilizer.

B, topdress

B.1 earsh

Answer the tip two fertilizer, often sprout inferior to sprouting and the young sprout blade turns before green and applies fertilizer 1 time, First Year be take nitrogenous fertilizer as main, coordinate phosphorus, potassium, calcium, fertiliser containing magnesium, take organic farmyard manure as main after Second Year, and peanut press pulp 0.5kg～1.0kg, composite fertilizer 0.5kg～1.0kg are executed in every strain every year.Fertilizing amount from less to more, increases year by year.

B.2 bearing-age tree

Divide short fertilizers for potted flowers, fruit-promoting fertilizer, the rear fertilizer of fruit and winter top dressing.

Short fertilizers for potted flowers: nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer 0.2kg～0.4kg is executed in every strain, N:P in described nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer ₂o ₅: K ₂o=15:15:15, executed down in mid or late Febuary.When more prosperous the or bud amount of tree vigo(u)r is few, should not execute short fertilizers for potted flowers.

Fruit-promoting fertilizer: nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer 0.25kg～0.30kg is executed in every strain, urea 0.10kg～0.15kg, fertile 0.5kg～the 1.0kg of the peanut press pulp that becomes thoroughly decomposed, in 3 months, execute down the last ten-days period, in fruit expanding period 4 months, carry out root outer spraying 2～3 time with 3% urea, 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate upper, the middle ten days in the last ten-days period to May.

Fertile after fruit: the peanut press pulp 2.0kg～2.5kg that becomes thoroughly decomposed is executed in every strain, urea 0.10kg～0.15kg, compound potassium sulfate fertilizer 0.2kg～0.3kg.

Winter top dressing: on mid-November～December, the middle ten days, 20kg～30kg hog manure or garbage tankage 50kg are executed in every strain, the fertile 1.5kg～2.0kg of peanut press pulp, and phosphate fertilizer 0.5kg, potash fertilizer 0.5kg, loosen the soil in conjunction with deep ploughing, and every mu is spread fertilizer over the fields pulverized limestone 100kg.

Described water management comprise pour water, draining and pruning.

Wherein the pruning concrete operations are as follows:

A, shaping

Adopt the natural open centre shape shaping, the high 50cm～60cm of trunk, stay 3～4 major branches, is uniformly distributed, and stays 2～3 side shoots on each major branch, at major branch both sides tilted direction, develops.Without central backbone.

B, pruning

B.1 earsh

After field planting survives, at major branch 25cm～30cm place cutting back, impel and sprout branch and elongated shoot; The bud grown on major branch, side shoot carried out suitable cutting back, and removes in time and upset tree-like water sprout, formed the natural open centre shape tree crown through 2 years or 3 years.

B.2 fruit tree at the beginning of

Pruning is advisable with light pruning, and long putting is main, payes attention to summer pruning, is mainly in cultivating, fruit spur, removes water sprout.Go 1/3 to surpassing the long branch cutting back of 30cm winter, with in urging to extract out, fruit spur, dredge simultaneously and delete that part is overstocked, overlapping, the moon covers branch, wipe out deadwood, sick branch.

B.3 contain fruit tree

The tree light pruning that growth potential is strong, the heavy pruning of weak tendency tree, prune off with cutting back and combine, and take cultivation bouquet shape branch and fruit spur as main.Divide summer pruning and winter pruning.Summer pruning completes in 15d after fruit picking, wipes out in time tree crown top and upsets tree-like vertical branch, water sprout or water sprout group; The tree crown that the moon is covered is pruned the branch that partly overlaps, and makes solar ray energy disperse to be shining in tree crown; Envelope row Hei Li garden retraction in the ranks, the intersection branch between strain, wipe out interior thorax decline branch, descending branch, deadwood, sick branch.Winter pruning in November to 12 month, carry out the last ten-days period, wipes out water sprout, deadwood, sick branch, dredges and deleted intensive branch group, to surpassing the long fruit branch cutting back 1/3 more than 30cm, during pruning, from below to up, from inside to outside, from the bough to the sprig, it is level and smooth that clip is wanted.

B.4 aging is set

Carry out in time renewal pruning.Before sprouting the spring tip, to part, the severe cutting back is carried out in large side shoot year-by-year rotation, short energetic vegetative shoot and fruit bearing shoot.Old and feeble tree carries out major branch while upgrading, if major branch bottom or middle part pumping water sprout, sturdy water sprout give birth to outside by the major branch amputation, or in major branch, secondary major branch, the bottom cutting back, stimulate resting bud to sprout, grow water sprout or healthy and strong branch, again cultivate tree crown.

