CN102919040B - Method for planting ramie in middle-level heavy metal contaminated soils - Google Patents
Method for planting ramie in middle-level heavy metal contaminated soils Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种在重金属中度污染土壤上种植苎麻的方法，其步骤：Ａ．选择耐重金属污染的特定品种，并应用嫩梢扦插繁育技术培育苎麻壮苗；Ｂ．开展麻园建设，并施用钝化剂降低土壤重金属的活性；Ｃ．适时移栽与合理密植；Ｄ．科学追肥与适时破杆；Ｅ．及时防治病虫害与强化麻园冬培管理。本发明的实践结果表明，新植麻园的当年产量和次年头麻产量可分别达到75.1－78.4与88.8－91.7千克/亩，与同期清洁土壤新植麻园的相当甚至略高，且原麻中的重金属含量可控制在相关标准限值的范围内，实现了中度重金属污染土壤的农业安全与高效利用，技术简便、方法易行。该方法若用于轻度重金属污染的土壤，其效果更佳，在广大重金属污染地区具有广阔的应用前景。The invention discloses a method for planting ramie on soil moderately polluted by heavy metals, the steps of which are: A. Select specific varieties resistant to heavy metal pollution, and use young shoot cutting breeding technology to cultivate strong ramie seedlings; B. Carry out the construction of hemp gardens, and apply passivators to reduce the activity of soil heavy metals; C. Timely transplanting and reasonable close planting; D. Scientific topdressing and timely breaking of poles; E. Timely prevention and control of pests and diseases and strengthening the management of hemp garden winter cultivation. The practical results of the present invention show that the current year yield and the next year hemp yield of the newly planted hemp garden can reach 75.1-78.4 and 88.8-91.7 kg/mu respectively, which is equivalent to or even slightly higher than that of the newly planted hemp garden with clean soil in the same period, and the original hemp The content of heavy metals in the soil can be controlled within the range of relevant standard limits, realizing agricultural safety and high-efficiency utilization of moderately heavy metal-polluted soils, with simple technology and easy methods. If this method is used in soil with mild heavy metal pollution, the effect will be better, and it has broad application prospects in heavy metal polluted areas.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to agricultural environment child care and recovery technique field, more specifically relate to a kind of method of planting ramie on heavy metal intermediate pollution soil, be suitable for the popularization of the peasant in vast heavy metal pollution area and agrotechnical department etc.
Background technology
Along with the continuous propelling of industrialization and urbanization, China's heavy metal pollution of soil problem is more and more subject to people's great attention.According to related data, phase at the beginning of the eighties in last century, China was subject to only 2,670,000 hectares of the cultivated areas of the heavy metal pollutions such as cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic, chromium, nickel, in the time of 1988, be just increased to 6,670,000 hectares, to last century end 10 million hectare, broken through 2,000 ten thousand hectares at present, accounted for 20% of whole cultivated areas.More seriously, the heavy metal pollution of China's basic farmland is also quite serious.According to the national environmental protection portion sampling monitoring result to 300,000 hectares of Basic Farmland Conservation Zones soil harmful heavy metals in recent years, found that the heavy metal content in soil of 3.6 ten thousand hectares exceeds standard, exceeding standard rate is up to 12.1%.How to repair the contaminated by heavy metals farmland of utilization, caused the great attention of governments at all levels.
Generally speaking, China is not talk about " replanting " and " transformation of the way " rashly for slight heavy metal pollution farmland and part moderate heavy metal pollution farmland, always by various technological approaches, keep original cropping pattern by every means, to produce abundant edible agricultural product, to ensure the grain security of China and the quality safety of food agricultural produce, only have and really can not produce the part heavy metal pollution farmland (being serious pollution farmland and small part intermediate pollution farmland) that meets state food safety standard, just by phytoremediation technology, it is improved to utilization, but do not talk about the character of abandoning its farming land rashly yet, to guarantee that country's " red lines in 1,800,000,000 mu of arable lands " lowest limit is not broken.
At present, conventionally the phytoremediation technology adopting both at home and abroad mainly contains two classes: a class is to adopt super enriching plant to repair contaminated by heavy metals soil, as penny cress (Thlaspi caerulescens) etc., but the large multi-biomass of super enriching plant is low, a little less than diseases and insect pests resistance, and repair and will change the character of its farming land for farmland; Another kind of is that the plant that adopts biomass to possess greatly and not super enriching heavy metal element is repaired and utilizes contaminated soil, as crudefiber crop, flue-cured tobacco, mulberry tree, corn etc.
Ramie (Boehmeria.L) originates in Southwestern China area, is perennial root herbaceous plant, is also most important textile fabric crop, and its strong adaptability all can be planted on the various soil in Pinghu, hills and mountain area.Although there is the bibliographical information of a large amount of ramie high quality and yield cultivation techniques aspect both at home and abroad, and China relevant department has has also issued and implemented relevant ramie high quality and yield cultivation techniques rules (as < < Hunan Province provincial standard ramie cultivation technique standard (DB/T384-2008) the > > of Hunan Province Administration of Quality and Technology Supervision in issue enforcement), but its technology has still suffered from many technical bottlenecks and obstacle applying of heavy metal pollution area:
The one, many ramee varieties do not possess the ability of the heavy metal pollution resisted, and in heavy metal pollution area, can not complete normal growth cycle, are even polluting on more serious soil and can not survive.Therefore, heavy metal pollution regional development ramie, produce, must select and there is the certain species that tolerates more by force heavy metal pollution ability.
