CN102928257A - Hierarchical collection device of suspended matters of natural water body, and collection method of hierarchical collection device - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a classification collection device and a collection method for suspended matter in a natural water body. The collection device of the present invention includes: a filter combination kit, a control box, a submersible pump and a water pipe; the filter combination kit further includes: a water inlet element, a filter element and a water outlet element, and a plurality of filter elements are superimposed and arranged between the water inlet element and the water outlet element . The present invention adopts a plurality of filter elements stacked together, and the pore diameters of the filter elements decrease successively from top to bottom, and the suspended solids of different particle sizes are separated layer by layer, which can realize the one-time separation of suspended solids of different particle sizes, making the operation simple and fast, and Improve accuracy. The invention is easier to use when sampling in the field, and can quantitatively sample natural water bodies at different depths in conjunction with instruments such as depth and flow, and can separate suspended matter in situ as much as possible to ensure the original state of suspended matter; it overcomes the impact of sedimentation on biological particles The separation is difficult; the throughput is higher, saving time; and the cost is very low.

Description

A classification collection device and collection method for suspended solids in natural water bodies

technical field

The invention relates to a water environment suspended matter monitoring technology, in particular to a natural water body suspended matter classification collection device and a collection method thereof.

Background technique

Suspended solids in water refer to solid substances suspended in water, including inorganic substances, organic substances and silt, clay, microorganisms, etc. that are insoluble in water. The content of suspended solids in water is one of the indicators to measure the degree of water pollution. Suspended matter is the main cause of water turbidity. The organic suspended solids in the water body are prone to anaerobic fermentation after deposition, which deteriorates the water quality. Suspended solids exist widely in the water environment. Due to their large specific surface area, they become carriers for transporting and decomposing pollutants. Suspended solids of different particle sizes affect the physical and chemical properties of pollutants in water bodies and are important indicators of pollutant migration. . Pollutants in water bodies such as metals, nutrients and persistent organic pollutants are easy to adsorb on suspended solids. For suspended solids with different particle sizes, their potential to adsorb pollutants is not the same. Therefore, the particle size distribution has a great influence on the concentration of pollutants. , shape has an important influence. At present, research on the relationship between different particle sizes and pollutants is mostly carried out in laboratory simulation studies. Suspended solids with different particle sizes in the laboratory are easy to prepare, and the relationship with pollutants is easy to determine, which can partly explain the relationship between suspended solids in the field and different pollutants. relationship between pollutants. In order to study the true relationship between the particle size distribution of suspended solids in wild water and pollutants, it is necessary to separate the suspended solids of different particle sizes in the wild water environment first, and then measure the pollutant content in them.

The separation methods for suspended solids mainly include sedimentation method, centrifugal separation method, dry screening method, wet filtration method, composite separation method and flow cytometry separation method.

1) Sedimentation method: The sedimentation method utilizes that the sedimentation rate of suspended solids with different particle sizes in water has a certain correlation with their particle sizes. Generally, the larger the particle size, the faster the sedimentation rate of suspended solids. The sedimentation method is a classic method for separating suspended solids with different particle sizes. It has a wide range of applications and is suitable for the larger particle size range of suspended solids. However, it is difficult to separate suspended solids with smaller particle sizes, and there is a situation of particle size crossover. For The applicability of suspended matter is still not strong. Existing literature generally uses this method to separate suspended solids of different particle sizes in the Yellow River water body with low plankton content and high sediment content. Zooplankton or plants with large particle sizes will not sink to the bottom in a living state, and the samples separated after dead plankton sink to the bottom will limit the scope of the study, which makes the sedimentation method suitable for different particles of suspended matter in eutrophic lakes. The separation of suspended solids is greatly restricted.

2) Centrifugal separation method: Centrifugal separation method is an extension of the sedimentation method. Centrifugation will accelerate the sedimentation rate of the suspended matter, which can effectively separate the suspended matter with a smaller particle size. Through constant time and constant centrifugal speed, a fixed particle size can be obtained. Suspended solids are more time-saving than traditional separation methods. Compared with the traditional sedimentation method, this method can separate plankton with large suspended solids. The centrifugal separation method has greatly improved the sedimentation method, but the existing centrifugal separation method is still only able to separate the fixed particle size. There are still technical difficulties in suspended solids with a particle size.

