CN102892753A - 在制备缀合疫苗中用于活化多糖的化学试剂 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明提供了在水或部分水溶液中氰化多糖的新试剂,由此使得它们可以直接或通过间隔物共价连接到蛋白质上。这些试剂包括1-氰基-4-吡咯烷基吡啶四氟硼酸盐(CPPT),1-氰基-咪唑(1-CI),1-氰基苯并三唑(1-CBT)或2-氰基哒嗪-3(2H)酮(2-CPO),或其功能衍生物或修饰物。实施例例示了这些试剂与多种多糖和蛋白质的使用,显示该方法是普遍适用的。
Description
相关申请的参考
本申请要求申请日为2009年12月17日的、具有相同发明名称的美国临时申请No.61/287,593的优先权,其通过引用方式全文并入。
背景技术
1.发明领域
本申请涉及试剂以及将蛋白质与碳水化合物缀合的方法,特别是在生产疫苗过程中使用的方法和化学物质,以及由该方法生产的疫苗。
2.背景描述
已证实含有与碳水化合物共价连接的蛋白质的疫苗在诱导针对碳水化合物部分的免疫应答方面非常成功。此类疫苗的实例,即通常所述的“缀合物”,对于下列微生物是可获得的:b型流感嗜血菌(如,ActHib、Hiberix),ACW和Y型脑膜炎奈瑟菌(如,Menactra)以及肺炎链球菌(如,Prevnar、Synflorix)。为了使蛋白质连接至碳水化合物上,后者通常需要被活化以使其能与蛋白质发生或直接或经由间隔物的反应(Dick,W.E.Jr and Beurret,M.Glyconjugates ofbacterial carbohydrate antigens.A survey and consideration of design andpreparation factors.刊载于:Conjugate Vaccines(Eds Cruse,J.M.and Lewis,R.E.)。Karger,Basel,1989.一种活化的方法是通过碳水化合物的氧化,以产生醛类,随后醛类通过还原氨化连接至蛋白质的赖氨酸上。在其它情况下,蛋白质首先由酰肼或氨氧基官能化,随后与碳水化合物上的醛反应(Lees,A.Use ofamino-oxy functional groups in the preparation of protein-polysaccharide(PS)conjugate vaccines United States Patent Publication No.2005/0169941;通过引用方式并入)。另一种活化多糖的方法是使用溴化氰,以在多糖上形成氰-酯,其随后与间隔分子、例如己二酸二酰肼反应。然后官能化的多糖与蛋白质反应。改进的氰化多糖的方法是使用1-氰基-4-二甲基氨基吡啶四氟硼酸盐(CDAP)(Lees,A.,Producing immunogenic constructs using soluble carbohydrates activated viaorganic cyanylating reagents.美国专利号5,651,971;5,693,326;and 5,849,301)。CDAP可使蛋白质直接连接至多糖上。CDAP还可用于官能化具有间隔物的多糖,其随后连接到蛋白质上。酰肼或氨氧基官能化的蛋白质也可连接至CDAP活化的多糖上(美国专利号5,849,301;通过引用方式并入)。
发明概述
本发明克服了现有疫苗生产在策略和设计上的问题与不足,提供了蛋白质缀合的全新的工具与方法,尤其适用于疫苗生产。
本发明的一个实施方式涉及碳水化合物的缀合方法,其包括:将化合物,例如1-CBT或1-Cl或CPPT或2-CPO或其功能衍生物或修饰物与化合物混合以形成活化的化合物;和将活化的化合物与第二化合物混合以形成缀合物。优选所述化合物为天然或合成的碳水化合物、多糖、寡糖或它们的组合。同样优选所述第二化合物为肽、多肽或蛋白质,其可为抗原分子。缀合可以是直接的,也可以是通过另外的促进缀合的官能的间接缀合。所述过程优选进一步包括去除分子量小于缀合物的组分,其是通过例如透析、过滤、色谱或它们的组合。得到的缀合物优选为疫苗或诊断试剂。所述过程可进一步包括在活化的化合物和第二化合物之间引入连接化合物。所述过程的步骤以及连接物的引入优选同时进行,但也可各自独立进行。
本发明的另一实施方式涉及通过本发明的方法制备的疫苗。所述疫苗优选进一步包括药学上可接受的载体,其可包括但不仅限于水、盐水、乙醇、糖、多糖、油或它们的组合。
本发明的其他实施方式以及优势有一部分会在下面的发明详述中说明,有一部分可从发明详述是显而易见的,或可从本发明的实践中习得。
附图说明
图1.在Superdex200(1×30cm)凝胶过滤柱上运行的BSA/CDAP/葡聚糖和BSA/CPPT/葡聚糖的重叠色谱图。
图2.对使用1-CI官能化多糖的间接缀合的SEC HPLC分析。
图3.在Superdex200上得到的CRM(1-CI/Ps6A)缀合物色谱图。