The 2nd, ramie is the plant of fibrous root, even if some certain species possesses the ability of the heavy metal pollution resisted, but the early growth period in heavy metal pollution area, root system development is still subject to serious threat, even by heavy metal " corrosion " and dead (the newborn root system of Seedling Stage is particularly serious), generative propagation (being seed growing) technology be unsuitable for the large scale application in heavy metal pollution area (after emerging newborn root system mortality cause numb garden be short of seedling/to lack the root and stem of certain plants a lot of), and the workload of cutting root sowing is too large, cost of transportation is too high and plant (coming) source resource-constrained.Therefore, heavy metal pollution regional development ramie, produce, can only select tender tip cuttage technique to breed numb seedling, and to guarantee seedling, there is the environment that enough old root system adapts to heavy metal pollution through the formation radish shape root of surviving the winter.
The 3rd, possess the ramie certain species of resisting heavy metal pollution ability, it is to lerance threshold that the tolerance of different vertical distributions is all had to an obvious separation.If ramie is 11.7 mg/kg (the applicant's the results that study for a long period of time to the to lerance threshold of cadmium (Cd), to publish on the 4th phase of publishing in August, 2012 at the numb industry science > > of < < China), cadmium content in soil is worth lower than this, the Raw fiber yield of ramie and conventional numb garden (not being subject to heavy metal pollution Ma district) there is no a notable difference (p > 0.05), and the cadmium of lower content (0.5-2.5 mg/kg) is grown and is had significant spread effect (p < 0.01) Ramie Growth, can promote the root and stem of certain plants and the plant division of ramie, higher than this value, there will be send out that the root and stem of certain plants is slow, the plant division phenomenon such as the dead root and stem of certain plants even less, have a strong impact on the basic index (as every mu of effective strain number) that ramie high yield forms.Therefore, heavy metal pollution regional development ramie, produce, need to determine a rational planting density and a suitable broken bar time (being the time that planting fiber crops garden gathers in the crops ramie first).
The 4th, the pH value of soil is directly connected to the activity of heavy metal-polluted soil, affects the quality of agricultural product.Long-term physiological phenomenon nitrogenous fertilizer and the phosphate fertilizer as acid in the chemistry of calcium superphosphate and so on of using in a large number such as ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, to directly cause the pH value of soil to reduce, the activity of heavy metal-polluted soil is strengthened, increase crop to the absorption of heavy metal element and accumulation, this is that applicant studies and the result of putting into practice for many years.Ramie is the perennial crop that a kind of fertilizer requirement is larger, need to use every year a large amount of chemical fertilizer and just can guarantee its stable high yield.Therefore, heavy metal pollution regional development ramie, produce, have a rational application of fertilizer problem that especially science is topdressed, what because topdress, use is all chemical fertilizer, if use improper, not only can induced environment risk (pollution of area source), and acidified soil, the activity of increase heavy metal-polluted soil.
Many technical problems and the bottleneck for above-mentioned obstruction heavy metal pollution regional development ramie, produced, according to applicant's years of researches result and practical experience, proposed this invention content and implemented technical scheme.
Summary of the invention
The object of the invention is to be to provide a kind of method of planting ramie on heavy metal intermediate pollution soil.Application the method is heavy metal pollution area plantation ramie, ramie output and inferior days, fiber crops output can reach respectively thousand grams/acre of 75.1-78.4 and 88.8-91.7 then, (but difference is between the two not remarkable with same period cleaning soil planting fiber crops garden quite even slightly high, p > 0.05), and the content of beary metal in raw ramie can be controlled in the scope of relevant criterion limit value, the agricultural safety of having realized moderate heavy-metal contaminated soil utilizes with efficient, if the effect for slight heavy-metal contaminated soil is better, its technology is easy, easy to implement the method, in vast heavy metal pollution area, have broad application prospects.
In order to realize above-mentioned Destination and task, the present invention has adopted following technical measures:
A method of planting ramie on heavy metal intermediate pollution soil, the steps include:
A. select the certain species of resistance to heavy metal pollution, and apply tender tip cutting propagation technology (referring to the chief editors' such as Hu Liyong < < crop cultivation > > chapter 13 ramie, Higher Education Publishing House, publishes for 2008) cultivate ramie strong sprout.Select middle ramie No. 1, or No. 2, Hunan ramie, or No. 3, Hunan ramie, or No. 3, magnificent ramie, or No. 4, magnificent ramie, or No. 5, magnificent ramie, or No. 5, river ramie, or No. 7, river ramie, or Chuan Zhu8, or the ramee variety of the specific resistance to heavy metal pollution such as Ganzhu 4, by sexual reproduction technique, be that seed growing technology is (referring to the chief editors' such as Hu Liyong < < crop cultivation > > chapter 13 ramie, Higher Education Publishing House, within 2008, publish) on the soil of heavy metal intermediate pollution, set up maternal plant garden, in mid-September to the last ten-days period its stem tip of clip or minute branch cuttage on not contaminated by heavy metals cleaning soil or thickness reach on the husky bed of 30 centimetres, its cutting propagation density must be than the minimizing 10-15% for the numb garden of newly-built routine, the tender tip number that is every square metre of cleaning soil or the upper cuttage of husky bed is 170-180 strain, in order to cultivating strong sprout.
Described heavy metal, refers to 7 kinds of elements that comprise cadmium (Cd), plumbous (Pb), arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn).