Described flower and fruit management comprises pollination, fruit retention, fruit thinning.Concrete steps are as follows:

A, pollination

Honeybee is put in employing and artificial point is awarded and feather duster rolls pollinates, plantation rape attract insect carries out supplementary pollination, to guarantee output, improves single fruit weight and fruit regularity.Putting the honeybee phase forbids spraying medicine, 3 groups of per hectare configuration honeybees.

B, fruit retention

Carry out foliage-spray at bud stage, leaf stretching period with nutrient, or spray 70% drop-proof agent 1g at young fruit period and be watered 50 kg, fruit expanding period is watered 5Okg with gibberellin 2.5g, adds 0.1% urea, 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.1% borax mixed liquor and carries out fruit retention.

C, fruit thinning

Carried out for the second time fruit thinning after physiological fallen fruit before phase to stone, remove overstocked fruit, fruitlet, sick wormed fruit, malformed fruit, the top fruit that upwards cover without branches and leaves fruit and tree crown periphery, bouquet shape fruit branch and fruit spur stay 1 fruit, in, long fruit branch interval 10cm stays 1 fruit, leaf-fruit ratio 18～30:1.Fruit thinning divides secondary to carry out, for the first time 20d～30d after blooming, 50d～60d after blooming for the second time.

(4) extermination of disease and insect pest: wherein Major Diseases comprises bacillary shothole disease, anthracnose, gummosis.Major Pests comprises heart-eating worm, longicorn, aphid, two spotted spider mite, noctuid, chafer.Implement put prevention first, the policy of integrated control, take cultural control as basis, physical control and biological control are core, rationally carry out chemical control.

Normalized planting method of the present invention, be applicable to Long Fengheili (fruit 2012003 is recognized in Fujian), realizes that Lee plants " breeding good method ".

The present invention carries out organic combination by various cultivation management measures, make the technical regulation that black Lee who is applicable to our province standardizes and produces, guiding Li Nong deceives Lee's plantation in an orderly manner by rules, can realize black Lee's nuisanceless, green, organic production, there is society, ecology and economy benefit preferably.Good quality and high output science and technology demonstration one-level fruit rate reaches more than 80%, more than 30kg is produced in strain, more than per mu yield 1900kg; Standardization production base one-level fruit rate reaches more than 70%, and more than 20kg is produced in strain, more than per mu yield 1300kg, effect is remarkable.

Embodiment

A kind of black Lee's normalized planting method of the present invention, concrete operations are as follows:

1 seedling-wood breeding

1.1 nursery lot is selected

Select hidding and sunny side, physical features is mild, has a good transport service, and irrigation and drainage are good, and soil layer is deep, organic abundant, pH value 5.0～7.0, and loam or sandy loam are ploughed as nursery lot.Avoid drupe class second crop soil.

1.2 rootstock seedling is cultivated

Stock variety and selection

Stock variety has wild peach, mountain peach, Lee, Nanking cherry etc., usually selects wild peach to make stock.

Seed collection and processing

Choose the wild peach elite stand of robust growth, after the abundant maturation of fruit, gather, by the fruit stack retting of gathering, highly should not surpass 30cm, time 5d～7d, after pulp rots, remove pulp, reject impurity and depauperation seed, clean and dry in the shade in ventilation, require seed moisture content to remain on 30%～40%, Purity rate of seed is more than 95%.

Before the wild peach planting seed, by 500～800 times of liquid disinfectant 20min of 70% thiophanate methyl for seed that dry in the shade, carry out sand and hide the lamination processing, seed is 1:10～15 with wet husky ratio, mix lamination or layering lamination, the lamination height should be in 30cm, 2 ℃～7 ℃ of lamination temperature, lamination time 80d～120d.Also can hide direct autumn sowing without sand.

Nursery lot is prepared

Sow first 1 month, plowed soils, degree of depth 25cm～30cm, every even organic base manure 2500kg～3000kg that becomes thoroughly decomposed that applies per mu sneaks into urea, ash, each 8kg～10kg of fused calcium magnesium phosphate simultaneously.The leveling bedding, furrow face width 100cm～120cm, the high 20cm～25cm of furrow, furrow furrow width 25cm～30cm.

Sowing and transplanting

Seeding method mainly contains two kinds.A kind of is direct sowing, sow in spring or autumn sowing all can, general every mu with kind of a 30kg～40kg, every mu of 6000～8000 strains of emerging.Another kind of seedling method for transplanting.The late November～mid-December sowing, when Second Year height of seedling 5cm～10cm, transplant in batches.

Seed immersion 24h before sowing, uniform broadcasting or bar are sowed on the furrow face, cover thin river sand or hack that 2cm～3cm is thick, then mulching straw or plastic film, and trickle, throw off straw or plastic film after germination in time.