3) Dry sieving method: The dry sieving method is to filter or lyophilize a large amount of collected water samples to collect a large amount of suspended matter and dry matter, and then place them in screens with different apertures. separate by size. The dry sieving method needs to collect a large amount of water to obtain enough suspended matter for sieving, and it is time-consuming and laborious to dry or filter water samples. This method is generally applied to water bodies with a large content of suspended solids, such as surface runoff, Yellow River water, etc., and its application range has certain limitations.

4) Wet filtration method: The core principle of the wet filtration method is similar to that of the dry screening method. They both use nets or membranes with different pore sizes to intercept large suspended solids and pass through small suspended solids. Filter screen or filter membrane to achieve the purpose of separating suspended solids of different particle sizes, this method is to use a filter screen (membrane) with a certain size to separate suspended solids. Compared with the kinetic particle size of the sedimentation method, it is closer to the actual particle size of the suspended matter. However, this existing method cannot complete the purpose of filtering and screening suspended solids at one time, and must be repeated many times, and a new filter screen (membrane) is replaced each time to achieve the separation of suspended solids with different particle sizes.

5) Composite classification method: The composite classification method is a new technology method that combines the sedimentation method and the sieve filtration method to separate suspended matter. The composite classification method with a sedimentation system means that it will occupy a large area of use. Applications in field sampling are subject to certain limitations.

6) Flow cytometry sorting method: The sorting function of flow cytometer is completed by cell sorter. For plankton, flow cytometry sorting method has great advantages, it can separate plankton Different types of suspended matter and non-biological suspended matter, separate different types of plankton, different from the traditional particle size separation idea, and further expand the concept of suspended matter separation, but the implementation cost of this technical means is relatively high compared to other technologies .

Contents of the invention

In view of the problems existing in the above prior art, based on the wet filtration method, the present invention provides a classification collection device and collection method for natural water suspended matter that can quickly, conveniently and efficiently separate and collect eutrophication in the field.

One object of the present invention is to provide a classification collection device for suspended matter in natural water bodies.

The classification collection device for suspended solids in natural water bodies of the present invention includes: a filter combination kit, a control box, a submersible pump and a water pipe; wherein, the control box is connected to the submersible pump through a circuit to control the collection of water samples by the submersible pump; the filter combination kit further includes a water entry element , filter element and water outlet element, a plurality of filter elements are superimposed and arranged between the water inlet element and the water outlet element, according to the pore size of the filter element, descending from top to bottom; the top of the water inlet element is provided with a water inlet, and the water outlet element A water outlet is provided at the bottom of the tank, and the submersible pump is connected to the water inlet through a water pipe, and the water sample is transported to the filter combination kit and flows out from the water outlet.

The present invention adopts a plurality of filter elements stacked together, and the pore diameters of the filter elements decrease successively from top to bottom, and the suspended solids of different particle sizes are separated layer by layer, which can realize the one-time separation of suspended solids of different particle sizes, making the operation simple and fast, and Improve accuracy.

The filter element of the present invention comprises a filter disc and a filter layer, and the filter layer is fixed on the filter disc. An array of through holes is arranged on the filter plate, and the diameter of the through holes is between 2 mm and 5 mm, so that the water sample flows from the array of through holes into the filter element of the next layer. The pore size of the filter layer decreases from top to bottom, so that the pore size of the filter element decreases from top to bottom, and the suspended solids with different particle sizes are separated layer by layer. The filter layer is a filter screen or a filter membrane, and the material is nylon or Teflon. The filter layer is fixed on the filter disc with a snap ring.

There are sealing rings between the water inlet element and the filter element, the water outlet element and the filter element, and the adjacent filter elements to ensure the sealing between each element and ensure that the water samples pass through the filter elements of each layer in turn without overflowing from the side . Further, the components are connected by thread, which is convenient for disassembly.