Described intermediate pollution, refer to the content of beary metal in soil, according to the farming land allowable value of national < < standard of soil environment quality (GB15618-1995) > > regulation, have at least a kind of content of element to reach following judgment criteria: cadmium content exceeds GB farming land allowable value 6-17 doubly (in Cd), arsenic, nickel, the content of copper exceeds the 5-8 of GB farming land allowable value doubly (respectively with As, Ni, Cu meter), plumbous, chromium, the content of zinc exceeds the 3-5 of GB farming land allowable value doubly (respectively with Pb, Cr, Zn meter).
Described cleaning soil, its content of beary metal is all strict controlled in the farming land allowable value of national < < standard of soil environment quality (GB15618-1995) > > regulation, that is: in soil cadmium < 0.30 mg/kg (in Cd), plumbous < 250 mg/kg (in Pb), arsenic < 30 mg/kg (in As), chromium < 250 mg/kg (in Cr), nickel < 40 mg/kg (in Ni), copper < 50 mg/kg (in Cu), zinc < 200 mg/kg (in Zn).
The described numb garden of newly-built routine, refers to newly-built, the then Sheng Ma garden of planting on cleaning soil.
In described strong sprout, refer to 2 years numb seedlings of life after surviving the winter, and its distinguishing feature is that root length has the old root of obvious radish shape.
Described ramee variety genetic resources source explanation:
No. 1, middle ramie: former code name 8306 is high yield New Ramie Varieties that crudefiber crop research institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences selects from the filial generation of " roundleaf is blue or green " * " giantreed is blue or green ", makes a joint checkup (recognizing) in February, 2004 determine and formally name by national variety certification committee member.
No. 2, Hunan ramie: have another name called garden leaf blue or green, former code name 7510, be the seed that crudefiber crop research institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences adopts No. 1 natural breed of Hunan ramie, through 60Co-gamma Rays, seed selection, form, within 1986, by Hunan Province Crop breed audit committee member joint hearing (recognizing) is fixed, also formally name.
No. 3, Hunan ramie: original name C-20, is that ramie research institute of Agricultural University Of Hunan forms from the seed selection through the offspring of free pollination of the Guangxi casting skin root and stem of certain plants, within 1989, by Hunan Province Crop breed audit committee member joint hearing (recognizing) is fixed, also formally names.
No. 3, China's ramie: former code name 5223-5 is that Hua Zhong Agriculture University's crudefiber crop research department makes with Xinyu fiber crops the ramie new lines that the hybridization of maternal and rare joint bar forms, and also formally name in April, 1999 by the Crop breed audit committee member of Hubei Province joint hearing (recognizing) is fixed.
No. 4, China's ramie: former code name 5117-9 is that Hua Zhong Agriculture University's crudefiber crop research department makes with Xinyu fiber crops the ramie new lines that the hybridization of maternal and rare joint bar forms, and also formally name in April, 1999 by the Crop breed audit committee member of Hubei Province joint hearing (recognizing) is fixed.
No. 5, China's ramie: former code name 7323-1, Hua Zhong Agriculture University's crudefiber crop research department and Science and Technology Development Center, Yangxin County with the offspring of " (five-leaved chaste tree skin * rare joint bar) " * " (ten thousand years chicken bone white * the large root and stem of certain plants fiber crops in Libo) ", the ramee variety forming through Artificial Control apomixia seed selection, also formally names by the Crop breed audit committee member of Hubei Province joint hearing (recognizing) is fixed for 2004.
No. 5, river ramie: the individual plant (root and stem of certain plants) that to be Rongchang County, Sichuan Province bureau of agriculture select from two generations of the little numb selfing of red skin, through cultivating and form for many years, within 1996, by the Crop breed audit committee member of Sichuan Province joint hearing (recognizing) is fixed, also formally name.
No. 7, river ramie: be the good male sterile series C13 that Dazhou City, Sichuan institute of agricultural sciences utilizes self-fertile, adopt two line method, newly combine with the good hybridization that self-fertile Elite restorer line B8 is mixed with, within 1998, by the Crop breed audit committee member of Sichuan Province joint hearing (recognizing) is fixed, also formally name.
Chuan Zhu8: be that to take the male sterile line C26 of self-fertile be parent in Dazhou City, Sichuan institute of agricultural sciences, adopt two line method, with the good quality and super high yield hybridization New Ramie Variety that the special restorer T6 hybridization of ramie forms, within 2002, by the Crop breed audit committee member of Sichuan Province joint hearing (recognizing) is fixed, also formally name.
Ganzhu 4: former code name 93-24, that Agricultural University Of Jiangxi, Jiangxi Province crudefiber crop Science Institute adopt line breeding method from No. 2 successful kinds of seminal propagation progeny selection of Hunan ramie, within 2006, by the non-staple crops cultivar identification in national agrotechnical center, cultivar identification is numbered state mirror fiber crops 2006002.