The rootstock seedling management

Before coming up, should not pour water, if soil is too dry, can at candlelight water spray increases moisture in the soil.The timely intertill and clean tillage of Seedling Stage, topdress in conjunction with pouring water 2 times～3 times, each every mu of nitrogen fertilizer application 6kg～8kg, and growth is carried out foliage-spray 0.3% aqueous solution of urea 2 times～3 times in conjunction with the extermination of disease and insect pest in season.

Carry out thinning when seedling grows 2～3 true leaves, dredge and go seedling overstocked, small and weak and that be subject to the harm of disease worm, and filled the gaps with seedlings in the place of being short of seedling.When seedling, up to 5cm～10cm time-division bed, by spacing in the rows 12cm～15cm, line-spacing 20cm～25cm is transplanted, and during transplanting, should, by fillering compacting drench sufficient normal root water, keep the furrow face moistening until Survival rate of nursery stock.Simultaneously, for guaranteeing to make base portion uprightly, smoothly be beneficial to grafting, the dry following branch of 30cm of seedling should be wiped out.

1.3 grafting

Scion gathers

Scion is pure from kind, the breeding elite stand of robust growth, high and stable yield gathers, choose that tree crown peripheral middle and upper part growth is enriched, the leaf look dark green, eye is full, do not have damage by disease and insect and machinery wound give birth to then or annual vegetative shoot is scion.With adopting with connecing, wipe out after blade standby with the wet cloth parcel of slightly wringing out.

The scion gathered from other places, answer 50～100 to be 1 bundle, and with after wet toilet paper bag, then with plastic film wrapping scion base portion, top open-ended, and the labeled species title, gather date and collecting location, accomplish to adopt soon as far as possible, bag, fast freight soon, connect soon.

Grafting period and method

Grafting be take summer budding as main, and the time, the bud grafting mode was mainly plate budding, the bud grafting of band xylem etc. in late May to mid or late June.When rootstock seedling grows to 50cm～70cm, carries out grafting when overhead 10cm～15cm place rugosity reaches 0.3cm～0.5cm, before grafting, 1d～3d cuts off the tender tip 10cm in stock top.Grafting part is usually at the shiny surface at 5cm～10cm place overhead, and it is level and smooth that the tangent plane of stock and scion is wanted, and forms layer and is aligned with each other and is close to, closely knit with the colligation of ultrathin film bar.

The grafting management

Summer budding seedling 5d～7d after grafting fractures in the above 1cm～2cm place of buddering, and after the folding anvil, anvil is cut in the above 0.5cm place of buddering in about 7d, can separate film after cutting anvil 7d～10d.After grafting, the 20d left and right checks graft survival rate, mends and connects in time.Strengthen rich water quality management and the extermination of disease and insect pest, when height of seedling reaches 50cm～60cm, at the above 30cm of grafting mouth, overhead top is cut at 40cm～50cm place, the growth-promoting branch.

1.4 outplanting

Go out the garden time

The nursery stock field planting before the Sprout period in next year of fully falling leaves after 7d～10d.

Lifting

2d fills with permeable by seedling ground in advance, and dark pick has been dug in turn line by line, raps earth.With yellow mud, dip in rear moistening with straw or film bundling maintenance.

Seedling sorting

Grafting answers eye full, has no mechanical damage, and without quarantine object, well developed root system, without root knot, the anvil stake is wiped out, and graft union is good.Varietal purity is more than 95%, and the anvil segment length is no more than 20cm.

The seedling risen is carried out to classification by root system quality, seedling height and nursery stock rugosity etc.The master root is more than 6, height of seedling >=100cm, and seedling is thick >=and 1.0cm is the one-level seedling; The master root is more than 4, height of seedling >=80cm, and seedling is thick >=and 0.7cm is the secondary seedling.The master root does not reach 4, and seedling does not slightly reach 0.6cm and waits outer seedling, waits outer seedling need return to nursery and cultivates.

The nursery stock quarantine

Pressing GB 15569 agricultural plant allocation and transportation quarantine rules regulations carries out.

Sampling

Nursery stock is pressed out to garden specification classification, and every 20 strains are bundled into a little bundle, and root system evenly dips in the yellow mud oar, every 5 lash into one, and every using plastic bag packaging, the seedling top is exposed to outside bag, every handle ties on a label, and indicates kind, stock, rank, quantity, goes out the garden date and goes out the garden person.

2 build garden and field planting

2.1 field is selected

The field environment

Ecotope, irrigation water, air quality, soil condition should meet GB/T 18407.2 agricultural product security quality Pollution-free Fruit home environment requirements.