The present invention is further provided with a depth probe, one end of the depth probe is connected to the control box, and the other end is connected to the submersible pump, which can realize fixed-depth sampling of water bodies at different depths.

Further, the collection device of the present invention is provided with a flowmeter, the flowmeter is connected to the control box through a circuit, and one side is provided with a water outlet pipe, which is connected to the filter combination kit through the water outlet arranged at the bottom of the water outlet element, so as to realize quantitative sampling.

The present invention realizes the controllable power operation through the control box, and the control box includes: a control panel; a battery, an instrument and a switch are arranged on the control panel. According to specific needs, instruments include voltage meters, flow meters and depth meters; switches include submersible pump switches, flow meter switches, depth meter switches and power conversion switches. Further, the box body of the control box is divided into two parts: the control part and the loading part; the control part is the control panel; the loading part places submersible pumps, water pipes, depth probes and filter combination kits when it is not working, and fixes the filter combination when it is working suite.

The invention can realize quantitative sampling of water bodies at different depths; the components are connected by screw thread, which is convenient for disassembly; the separation of multi-level suspended solids can be realized by using multiple filter layers with different apertures; both AC power and DC power can be used , compared with other large-scale field sampling devices, it is more portable, and is very suitable for the collection of suspended solids of different particle sizes in small water bodies.

The invention is more compact, can be used on small water surface carriers such as speedboats, can be used for sampling in small water bodies that cannot be entered by large ships, and can also be used in large water bodies. When performing separation work in the field, combined with depth, flow and other instruments, it can quantitatively sample natural water bodies at different depths to ensure that suspended solids in the water body can be effectively separated in situ. By using the filter element of the present invention, multi-stage separation can be realized easily and conveniently.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for grading collection of suspended matter in natural water bodies.

The natural water body suspended matter classification collection method of the present invention comprises the following steps:

1) According to the particle size range of suspended solids in the water body, filter layers with different pore sizes are selected. In order to obtain the quality of suspended solids at all levels, it is necessary to carry out constant weight on the filter layer and weigh the weight before filtration;

2) Assemble the filter combination kit, the pore size of the filter layer decreases from top to bottom, and the water inlet on the top is connected to the submersible pump;

3) Deepen the submersible pump to a certain depth in the water body, turn on the switch of the submersible pump, and the water sample enters the filter combination kit to start grading filtration;

4) Disassemble the filter combination kit, take out the filter layer, refrigerate and bring it back to the laboratory, place it in a desiccator with constant weight, and weigh it. The weight of suspended solids at all levels can be obtained by subtracting the weight before filtration.

Wherein, in step 1), according to different types of pollutants, the material of the filter layer can be different, and a filter screen or a filter membrane of nylon or Teflon can be used.

The collection method of the present invention further comprises, before carrying out graded collection, determines the particle size distribution of the suspended matter in the water body, specifically comprises the following steps:

a) Determine the particle size distribution characteristics of the suspended matter in the water body to be studied: use the particle size analyzer or literature data to obtain the particle size distribution characteristics of the suspended matter in the water body to be studied, that is, the particle size range of the suspended matter and the distribution curve obeyed;

b) Determine the division level and division method according to the particle size distribution characteristics of the suspended matter: determine the particle size level within the particle size range of the suspended matter, either by arithmetic series division or geometric series division, the former for particle size The distribution follows a normal or quasi-normal distribution, and the latter follows a lognormal or quasi-lognormal distribution for the particle size distribution.

Further, for the suspended solids after classification collection, pollutant analysis is carried out. For the research of heavy metals, nutrient salts and persistent organic pollutants, the weighed filter layer can be used in the corresponding pretreatment work.

This method combines the above-mentioned device to quickly and efficiently separate suspended solids of different particle sizes in terrestrial eutrophic lake water bodies, and is applicable to various types of water bodies. The portability and functionality of the device make the method more widely used, and it is useful for the study of pollution. It provides an effective means for the distribution and fate of suspended matter in different particle sizes in various water bodies.