B. carry out the construction of numb garden, and use the activity that passivator reduces heavy metal-polluted soil.Select fine day in the soil of deep ploughing the 10-12 month then of growing seedlings, its degree of depth is advisable with 40-45 centimetre; Minute railway carriage or compartment ridging between March next year, the wide 1.5-4.0 rice that is generally in railway carriage or compartment, concrete specification Shi Ma child-care center in physical features, select kind and harvesting approach and determine; The long general control in ridge, in 25 meters, must be increased a waist ditch while often surpassing 25 meters; Every a tap drain of 3-5 railway carriage or compartment excavation, surrounding excavation encloses ditch; Railway carriage or compartment ditch, Yao Gou, tap drain and the ditching depth that encloses ditch are generally 40-55 centimetre, depending on numb field gesture and harvesting approach; Before determining the numb seedling of planting, in 4-6 days, complete a minute railway carriage or compartment ridging, the construction task between the numb vegetable gardens such as whole ground of ditching, and by following standard, use the soil heavy metal passivant that comprises the oil cake that becomes thoroughly decomposed, calcium magnesium phosphate and three kinds of materials of quick lime immediately after whole end: thousand grams/acre of oil cake 150-200 become thoroughly decomposed, thousand grams/acre of calcium magnesium phosphate 50-75, thousand grams/acre of quick lime 40-50, with the activity of passivation heavy metal-polluted soil, guarantee the survival rate after numb transplantation of seedlings.The concrete consumption of passivator, depending on content of beary metal and its fertility level of soil.Total principle is: heavy metal content in soil is low, fertility level is high, passivator Shaoshi; Heavy metal content in soil is high, fertility level is low, and passivator is executed more.
Described harvesting approach, refers to two kinds of numb modes of receipts of the numb and mechanical stripping fiber crops of artificial stripping.
Described soil heavy metal passivant, refers to three kinds of materials that comprise the oil cake that becomes thoroughly decomposed, calcium magnesium phosphate and quick lime.
The described oil cake that becomes thoroughly decomposed, by cake-shaped rape seed dregs or tea is withered or the withered mixture of cake-shaped rape seed dregs/tea forms through the spontaneous fermentation of 20 days, has the dual-use function of fertilizer and soil passivator concurrently in the present invention.
Described calcium magnesium phosphate, is commercially available commodity chemical fertilizer, has in the present invention the dual-use function of phosphate fertilizer and soil passivator concurrently.
Described quick lime, be by calcium carbonate through acidolysis, a kind of strong alkaline substance of adding reaction of sodium bicarbonate and calcination process to produce, its composition is calcium oxide, chemical formula is CaO, mainly as the heavy metal deactivator of soil, the while is also for numb seedling provides part calcareous (Ca in the present invention
2+) nutrition.
C. transplant and rational close planting in good time.Use steps A. the numb seedling of cultivating is selected fine day in early April next year and is transplanted, and waters immediately sufficient normal root water; The planting density in moderate heavy metal pollution fiber crops garden, must be than the minimizing 4.5-7.5% in the numb garden of newly-built routine, and the density of the every mu of numb seedling of planting is the 2220-2870 root and stem of certain plants.
D. science is topdressed and in good time broken bar.A. for the broken bar fiber crops of transplanting then, topdress 2-3 time, every mu of nitrogen pool of using is controlled at 5.5-7.0 kilogram of (in N), total phosphorus content and is controlled at 0.3-0.6 kilogram (with P
2o
5meter), general potassium amount is controlled at 3.6-4.8 kilogram (with K
2o meter); B. for transplant then two, three seasons fiber crops and backward in 6-7 two, three seasons fiber crops, topdress in per season 2 times, all need be after front season results 5-8 days with 12-15 days during in complete, every mu of N of per season, P
2o
5and K
2control the size consistent with broken bar fiber crops of the using of O, the ratio of administered twice is 0.6:0.4 or 0.5:0.5, depending on the growing way of ramie; C. no matter be broken bar fiber crops then, still two, three seasons fiber crops then and backward topdressing of two, three season fiber crops in 6-7, all forbidding is as the physiological phenomenon nitrogenous fertilizer of ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate and so on and phosphate fertilizer as acid in the chemistry of calcium superphosphate and so on, in order to avoid aggravation soil acidification, the activity of increase heavy metal; D. the broken bar time in moderate heavy metal pollution fiber crops garden, must, than the 4-6 days ahead of time in the numb garden of newly-built routine, transplant the broken bar fiber crops of results in latter 75-80 days.
Described broken bar, refers to the results first in planting fiber crops garden.
Described broken bar fiber crops, refer to that the first season of planting fiber crops garden results is numb.
Two, three described seasons are numb, refer to respectively the ramie of gathering in the crops during late July to early August, mid-October to early November.
E. prevention and elimination of disease and pests in time and the numb garden winter training management of strengthening.A. the modal disease and pest of ramie is mainly pratylenchus disease, mosaic disease, noctuid, red admiral and a yellow a kind of butterfly harmful to crop plants, in heavy metal pollution area, adopts chemical pesticide control mode more more direct, economical than alternate manner, effective.B. the Rugby granular that every mu of use 2 kilogram-mass mark are 10% mix 50 kilograms, soil spread fertilizer over the fields the 800 times of liquid of isoprocarb that can prevent and treat ramie root-rot nematodiasis, be 35% with 40 or 80 milliliters of mass fractions floral leaf cicada nymph contain the phase spraying of sending out can prevent and treat ramie mosaic disease, with the decis that 40 or 80 milliliters of mass fractions are 2.5%, be watered 45 kilograms and spray and can prevent and treat noctuid, red admiral and the yellow a kind of butterfly harmful to crop plants of ramie in larva clustering or the Sheng phase of incubating, c. after annual three fiber crops results, must carry out the intertillage of numb garden, excavate and stretch to the horse race root of part in the ranks, railway carriage or compartment face earthing is fostered and apply fertilizer, ditch cleaning protects the field winter training management work such as the root and stem of certain plants, to guarantee that days, fiber crops were the high yield of the fiber crops first season, its technical essential can be undertaken by the related request of < < ramie cultivation technique standard (DB/T384-2008) > >, but must guard against and use as ammonium chloride in the process of fostering and apply fertilizer, ammonium sulfate, the physiological phenomenon nitrogenous fertilizer of ammonium nitrate and so on and phosphate fertilizer as acid in the chemistry of calcium superphosphate and so on.