Land occupation condition

The gradient is less than 25 °, and physical features is open, has a good transport service, leeward facing south, the hilly and mountainous land of illumination abundance; Subterranean water level is following ,Han paddy field, level land l.5m.

Soil selects soil layer deep, and the soil is porous, and irrigation and drainage are convenient, organic abundant, the sandy loam of pH value 5.0～7.0, loam.

13.5 ℃～21.0 ℃ of average temperatures of the whole year, one 9.0 ℃ of monthly mean temperatures～11.5 ℃, the year accumulated temperature 5900h～7800h of >=10 ℃, florescence in March, mean temperature of air was more than 12 ℃, absolute low temperature-3 in winter ℃ left and right, year frost-free season 210d～320d, year sunshine duration >=1500h～2050h, annual rainfall 1000mm～2300mm.

2.2 field planning

Field can be divided into several communities, carries out the planning of roadnet, irrigation and drainage system, shelter forest and other auxiliary facilities.Shelter forest should select not have with black Lee the quick growing species of trees of symbiosis damage by disease and insect.Directly plant in the ground, gentle slope of level land and the gradient<6 °; The gradient adopts contour famring at mountain region, the hilly ground of 6 °～25 °, notes water and soil conservation, and the terrace land level is moved towards than falling 0.3%～0.5%.

2.3 field planting

Plant hole is prepared

By plantation specification excavation kind of plant hole, plant each 0.8m～1.0m of specification length and width of plant hole, dark 0.6m～0.8m.Plant the plant hole planted agent and use sufficient base manure, farmyard manure 15kg～20kg and fused calcium magnesium phosphate 1.0 kg～1.5kg for every cave, the every cave of hillside orchard is liming 0.8kg～1.0kg again, then backfill table soil, form the knoll of 20cm～25cm above ground level, returning geotechnological work should complete in field planting in first 1～2 months.

Planting density

Level land, ground, gentle slope and fertile soil, irrigation and drainage are field easily, the suitable 4m * 4m of seeding row spacing, and the field that hillside and soil are more thin and weak, the suitable 4m * 3m of seeding row spacing, can adopt first close rear thin method for planting, and be 3m * 2m early stage, the dense planting method that the later stage is 6m * 4m.

The field planting time

But after fall foliage to all field planting before the next year Sprout period, early to plant and to be advisable.Container seedling is transplanted and is not subject to seasonal restrictions.

Field planting method

First nursery stock is positioned in the middle of the plant hole of having pushed aside, unfolds its lateral root, the fine earth layering is filled in to root gap, successively light compacting, a little higher than native face of grafting mouth, drench sufficient normal root water, and tree dish mulching straw keeps ground moistening.

The pollinizers configuration

The Hei Li garden should configure that compatibility is good, flower synchronization or close pollinizers, and pollinizers must be selected 3～4 kinds simultaneously.Main cultivation pollinated variety is that honey is thought Lee, and ' Black Amber ' Plum Fruit etc. can be used as the auxiliary kind of being pollinated, and the ratio that the pollinizers kind accounts for main breed is 1:5～8.

3 cultivation managements

3.1 soil management

Soil melioration

Intercropping in the ranks

In 2 years after field planting, the tree dish outer can between plant the short-term short-stalked crop, as peanut, legume or leaf vegetables, the stem stalk after results, residual leaf are as pressing the green material of improving the soil for improveing soil.

Intertill and clean tillage

Can plough clearly or cover in the tree dish, but the outer intercropping of tree dish or employing sod culture be removed deep-rootedness, malignant weed.Introduce a fine variety Ageratum conyzoides, green manure etc. and cover for the ground sward, regularly mow overlay tree dish and ground.

3.2 fertilizing method

Method

Determine fertilizing amount according to soil fertility, heavy dressing base manure, growth is rationally topdressed in season, carries out formula and uses.Fertilizer meets the requirement of NY/T 496 fertilizer reasonable application general rules, and foliage fertilizer should be registered in the Ministry of Agriculture.

Base manure

After fruit harvesting, before fallen leaves, carry out, in conjunction with ploughing deeply the autumn basal dressing of improving the soil.The fertilizer of take is executed 2500kg～3000kg as general every mu of main ，Cheng Ling garden, is affixed by a small amount of fused calcium magnesium phosphate and boron fertilizer.Can adopt ring-type ditch spread or parallel ditch spread in the ranks.Fill with sufficient water after fertilising.

Topdress

3.2.a.1 earsh

3.2.a.2 bearing-age tree

Short fertilizers for potted flowers: take quick-acting fertilizer as main, nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer (N:P2O5:K2O=15:15:15, lower same) 0.2kg～0.4kg is executed in every strain, in mid or late Febuary, executes down.When more prosperous the or bud amount of tree vigo(u)r is few, should not execute short fertilizers for potted flowers.