Advantages of the present invention:

(1) It is easier to use when sampling in the field, and it can separate the suspended matter in situ as much as possible to ensure the original state of the suspended matter, avoiding the death of plankton, the aggregation of suspended matter and the water quality that may occur before being transferred back to the laboratory for separation changes occur;

(2) It is easy to be used in combination with other technologies. When other methods are used, the method of the present invention can first separate some interfering substances. For example, when only studying non-plankton suspended matter, the filter layer with corresponding pore size can be used to block most of the planktonic substances. biology;

(3) It has a good separation ability for natural water bodies, especially water bodies with severe eutrophication (rich in algae), and overcomes the difficulty of separating biological particles by sedimentation methods;

(4) Compared with the sedimentation method, the throughput is larger and time is saved;

(5) Compared with flow cytometry sorting method, the cost is very low.

Description of drawings

Fig. 1 is the schematic diagram of the embodiment of the natural water suspended matter classification collection device of the present invention;

Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of the filter combination kit of the present invention, wherein (a) is an appearance view, and (b) is a sectional view;

Figure 3 is an exploded view of a filter combination kit with a filter element of the present invention;

Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of circuit connection of an embodiment of the control box of the present invention.

Detailed ways

Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, further illustrate the present invention through embodiment.

As shown in Figure 1, the natural water suspended matter classification collection device of the present invention comprises: filter combination kit 2, control box 1, submersible pump 3 and water pipe 4; Wherein, control box 1 is connected to submersible pump 3, controls submersible pump 3 Collect water samples. This embodiment is provided with a depth probe 5 and a flow meter 6 , one end of the depth probe 5 is connected to the control box 1 , and the other end is connected to the submersible pump 3 . The filter combination kit 2 further includes: a water inlet element 21, a filter element 22 and a water outlet element 23, and a plurality of filter elements 22 are superimposed and arranged between the water inlet element 21 and the water outlet element 23, according to the size of the aperture of the filter element 22, from above Decrease from bottom to bottom; the top of the water inlet element 21 is provided with a water inlet, and the bottom of the water outlet element 23 is provided with a water outlet. The outlet pipe flows into the flow meter 6, as shown in Figure 2.

As shown in Figure 3, filter element 22 comprises filter disc 221 and filter layer 222; Filter layer 222 adopts snap ring 223 to be fixed in the groove of filter disc 221; Water inlet element 21 and filter element 22, water outlet element 23 and filter element 22 And a rubber sealing ring 224 is arranged between adjacent filter elements 22 , and is placed in the O-ring groove of the filter disc 221 . The components are connected by threads. The top of the water inlet element 21 is provided with a water inlet connected to the submersible pump, and the water sample pumped up by the submersible pump 3 is introduced into the filter combination kit 2. The water outlet at the bottom flows into the flow meter 6 through the water outlet pipe.

In this embodiment, the submersible pump 3 is a 12V 50W DC submersible pump, the maximum water flow rate is 70L/min, and the lifting height can reach 5m. If the sampling volume is large, a 12V 90W DC submersible pump can be used, and the maximum water flow rate can be Up to 83L/min, the lifting height can reach 7m; the depth probe 5 is a 12V 10-meter liquid level probe, through air pressure correction and salinity correction, it can measure the distance from the fresh water probe to the water surface, that is, the water depth, and the measurement deviation is less than 5%; 4 uses a silicone tube; the battery 10 uses a built-in 12V 30Ah lithium battery.

The box body of control box 1 is divided into left and right parts: the left side is the control part, and the right side is the loading part; the control part includes the control panel, battery, instrument, switch and connection circuit; the loading part places the submersible pump 3 and the water pipe when not working 4. The depth probe 5 and the filter combination kit 2 are fixed when the filter combination kit 2 is working, and the flow meter 6 is arranged in a side wall of the loading part.