Described gram line pellet is a kind of the most frequently used commercially available (commodity) agricultural chemicals.It is a kind of tagging property nematicide and pesticide, without fumigation action, and high toxicity, its preparation is 10% Rugby granular (Rugby, 10%G).
Described isoprocarb, claims again to put out prestige, is a kind of the most frequently used commercially available (commodity) agricultural chemicals.It is a kind of pesticide that has tagging property and interior absorption concurrently.
Described decis, has another name called " decis ", is a kind of the most frequently used commercially available (commodity) agricultural chemicals.It is the highest a kind of of virulence in current chrysanthemum ester insecticide.
Described head fiber crops, refer to the ramie of gathering in the crops during late May to early June.
The present invention compared with prior art, has the following advantages and effect:
No. 1, the middle ramie that A. the present invention determines, No. 2, Hunan ramie, No. 3, Hunan ramie, No. 3, China's ramie, No. 4, China's ramie, No. 5, China's ramie, No. 5, river ramie, No. 7, river ramie, 10 ramie certain species such as Chuan Zhu8 and Ganzhu 4, even if exceed 17 times of GB farming land allowable value at the content of Cadmium in Soil, or arsenic, nickel, copper content all exceeds 8 times of GB farming land allowable value, or plumbous, chromium, zinc content all exceeds under the severe soil environment condition of 5 times of grades of GB farming land allowable value, all can complete normal growth cycle, and (the planting fiber crops garden of the applicant's microcell simulated test yield result is then 75-105 gram/m to have higher Raw fiber yield, amount to per mu yield 50-70 kilogram), the ability that shows above-mentioned certain species tolerance heavy metal pollution is stronger, that heavy metal pollution regional development ramie produces, realize contaminated soil agricultural safety and the efficient first-selected kind of utilizing.
B. the specific ramee variety that the present invention determines, by sexual reproduction technique, in heavy metal pollution area, set up maternal plant garden, cut its tender tip and on cleaning soil or husky bed, breed the seedling breeding technology of a series of standards such as strong sprout, there is no at present bibliographical information in this respect both at home and abroad, not only can be the large-area applications ramie reparation of vast heavy metal pollution area and utilize the farmland of its intermediate pollution that abundant seedling (source) is provided, and production cost lower (cutting the low 20-30% of production cost of root sowing).
C. the characteristic that some heavy metal element (especially cadmium) that the present invention makes full use of low concentration can stimulate Ramie Growth to grow, rationally reduce Liao Ma garden planting density and appropriateness and done sth. in advance the broken bar time of ramie, not only reduced the labour intensity (1.5/mu of labours' of the numb garden of more newly-built routine decreased average inputs) in newly-built numb garden, and provide the abundant time for gathering in the crops then three season ramies (broken bar fiber crops, two fiber crops and three fiber crops), guaranteed the high-yield and high-efficiency of planting fiber crops garden current year's productions.
D. the present invention takes full advantage of become thoroughly decomposed oil cake and calcium magnesium phosphate can effectively provide ramie required nutrient, the effective dual-use function of passivation heavy metal-polluted soil activity again, for guaranteeing that the survival rate in heavy metal pollution fiber crops garden, the basic high-yield targets such as effective strain of possessing ramie high yield lay a good foundation.Although drop into the oil cake that becomes thoroughly decomposed, use the fertilizer cost that farmyard manure or farm manure have increased 75-100 unit/mu newly, the labor of having saved 1-2/mu, its overall economic efficiency is still considerable.
E. the present invention is not only applicable to the soil of moderate heavy metal pollution, and the effect on slight heavy-metal contaminated soil is better, has broad application prospects.
The specific embodiment
Below in conjunction with embodiment, the present invention is described in further detail, but is not limitation of the present invention, all any this areas of doing according to the disclosure of invention be equal to replacement, all belong to protection scope of the present invention.
A method of planting ramie on heavy metal intermediate pollution soil, the steps include:
A. select the certain species of resistance to heavy metal pollution, and apply tender tip cutting propagation technology and cultivate ramie strong sprout.
Select middle ramie No. 1, or No. 2, Hunan ramie, or No. 3, Hunan ramie, or No. 3, magnificent ramie, or No. 4, magnificent ramie, or No. 5, magnificent ramie, or No. 5, river ramie, or No. 7, river ramie, or Chuan Zhu8, or the ramee variety of the specific resistance to heavy metal pollution such as Ganzhu 4, by sexual reproduction technique, be that seed growing technology is set up maternal plant garden on the soil of heavy metal intermediate pollution, in mid-September or late September its stem tip of clip minute branch cuttage on not contaminated by heavy metals cleaning soil or thickness reach on the husky bed of 30 centimetres.
The seedbed cutting propagation density of seedling breeding, must be than the minimizing 10% for the numb garden of newly-built routine or 12.5% or 15%, and the tender tip number of every square metre of cleaning soil or the upper cuttage of husky bed is 170 or 175 or 180 strains, to cultivate strong sprout.