Fruit-promoting fertilizer: take quick-acting fertilizer as main, nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer 0.25kg～0.30kg is executed in every strain, urea 0.10kg～0.15kg, fertile 0.5kg～the 1.0kg of the peanut press pulp that becomes thoroughly decomposed, in 3 months, execute down the last ten-days period, in fruit expanding period 4 months, carry out root outer spraying 2～3 time with 3% urea, 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate etc. upper, the middle ten days in the last ten-days period to May.

Fertile after fruit: take organic fertilizer as main, coordinate instant nitrogenousfertilizer and phosphorus, potash fertilizer, the peanut press pulp 2.0kg～2.5kg that becomes thoroughly decomposed is executed in every strain, urea 0.10kg～0.15kg, compound potassium sulfate fertilizer 0.2kg～0.3kg.

Winter top dressing: take the organic matter fertilizer that becomes thoroughly decomposed as main, join and execute phosphate fertilizer, lime, turf mud and potash fertilizer, on mid-November～December, the middle ten days, 20kg～30kg hog manure or garbage tankage 50kg are executed in every strain, fertile 1.5kg～the 2.0kg of peanut press pulp, phosphate fertilizer 0.5kg, potash fertilizer 0.5kg, in conjunction with deep ploughing, loosen the soil, every mu is spread fertilizer over the fields pulverized limestone 100kg.

3.3 water management

Pour water

Earsh answers moisturizing, sun-proof, mulch, anti-ponding; Bearing-age tree is met drought before bud stage, flowering stage, young fruit expanding stage and fruit maturation, should pour water in time or trickle.The overlay tree dishes such as crop tangerine bar are also applied in the orchard of water scarcity, in order to soil moisture conservation.Advocate water saving irrigation practices such as adopting drip irrigation, infiltrating irrigation, micro-spray.

Draining

Drain ditch is set, timely draining when rainwater is more.

3.4 pruning

Shaping

The shaping of general employing natural open centre shape, the high 50cm～60cm of trunk, stay 3～4 major branches, is uniformly distributed, and stays 2～3 side shoots on each major branch, at major branch both sides tilted direction, develops.Without central backbone.

Prune

3.4.a.1 earsh

3.4.a.2 first fruit tree

3.4.a.3 contain fruit tree

The suitable light pruning of tree that growth potential is strong, the suitable heavy pruning of weak tendency tree, prune off with cutting back and combine, and take cultivation bouquet shape branch and fruit spur as main.Divide summer pruning and winter pruning.Summer pruning completes in 15d after fruit picking, wipes out in time tree crown top and upsets tree-like vertical branch, water sprout or water sprout group; The tree crown that the moon is covered is suitably pruned the branch that partly overlaps, and makes solar ray energy disperse to be shining in tree crown; Envelope row Hei Li garden retraction in the ranks, the intersection branch between strain, wipe out interior thorax decline branch, descending branch, deadwood, sick branch.Winter pruning in November to 12 month, carry out the last ten-days period, wipes out water sprout, deadwood, sick branch, dredges and deleted intensive branch group, to surpassing the long fruit branch cutting back 1/3 more than 30cm, during pruning, from below to up, from inside to outside, from the bough to the sprig, it is level and smooth that clip is wanted.

3.4.a.4 old and feeble tree

Carry out in time renewal pruning.Before sprouting the spring tip, to part, the severe cutting back is carried out in large side shoot year-by-year rotation, short energetic vegetative shoot and fruit bearing shoot.Old and feeble tree carries out major branch while upgrading, if major branch bottom or middle part pumping water sprout, can sturdy water sprout give birth to outside by the major branch amputation, or in major branch, secondary major branch, the bottom cutting back, stimulate resting bud to sprout, grow water sprout or healthy and strong branch, again cultivate tree crown.

3.5 flower and fruit management

Pollination

The method supplementary pollination such as honeybee is put in employing and artificial point is awarded and feather duster rolls pollinates, plantation rape attract insect, to guarantee output, improve single fruit weight and fruit regularity.Putting the honeybee phase forbids spraying medicine, and 3 groups of honeybees of per hectare configuration are advisable.

Fruit retention

Take precautions against drought, rainproof, anti-ponding

Bud stage, flowering stage, the chance wet weather shakes spends shake overboard pearl and residual flower.Fruit expanding period is met arid and will be poured water in time, holds the anti-ponding in drain ditch during spring rain successfully.