As shown in FIG. 4 , the submersible pump 3 , the depth probe 5 and the flowmeter 6 are respectively connected to the respective meters and switches of the control part in the control box 1 . The submersible pump 3 is connected with the submersible pump switch 32 and the battery 10; the depth probe 5 is connected with the depth gauge 51, the depth gauge switch 52 and the depth probe jack 53; the flowmeter 6 is connected with the flow gauge 61 and the flow gauge switch 62; the battery 10 is respectively It is connected with the voltage meter 11, the transformer 12 and the depth meter 51. When charging, the battery 10 is connected with the jack 14, the charger 13 and the power conversion switch 15. The connection wire of the depth probe 5 is inserted into the depth probe jack 53, and the depth gauge switch 52 is turned on, and the voltage gauge 11 and the depth gauge 51 are simultaneously displayed, wherein the voltage gauge 11 needs a 5V voltage power supply, so a transformer 12 is used to change the 12V voltage to 5V The rear voltage meter 11 can work normally. After selecting the appropriate flow meter 6, turn on the flow meter switch 62 to display the cumulative flow reading (0.00L, the maximum can reach 9.99L, after reaching this value, quickly press the reset button to continue counting from 0.00L). After the submersible pump 3 bound with the depth probe 5 is placed at a suitable depth under the water surface, the submersible pump switch 32 is turned on, the water sample is pumped into the filter combination kit 2, and enters the flow meter 6 through the water pipe, and the accumulated flow rate is displayed on the flow meter 61 . After the experiment is finished, close the submersible pump switch 32, the flow gauge switch 62 and the depth gauge switch 52, and the device can be stopped to run. When using or charging in the laboratory, you need to connect the charger 13 to the charging jack 14 through the charger 13, and turn on the power conversion switch 15 to charge and use the alternating current to control the instrument.

The invention can realize quantitative sampling of water bodies at different depths; the components are connected by screw thread, which is convenient for disassembly; the separation of multi-level suspended solids can be realized by using multiple filter layers with different apertures; both AC power and DC power can be used , compared with other large-scale field sampling devices, it is more portable, and is very suitable for the collection of suspended solids of different particle sizes in small water bodies.

In conjunction with the embodiments of the present invention, the method for collecting suspended solids of different particle sizes in collecting water samples in Chaohu Lake, Anhui Province is described, including the following steps:

1) Due to the limited experimental conditions and the lack of particle size distribution data of suspended solids in Chaohu Lake, 60-mesh nylon filter (250 μm), 100-mesh nylon filter (150 μm), 200-mesh nylon filter (75 μm), and 400-mesh nylon filter were selected. There are six levels of mesh nylon filter (38 μm), 500 mesh nylon filter (25 μm) and 0.8 μm nylon microporous filter membrane. Place the desiccator, weigh and measure the weight Wb of the filter layer before filtering, pack it in an aluminum foil ziplock bag and take it into the field, and the instrument needs to be charged in advance before use;

2) Assemble the filter combination kit. The filter layer is fixed in descending order from top to bottom according to the above requirements. Six filter layers with different apertures are fixed. The combined filter combination kit is placed on the loading cover of the control box. The water outlet at the bottom and the flow meter Connection, the top water inlet is connected to the submersible pump;

3) Enter the pre-set sample point, stabilize the hull, tie the submersible pump to the depth probe, go deep into the water body to a certain depth, turn on the switch of the submersible pump, pump the water sample into the filter combination kit and start grading filtration, according to the flow meter Determine the volume of the final filtered water sample, collect two points, the collected water volume is 6.5L and 8.4L respectively, and the time-consuming is 20min and 30min respectively;

4) Disassemble the filter combination kit, take out the filter layer, store it in a refrigerator at 4 degrees Celsius and bring it back to the laboratory, place it in a desiccator and weigh Wa after constant weight, and use the weight difference before filtration to get suspended solids at all levels weight w.

Determination of heavy metals, nutrient salts and persistent organic pollutants can be carried out in subsequent studies, here only introduces a scheme for collecting examples.

Finally, it should be noted that although this specification describes the specific parameters and structures of the present invention in detail through specific embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that the implementation of the present invention is not limited to the scope of description of the embodiments, without departing from Various modifications and replacements can be made to the present invention within the essence and spirit scope of the present invention, so the protection scope of the present invention is defined by the scope of claims.