B. carry out the construction of numb garden, and use the activity that passivator reduces heavy metal-polluted soil.
Select fine day in growing seedlings then 10 or 11 or the soil of deep ploughing December, its ploughed depth is advisable with 40 or 42 or 43 or 45 centimetres, minute railway carriage or compartment ridging between March next year.
Fiber crops garden divides the railway carriage or compartment of railway carriage or compartment ridging wide, is generally 1.5 or 1.8 or 2.1 or 2.4 or 2.8 or 3.2 or 3.6 or 4.0 meters, its concrete specification Shi Ma child-care center in physical features, select kind and harvesting approach and determine.According to the applicant's practical experience for many years: be advisable in (1.5-2.4 rice) in Yi Zhai railway carriage or compartment, hillside Ma garden, flat nonirrigated farmland and paddy field with wide railway carriage or compartment be advisable (2.8-4.0 rice); Send out the certain species (as No. 3, magnificent ramie, No. 5, river ramie) Yi Zhai railway carriage or compartment, Ma garden (1.5-2.4 rice) that the root and stem of certain plants is slow, plant division ability is weak and be advisable, send out the root and stem of certain plants is fast, plant division ability is strong certain species (as No. 1, middle ramie, No. 3, Hunan ramie) with wide railway carriage or compartment be advisable (2.8-4.0 rice); Be advisable in (1.5-2.4 rice) in Yi Zhai railway carriage or compartment, artificial Bao Mama garden, machinery stripping fiber crops with wide railway carriage or compartment be advisable (2.8-4.0 rice).
Fiber crops garden divides the ridge of railway carriage or compartment ridging long, and general control, in 25 meters, must be increased a waist ditch while often surpassing 25 meters.
In fiber crops garden, every tap drain of 3 or 4 or 5 railway carriage or compartment excavations, surrounding excavation, enclose ditch.
In fiber crops garden, tap drain is 40 or 45 or 50 or 55 centimetres with the ditching depth that encloses ditch, concrete specification is depending on numb field gesture and harvesting approach, total principle: hillside Ma garden with shallow ridges (40-50 centimetre) be advisable, flat nonirrigated farmland and paddy field be advisable with zanjon (45-55 centimetre), artificial results Ma garden with shallow ridges (40-50 centimetre) be advisable, being advisable with zanjon (40-50 centimetre) of mechanical harvest, but must guarantee that the irrigation and drainage of railway carriage or compartment ditch (ditch depth is 45 or 50 or 55 centimetres), waist ditch (ditch depth is 45 or 50 or 55 centimetres) etc. in Yu Ma garden are unimpeded.
Before determining the numb seedling of planting, in 4 or 5 or 6 days, must complete a minute railway carriage or compartment ridging, the construction task between the numb vegetable gardens such as whole ground of ditching, and by following standard, use soil heavy metal passivant immediately after whole end: become thoroughly decomposed oil cake 150 or 160 or 170 or 180 or 190 or 200,000 grams/acre, calcium magnesium phosphate 50 or 55 or 60 or 65 or 70 or 75,000 grams/acre, quick lime 40 or 45 or 50,000 grams/acre.Using the object of passivator, is mainly the activity that reduces heavy metal-polluted soil, guarantees the survival rate after numb transplantation of seedlings, and be also provides necessary nutrient (use passivator and replace Liao Ma garden base manure) for numb seedling growth simultaneously.The concrete consumption of passivator, depending on content of beary metal and its fertility level of soil.Total principle is: heavy metal content in soil is low, fertility level is high, passivator Shaoshi; Heavy metal content in soil is high, fertility level is low, and passivator is executed more.
C. transplant and rational close planting in good time.
Use steps A. the numb seedling of cultivating is selected fine day in early April next year and is transplanted, and waters immediately sufficient normal root water.
The planting density in fiber crops garden, land for growing field crops, must, according to selecting sending out the fundamental characteristics such as root and stem of certain plants speed, plant division ability power and considering the spread effect that some heavy metal element (especially cadmium) is grown Ramie Growth at low concentration of kind, than the density in the numb garden of newly-built routine, to reduce 4.5% or 5.5% or 6.5% or 7.5%.Generally speaking, heavy metal content in soil is high, and its density of planting is large.According to the applicant's practical experience for many years: for sending out the specific ramee variety (as No. 1, middle ramie, No. 3, Hunan ramie) that the root and stem of certain plants is fast, plant division ability is strong, the Suitable Density of every mu of field planting fiber crops seedling is 2290 or 2270 or 2240 or 2220 root and stem of certain plants; For sending out, the root and stem of certain plants is slow, the specific ramee variety (as No. 3, magnificent ramie, No. 5, river ramie) a little less than plant division ability, and the Suitable Density of every mu of field planting fiber crops seedling is 2870 or 2840 or 2810 or 2780 root and stem of certain plants.
D. science is topdressed and in good time broken bar.
For the broken bar fiber crops of transplanting then, to topdress 2 or 3 times, every mu of nitrogen pool of using (in N) is controlled at 5.5 or 6.0 or 6.5 or 7.0 kilograms, total phosphorus content (with P
2o
5meter) be controlled at 0.3 or 0.4 or 0.5 or 0.6 kilogram, general potassium amount (with K
2o meter) be controlled at 3.6 or 4.2 or 4.8 kilograms.Concrete application times and fertilizer amount are depending on ramie colony growing way, and total principle is: Ma Yuan colony growing way is good, and fertilizer application frequency is few.