Fruit thinning

Carried out for the second time fruit thinning after physiological fallen fruit before phase to stone, remove overstocked fruit, fruitlet, sick wormed fruit, malformed fruit, the top fruit that upwards cover without branches and leaves fruit and tree crown periphery, bouquet shape fruit branch and fruit spur stay 1 fruit, in, long fruit branch interval 10cm stays 1 fruit, leaf-fruit ratio 18～30:1 is advisable.Fruit thinning can divide secondary to carry out, for the first time 20d～30d after blooming, 50d～60d after blooming for the second time.

Bagging

Bagging time is more early better after determining fruit, sprays the once medicament of the anti-worm of curing the disease before bagging, and the front 15d that gathers separates bag.

4 extermination of disease and insect pest

4.1 control principle

Implement the policy of " put prevention first, integrated control ", take cultural control as basis, physical control and biological control are core, rationally carry out chemical control.

4.2 the method for control

Cultural control

Strengthen cultivation management, enhancing tree body is disease-resistant, insect resistance capacity; Applying organic manure, control amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer; Rationally pruning, make to set the body ventilation and penetrating light; Strict flower and fruit thinning, rationally load, keep the tree vigo(u)r stalwartness; Dig trenches to drain the water away in time, prevent the garden internal water accumulation, reduce the orchard air humidity; Remove sick branch and dry branches and fallen leaves, reduce the wintering pest radix.

Physical control

With frequency ventilating type insecticidal lamp, black light lamp attraction and trapping heart-eating worm, chafer, leaf roller etc.; Lure the collection aphid with yellow plate; Artificial capture method longicorn, chafer etc.

Biological control

With gyplure, biogenic pesticide pest control; Increase the natural enemy foodstuff in the Li garden, the hidden and hibernacle of natural enemy is set, raise natural enemy; The restriction agricultural chemicals is used, and reduces the injury to natural enemy.

Chemical control

Strengthen the disease worm dynamic monitoring and prediction occurs, medication in good time is to improve control efficiency.The regulation that should meet GB 4285 chemistry security Application standards and GB/T 8321 (all parts) agricultural chemicals reasonable application is selected and used to agricultural chemicals.Ban use of agricultural chemicals to carry out for No. 199 according to The Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, MOA's bulletin, should not use Rogor and flolimat, to avoid causing the fallen leaves shedding.The agricultural chemicals of noting the different mechanisms of action is rationally mixed and be used alternatingly, and avoids the disease worm to develop immunity to drugs.

4.3 main diseases pest control

Major Diseases

Bacillary shothole disease, anthracnose, gummosis etc., prophylactico-therapeutic measures is referring to appendix A.

Major Pests

Heart-eating worm, longicorn, aphid, two spotted spider mite, noctuid, chafer etc., prophylactico-therapeutic measures is referring to appendix A.

5 fruit harvestings

Fruit picking should be arranged in to be carried out when weather is nice and cool morning.Fruit picking tool can be selected bamboo basket or cloth bag, large bamboo or wicker basket or bubble chamber, bamboo ladder, double ladder etc., and bamboo basket and large bamboo or wicker basket should pad with brown paper or plastic film.Fruit will be handled with care, avoids stabbing, and pinches wound and squeezes wound.By the commodity requirement, hardripe stage, start to gather, and elder generation is ripe first adopts, and plucks by stages, improves fruit grade, output and quality.Fruit quality is pressed GB 1846.2 agricultural product security quality Pollution-free Fruit safety requirements, classification, packing.

The present invention is directed to black Japanese plum seedling-wood breeding ,Jian garden and 5 cultivation management phases such as field planting, cultivation management, the extermination of disease and insect pest and fruit harvesting, integrated each cultivation management technology measure of having assembled in black Lee's planting process, form a set of black Lee production technology system of standardizing, the various places effect is remarkable.Black Lee in 6 small towns such as the sweet Chinese bush cherry of Fu'an City, Sai Qi, Xi Tan, small stream handle, pool head and lower Bai Shi production Demonstration Base that standardizes, one-level fruit rate reaches more than 70%, more than 20kg is produced in strain, more than per mu yield 1300kg; Every mu is increased production 665.84 kilograms, 699135 kilograms of new unitss increased in production, nearly 7,000,000 yuan of new output value.In Yongtai County, Foochow, promote, application peasant household reaches family more than 600, promotes more than 3000 mu of plantation, more than 90 ten thousand kilograms of year new unitss increased in production, and more than 900 ten thousand yuan of year new output values, plantation peasant household increases income every year and surpasses 1.5 ten thousand yuan, has significantly promoted black Lee's in Yongtai County standardized planting level; Simultaneously, several main diseases insect pest ecology regulation and control systems have been set up in promotion, effectively controlled causing harm of black Lee's main diseases insect pests such as bacillary shothole disease, anthracnose, gummosis, heart-eating worm, longicorn, aphid, two spotted spider mite, noctuid, chafer, annual minimizing dispenser 4-5 time, save the agricultural chemicals usage amount more than 50%, significantly reduce the prevention and control cost, improved the plantation ecotope.In counties (district) such as Sanming City Mingxi, Youxi, ternarys, promote, application peasant household reaches family more than 300, promotes more than 1200 mu of plantation, more than 36 ten thousand kilograms of year new unitss increased in production, more than 360 ten thousand yuan of year new output values, plantation peasant household increases income every year and surpasses 1.2 ten thousand yuan, has significantly promoted black Lee's of Sanming City standardized planting level.In the Songxi County, Nan Ping, application peasant household reaches family more than 500, promotes more than 2000 mu of plantation, more than 120 ten thousand kilograms of new unitss increased in production, and more than 1,200 ten thousand yuan of new output values, plantation peasant household increases income every year and surpasses 1.2 ten thousand yuan, has significantly promoted black Lee's standardized planting level.