Claims (10)

1. A classification and collection device for suspended solids in natural water bodies, characterized in that the collection device includes: the collection device includes: a filter combination kit (2), a control box (1), a submersible pump (3) and a water pipe (4); Wherein, the control box (1) is connected to the submersible pump (3) to control the collection of water samples of the submersible pump (3); the filter combination kit (2) further includes a water inlet element (21), a filter element (22) and a water outlet element (23), a plurality of filter elements (22) are superimposed and arranged between the water inlet element (21) and the water outlet element (23), according to the pore size of the filter element (22), descending from top to bottom; The top of the water inlet element (21) is provided with a water inlet, the bottom of the water outlet element (23) is provided with a water outlet, and the submersible pump (3) is connected to the water inlet through a water pipe (4) to deliver water samples to the Filter combination kit (2), from the water outlet. 2. The collection device according to claim 1, characterized in that, the filter element (22) comprises a filter disc (221) and a filter layer (222), and the filter layer is fixed on the filter disc; the filter disc (221 ) is provided with an array of through holes, and the diameter of the through holes is between 2 mm and 5 mm; the filter layer (222) is a filter screen or a filter membrane, and the material is nylon or Teflon. 3. The collection device according to claim 1, characterized in that, the filter layer (222) is fixed on the filter disc (221) by a snap ring (223). 4. The collection device according to claim 1, characterized in that, the water inlet element (21) and filter element (22), the water outlet element (23) and filter element (22) and the adjacent filter element (22) A sealing ring (224) is arranged between them; the various components are connected by threads. 5. The acquisition device according to claim 1, characterized in that, a depth probe (5) is further provided, one end of the depth probe (5) is connected to the control box (1), and the other end is connected to the submersible pump (3 ). 6. The collection device according to claim 5, characterized in that it is further provided with a flow meter (6), the flow meter (6) is connected to the control box (1) through a circuit, and a water outlet pipe is provided on one side, through which The water outlet provided at the bottom of the water outlet element (23) is connected with the filter combination kit (2). 7. The collection device according to claim 6, characterized in that, the control box (1) includes: a control panel; a battery, a meter and a switch are arranged on the control panel; the meter includes a voltage meter (11), a flow meter meter (61) and depth meter (51); the switch includes a submersible pump switch (32), a flow meter switch (62), a depth meter switch (52) and a power conversion switch (15). 8. The acquisition device according to claim 7, characterized in that, the box body of the control box (1) is divided into two parts: a control part and a loading part; the control part is a control panel; the loading part is in Place the submersible pump (3), water pipe (4), depth probe (5) and filter combination kit (2) etc. when not working, and fix the filter combination kit (2) when working. 9. A method for collecting suspended solids in natural water bodies, characterized in that, the method for collecting comprises the following steps: 1) According to the particle size range of suspended solids in the water body, filter layers with different pore sizes are selected. In order to obtain the quality of suspended solids at all levels, it is necessary to carry out constant weight on the filter layer and weigh the weight before filtration; 2) Assemble the filter combination kit, the pore size of the filter layer decreases from top to bottom, and the water inlet on the top is connected to the submersible pump; 3) Deepen the submersible pump to a certain depth in the water body, turn on the switch of the submersible pump, and the water sample enters the filter combination kit to start grading filtration; 4) Disassemble the filter combination kit, take out the filter layer, refrigerate and bring it back to the laboratory, place it in a desiccator with constant weight, and weigh it. The weight of suspended solids at all levels can be obtained by subtracting the weight before filtration. 10. collection method as claimed in claim 9, is characterized in that, further comprises the particle size distribution of the suspended matter in judging water body before carrying out graded collection, specifically comprises the following steps: a) Determine the particle size distribution characteristics of the suspended matter in the water body to be studied: use the particle size analyzer or literature data to obtain the particle size distribution characteristics of the suspended matter in the water body to be studied, that is, the particle size range of the suspended matter and the distribution curve obeyed; b) Determine the division level and division method according to the particle size distribution characteristics of the suspended matter: determine the particle size level within the particle size range of the suspended matter, either by arithmetic series division or geometric series division, the former for particle size The distribution follows a normal or quasi-normal distribution, and the latter follows a lognormal or quasi-lognormal distribution for the particle size distribution.

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