For transplant then two, three seasons fiber crops and in 6 or 7 years backward two, three seasons fiber crops, topdress in per season 2 times, all need be after front season results 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 days, and in two periods of 12 or 13 or 14 or 15 days, complete every mu of N of per season, P
2o
5and K
2control the size consistent with broken bar fiber crops of the using of O, the ratio of administered twice is 0.6:0.4 or 0.5:0.5, colony's growing way in Shi Ma garden and determining.
No matter be broken bar fiber crops then, still two, three seasons fiber crops then and two, three season fiber crops in 6 or 7 years backward topdresses, all forbidding is as the physiological phenomenon nitrogenous fertilizer of ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate and so on and phosphate fertilizer as acid in the chemistry of calcium superphosphate and so on, in order to avoid aggravation soil acidification, the activity of increase heavy metal.
For preventing invalid plant division, the broken bar time in moderate and slight heavy metal pollution area planting fiber crops garden must be than 4 or 5 or 6 days ahead of time of the numb garden of newly-built routine, that is: broken bar fiber crops of results 75 or 76 or 77 or 78 or 79 or 80 days time after transplanting.
E. prevention and elimination of disease and pests in time and the numb garden winter training management of strengthening.
The modal disease and pest of ramie is mainly pratylenchus disease, mosaic disease, noctuid, red admiral and a yellow a kind of butterfly harmful to crop plants.
On heavy metal pollution (especially having cut off the intermediate pollution of food chain in serious pollution and part) soil, plant ramie, adopt Agro-chemicals control disease and pest be a kind of the most directly, the effective ways of economic (material benefit).
The Rugby granular that every mu of use 2 kilogram-mass mark are 10% is mixed 50 kilograms, soil and is spread fertilizer over the fields, and can prevent and treat ramie root-rot nematodiasis.
800 times of liquid of isoprocarb that every mu of use 40 or 80 milliliters of mass fractions are 35% are contained the phase of sending out spraying, the mosaic disease that can prevent and treat ramie floral leaf cicada nymph.
The decis that every mu of use 40 or 80 milliliters of mass fractions are 2.5% is watered 45 kilograms and incubates phase spraying in larva clustering or Sheng, can prevent and treat noctuid, red admiral and a yellow a kind of butterfly harmful to crop plants for ramie.
After annual three fiber crops results, must carry out the intertillage of numb garden, excavate and stretch to that in the ranks horse race root, the railway carriage or compartment face earthing of part are fostered and apply fertilizer, ditch cleaning protects the field winter training management work such as the root and stem of certain plants, be the high yield of the fiber crops first season to guarantee to come days fiber crops.
The technical essential of fiber crops garden winter training management, can be undertaken by the related request of < < ramie cultivation technique standard (DB/T384-2008) > >, but must guard against in the process of fostering and apply fertilizer, use as the physiological phenomenon nitrogenous fertilizer of ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate and so on and phosphate fertilizer as acid in the chemistry of calcium superphosphate and so on.
The pilot plant test of " a kind of method of planting ramie on heavy metal intermediate pollution soil " and demonstration result are as shown in subordinate list 1, subordinate list 2, subordinate list 3.Its result shows: intermediate pollution planting fiber crops gardens (Anhua Yan Xizhen, bimodal Zi Menqiaozhen and right overhead Ma Jiahe town) when annual production and time days fiber crops output can reach respectively thousand grams/acre of 75.1-78.4 and 88.8-91.7, all with the same period cleaning soil plant the quite even slightly high of fiber crops (Pan Tang town, the Land of Peach Blossoms), and the content of beary metal in raw ramie is all controlled in the scope of the American-European content standard (20 mg/kg) about textile raw material cadmium, the agricultural safety of having realized moderate heavy-metal contaminated soil utilizes with efficient, and technology is easy, easy to implement the method.If the method is for the soil (the large South Lake of Yuanjiang town) of slight heavy metal pollution, its effect is better, in vast heavy metal pollution area, has extremely wide application prospect.