Claims

1. black Lee's normalized planting method, it is characterized in that: concrete steps are as follows:

(1) seedling-wood breeding: select that suitable stock variety is cultivated, grafting, stock variety comprises wild peach, mountain peach, Lee or Nanking cherry;

(2) build garden and field planting: comprise field planning, seedling planting and pollinizers configuration;

(3) cultivation management: comprise soil melioration, intercropping in the ranks, intertill and clean tillage, fertilising, water management and flower and fruit management;

A, soil melioration: black Lee plant rear winter next year in kind of plant hole surrounding to extending out cave, dig dark 0.4～0.5m, wide 0.5m, the microscler ditch of long 0.8m～1.0m, lower farmyard manure is executed in layering and green manure is improved the soil, expanding the cave time of improving the soil is late November～late December;

B, intercropping in the ranks: in 2 years after field planting, tree dish outer room kind short-term short-stalked crop, comprise legume or leaf vegetables, and the stem stalk after results and residual leaf are as pressing the green material of improving the soil for improveing soil;

C, intertill and clean tillage: clear ploughing or covering in the tree dish, the outer intercropping of tree dish or employing sod culture, remove deep-rootedness and malignant weed, introduce a fine variety one or more in butch clover, paspalum notatum, Japanese grass, perennial ryegrass, alfalfa, lady's-grass, Ageratum conyzoides or leatherleaf Cassia tora, cover regularly mow overlay tree dish and ground for the ground sward; Once set the dish weeding after fruit picking, dark 5cm～6cm loosens the soil, weed killer herbicide of spray that sward is overstocked, after weeds are withered, stay it to cover ground, wash away serious Hei Li garden and should earth up and cover exposed root mass, before annual November～late December, carry out once full garden artificial weeding, the weeds that scoop up are imbedded by ploughing deeply the requirement of improving the soil under the tree crown drip, and the shallow 6cm～7cm that loosens the soil of full field table;

D, fertilising: determine fertilizing amount according to soil fertility, heavy dressing base manure, growth is rationally topdressed in season;

D.1 base manure: after fruit harvesting, before fallen leaves, carry out, in conjunction with ploughing deeply the autumn basal dressing of improving the soil, fertilizer is that 2500kg～3000kg is executed in every mu, main ，Cheng Ling garden, is affixed by a small amount of fused calcium magnesium phosphate and boron fertilizer;

D.2 topdress

1. earsh answers the tip two fertilizer, often inferior to sprouting, sprout and the young sprout blade turns before green and applies fertilizer 1 time, First Year be take nitrogenous fertilizer as main, coordinate phosphorus, potassium, calcium and fertiliser containing magnesium, take organic farmyard manure as main after Second Year, and peanut press pulp 0.5kg～1.0kg, composite fertilizer 0.5kg～1.0kg are executed in every strain every year, fertilizing amount from less to more, increases year by year;

2. bearing-age tree divides short fertilizers for potted flowers, fruit-promoting fertilizer, the rear fertilizer of fruit and winter top dressing: nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer 0.2kg～0.4kg, wherein N:P are executed in the short every strain of fertilizers for potted flowers ₂o ₅: K ₂o=15:15:15, executed down in mid or late Febuary, when the more prosperous or bud amount of tree vigo(u)r is few, should not execute short fertilizers for potted flowers; Nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer 0.25kg～0.30kg is executed in the every strain of fruit-promoting fertilizer, urea 0.10kg～0.15kg, fertile 0.5kg～the 1.0kg of the peanut press pulp that becomes thoroughly decomposed, execute down in mid or late March, and fruit expanding period mid or late April to May, for early and middle ten days, 3% urea, 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate carried out root outer spraying 2～3 times; Fertile after fruit: the peanut press pulp 2.0kg～2.5kg that becomes thoroughly decomposed is executed in every strain, urea 0.10kg～0.15kg, compound potassium sulfate fertilizer 0.2kg～0.3kg; Winter top dressing: in the mid-November～December early and middle ten days, 20kg～30kg hog manure or garbage tankage 50kg are executed in every strain, the fertile 1.5kg～2.0kg of peanut press pulp, phosphate fertilizer 0.5kg, potash fertilizer 0.5kg, loosen the soil in conjunction with deep ploughing, every mu is spread fertilizer over the fields pulverized limestone 100kg;

E, water management: comprise pour water, draining and pruning, wherein pruning step is as follows:

E.1 shaping: adopt the natural open centre shape shaping, the high 50cm～60cm of trunk, stay 3～4 major branches, is uniformly distributed, and stays 2～3 side shoots on each major branch, in the development of major branch both sides tilted direction, without central backbone;

E.2 prune

1., after the earsh field planting survives, at major branch 25cm～30cm place cutting back, impel and sprout branch and elongated shoot; The bud grown on major branch, side shoot carried out suitable cutting back, and removes in time and upset tree-like water sprout, formed the natural open centre shape tree crown through 2 years or 3 years;

2. just pruning fruit tree is advisable with light pruning, and long putting is main, payes attention to summer pruning, be mainly in cultivating, fruit spur, remove water sprout, go 1/3 to surpassing the long branch cutting back of 30cm winter, with in urging to extract out, fruit spur, dredge simultaneously and delete overstocked, the overlapping and cloudy branch that covers of part, wipe out deadwood and sick branch;

3. contain the tree light pruning that the fruit tree growth gesture is strong, the heavy pruning of weak tendency tree, prune off with cutting back and combine, take cultivation bouquet shape branch and fruit spur as main, divide summer pruning and winter pruning: summer pruning completes in 15d after fruit picking, wipe out in time tree crown top and upset tree-like vertical branch, water sprout or water sprout group, the tree crown that the moon is covered is pruned the branch that partly overlaps, make solar ray energy disperse to be shining in tree crown, envelope row Hei Li garden retraction in the ranks, the intersection branch between strain, wipe out interior thorax decline branch, descending branch, deadwood and sick branch; Winter pruning was carried out in November to mid or late December, wiped out water sprout, deadwood and sick branch, dredged and deleted intensive branch group, and to surpassing the long fruit branch cutting back 1/3 more than 30cm, during pruning, from below to up, from inside to outside, from the bough to the sprig, it is level and smooth that clip is wanted;

4. old and feeble tree carries out renewal pruning in time, before sprouting the spring tip, partly large side shoot year-by-year rotation is carried out to the severe cutting back, and short energetic vegetative shoot and fruit bearing shoot, when old and feeble tree carries out the major branch renewal, if major branch bottom or middle part be the pumping water sprout, sturdy water sprout give birth to outside by the major branch amputation, or, at major branch and secondary major branch middle and lower part cutting back, stimulate resting bud to sprout, grow water sprout or healthy and strong branch, again cultivate tree crown;

F, flower and fruit management

F.1 pollination: adopt and to put honeybee and artificial point is awarded and feather duster rolls pollination, plantation rape attract insect carries out supplementary pollination, to guarantee output, improves single fruit weight and fruit regularity, puts the honeybee phase to forbid spraying medicine, 3 groups of per hectare configuration honeybees;

F.2 fruit retention: at bud stage and leaf stretching period, with nutrient, carry out foliage-spray, or spray 70% drop-proof agent 1g at young fruit period and be watered 50 kg, fruit expanding period is watered 50kg with gibberellin 2.5g, and the mixed liquor added containing 0.1% urea, 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.1% borax carries out fruit retention;

F.3 fruit thinning: carried out for the second time fruit thinning after physiological fallen fruit to stone before the phase, remove overstocked fruit, fruitlet, sick wormed fruit, malformed fruit, the top fruit that upwards cover without branches and leaves fruit and tree crown periphery, bouquet shape fruit branch and fruit spur stay 1 fruit, in, long fruit branch interval 10cm stays 1 fruit, leaf-fruit ratio 18～30:1; Fruit thinning divides secondary to carry out, for the first time 20d～30d after blooming, 50d～60d after blooming for the second time;

(4) extermination of disease and insect pest: Major Diseases comprises bacillary shothole disease, anthracnose and gummosis, and Major Pests comprises heart-eating worm, longicorn, aphid, two spotted spider mite, noctuid and chafer, to put prevention first, carries out integrated control.