No. 1 production overview of subordinate list 1. pilot plant tests and Demonstration Base heavy metal pollution and middle ramie
The output of No. 1, ramie in subordinate list 2. pilot plant tests and Demonstration Base
Content (the unit: mg/kg) of No. 1 raw ramie heavy metal cadmium of ramie in subordinate list 3. pilot plant tests and Demonstration Base
| Sample | Anhua Yan Xi | Right overhead Ma Jiahe | The bimodal Chinese catalpa raft of pontoons | The large South Lake of Yuanjiang | Land of Peach Blossoms Pan Tang |
| Broken bar is numb then | 14.3±3.92 | 9.6±2.03 | 11.2±3.02 | 6.45±1.32 | 1.34±0.22 |
| Inferior days are numb | 13.6±3.24 | 8.4±1.86 | 10.0±2.86 | 6.33±1.28 | 1.42±0.24 |
Claims (1)
1. a method of planting ramie on heavy metal intermediate pollution soil, the steps include:
A. select the kind of resistance to heavy metal pollution, and apply tender tip cutting propagation technology and cultivate ramie strong sprout: select middle ramie No. 1, or No. 2, Hunan ramie, or No. 3, Hunan ramie, or No. 3, magnificent ramie, or No. 4, magnificent ramie, or No. 5, magnificent ramie, or No. 5, river ramie, or No. 7, river ramie, or Chuan Zhu8, or Ganzhu 4, by seed growing technology, on the soil of heavy metal intermediate pollution, set up maternal plant garden, in mid-September to the last ten-days period its stem tip of clip or minute branch cuttage on not contaminated by heavy metals cleaning soil or thickness reach on the husky bed of 30 centimetres, its cutting propagation density is than the minimizing 10-15% for the numb garden of newly-built routine, the tender tip number that is every square metre of cleaning soil or the upper cuttage of husky bed is 170-180 strain, cultivate strong sprout,
Described heavy metal, comprises cadmium, lead, arsenic, chromium, nickel, copper, zinc 7 Heavy Metallic Elements;
Described intermediate pollution, refer to the content of beary metal in soil, according to the farming land allowable value of national Specification, have at least a kind of content of element to reach following judgment criteria: the 6-17 that exceeds GB farming land allowable value in the cadmium content of Cd doubly, doubly, the 3-5 that exceeds GB farming land allowable value in lead, chromium, the zinc content of Pb, Cr, Zn doubly for the 5-8 that exceeds GB farming land allowable value in arsenic, nickel, the copper content of As, Ni, Cu;
Described cleaning soil, its content of beary metal, be controlled in the farming land allowable value of national Specification, cadmium content < 0.30 mg/kg in Cd, lead content < 250 mg/kg in Pb, arsenic content < 30 mg/kg in As, chromium content < 250 mg/kg in Cr, nickel content < 40 mg/kg in Ni, copper content < 50 mg/kg in Cu, zinc content < 200 mg/kg in Zn,
B. carry out the construction of numb garden, and use the activity that passivator reduces heavy metal-polluted soil: select fine day in the soil of deep ploughing the 10-12 month then of growing seedlings, tilling depth is 40-45 centimetre; Minute railway carriage or compartment ridging between March next year, railway carriage or compartment is wide is 1.5-4.0 rice, and ridge length is controlled in 25 meters, often surpasses 25 meters and increases a waist ditch, and every a tap drain of 3-5 railway carriage or compartment excavation, surrounding excavation encloses ditch; Railway carriage or compartment ditch, Yao Gou, tap drain and the ditch depth that encloses ditch are 40-55 centimetre; Before determining the numb seedling of planting, in 4-6 days, complete a minute railway carriage or compartment ridging, ditch wholely, and by following standard, use soil heavy metal passivant after whole end: thousand grams/acre of the oil cake 150-200 that become thoroughly decomposed, thousand grams/acre of calcium magnesium phosphate 50-75, thousand grams/acre of quick lime 40-50;
C. to transplant and rational close planting: use steps A in good time. the numb seedling of cultivating is selected fine day in early April next year and is transplanted on the soil of moderate heavy metal pollution, waters sufficient normal root water; Its planting density, than the minimizing 4.5-7.5% in the numb garden of newly-built routine, the density of the every mu of numb seedling of planting is the 2220-2870 root and stem of certain plants;
D. science is topdressed with in good time broken bar: a. for the broken bar fiber crops of transplanting then, topdress 2-3 time, every mu of nitrogen pool in N of using is controlled at 5.5-7.0 kilogram, in the total phosphorus content of P2O5, is controlled at 0.3-0.6 kilogram, in the general potassium amount of K2O, is controlled at 3.6-4.8 kilogram; B. for transplant then two, three seasons fiber crops and backward in 6-7 two, three seasons fiber crops, topdress in per season 2 times, after front season results 5-8 days with 12-15 days during in complete, control the size consistent with broken bar fiber crops of the using of every mu of N of per season, P2O5 and K2O, the ratio of administered twice is 0.6:0.4 or 0.5:0.5; C. be no matter broken bar fiber crops then, still then two, three seasons fiber crops and backward in 6-7 two, three season the topdressing of fiber crops, all forbid the acid phosphate fertilizer of the physiological phenomenon nitrogenous fertilizer of ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate and so on and the chemistry of calcium superphosphate; D. the broken bar time in intermediate pollution fiber crops garden, than the 4-6 days ahead of time in the numb garden of newly-built routine, transplant the broken bar fiber crops of results in latter 75-80 days;
Two, three described seasons are numb, refer to respectively the ramie of gathering in the crops during late July to early August, mid-October to early November;
E. prevention and elimination of disease and pests and the numb garden winter training management of strengthening: the modal disease and pest of a. ramie has pratylenchus disease, mosaic disease, noctuid, red admiral and a yellow a kind of butterfly harmful to crop plants; B. the Rugby granular that every mu of use 2 kilogram-mass mark are 10% mixes that 50 kilograms, soil spreads fertilizer over the fields control ramie root-rot nematodiasis, the 800 times of liquid of isoprocarb that are 35% with 40 or 80 milliliters of mass fractions floral leaf cicada nymph contain the phase of sending out spraying control ramie a mosaic disease, with the decis that 40 or 80 milliliters of mass fractions are 2.5%, be watered 45 kilograms and spray and prevent and treat noctuid, red admiral and the yellow a kind of butterfly harmful to crop plants of ramie in larva clustering or the Sheng phase of incubating; C. after annual three fiber crops results, carrying out the intertillage of numb garden, excavate the horse race root of part in the ranks, the field winter training management work that railway carriage or compartment face earthing is fostered and apply fertilizer, ditch cleaning protects the root and stem of certain plants of stretching to, is the high yield of the fiber crops first season to guarantee to come days fiber crops.
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