图4.Superdex 200级份的SEC HPLC分析。
图5.CPPT(1-氰基-4-吡咯烷基吡啶四氟硼酸盐;又名CPIP)、1-CBT(1-氰基苯并三唑)、1-Cl(1-氰基咪唑)和2-CPO(2-氰基哒嗪-3(2H)酮)的化学结构。
发明详述
本发明的一个实施方式涉及一种化合物的缀合方法,其包括将CPPT、1-CBT、1-CI或2-CPO或任意这些化合物的功能衍生物或保守修饰物与化合物混合以形成活化的化合物。所述活化的化合物与第二化合物混合以形成缀合物。这些步骤可独立或一起进行,还可包括用作两者间连接体的另一化合物。活化的化合物优选与连接体分子混合,所述连接体分子随后与第二化合物反应以形成缀合物。优选的连接体包括但不限于己二胺、乙二胺、肼、己二酸二酰肼或1,6-二氨氧基己烷。
缀合可以是直接或间接的,意为可添加或不添加促进缀合的官能团。优选地,所述化合物为天然的或合成的碳水化合物、多糖、寡糖或它们的组合。优选第二化合物为肽、多肽或蛋白质,更优选第二化合物为用于制备疫苗、制备诊断试剂的抗原分子。
本发明提供了新颖的试剂,其用于在水性或部分水性溶液中氰化多糖,以使其能直接或通过间隔物与蛋白质共价连接。下面的实例例示了这些试剂在多种多糖和蛋白质中的用途,显示所述方法是通常可行的。
在本申请中,碳水化合物、多糖和寡糖可互换替换地使用。所述方法可使用天然的或合成的碳水化合物。
蛋白质是指天然的、重组的或合成的物质。其可包括肽。除蛋白质外的其他分子可用作直接或间接连接至活化的碳水化合物上的第二部分。
直接缀合是指不引入额外官能团将蛋白质与活化的碳水化合物连接。间接缀合是指添加用于促进缀合的官能团。例如,可用胺将碳水化合物官能化,随后与溴乙酰基反应。溴乙酰化的碳水化合物然后与硫醇化的蛋白质进行反应。(Hermanson,GT,Bioconjugate Techniques,Academic Press,第2版,2008)。术语“官能化”通常是指以化学方法添加基团以增加官能性,例如,以促进缀合。实例包括通过酰肼或氨氧基官能化蛋白质以及通过氨基官能化碳水化合物。
方法和试剂
蛋白质与碳水化合物缀合增加了其分子量,这能通过分析型尺寸排阻色谱(SEC HPLC)进行监测。越早洗脱的物质分子量越大,蛋白质通常通过其在280nm处的吸收进行检测。因此吸收提早出现说明了分子量的增加以及由此说明了缀合。SEC HPLC使用BioSep G4000SEC柱(Phenomenex)或类似柱,用在装载了Empower软件的Waters 600系统中。
使用TNBS检测氨和酰肼,方法通常如″Spectrophotometric determinationof hydrazine,hydrazides,and their mixtures with trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid″Qi XY,Keyhani NO,Lee YC.Anal Biochem.1988 Nov 15;175(1):139-44(通过引用方式并入)and Vidal and Franci,J Immun.Meth 86:155,1986中所述。
通过蛋白质的消光系数以及在280nm处的吸收来检测其浓度。碳水化合物则使用Monsigny M.et al.(Anal Biochem.175(2):525-30,1988;通过引用方式并入)中的方法进行检测。
1-氰基-4-吡咯烷基吡啶四氟硼酸盐(CPPT)使用Wilmington PharmaTech,Lot No.1795-1536-10所述方法制备并通过反相HPLC测定纯度高于97%(见图5)。1-氰基-4-二甲基氨基吡啶四氟硼酸盐(CDAP)由Merck Kga提供。1-氰基-咪唑(1-CI)购自Apin Chemicals(Abingdon,UK)(见图5)。1-氰基-苯并三唑(1-CBT)购自Sigma Aldrich(见图5)。CRM和破伤风类毒素由印度血清学会(Pune)提供。BSA购自Amreseo(Solon,OH)。肺炎球菌多糖从印度血清学会或ATCC(Manassas,VA)处获得。Hib PRP和脑膜炎奈瑟菌多糖从印度血清学会获得。T2000葡聚糖(GE Healthcare)是通过S400HR凝胶过滤色谱柱(GE Healthcare)分离以制备的高分子量级份。用到的其他制剂包括:N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮(NMP)、己二胺·2HCl和三乙胺(TEA),购自Sigma-Aldrich。乙腈来自GFS Chemical。
下面的实施例说明了本发明的实施方式,但是不应该被认为限制了本发明的范围。
实施例1:模型系统:作为模型系统,BSA直接或通过间隔物共价连接到多糖葡聚糖上。
CDAP和CPPT分别加入乙腈中至0.43M,并取120μl加入2ml的葡聚糖(6mg/ml盐水溶液+0.02%的叠氮化钠)。30秒后,向每份中加入三乙胺(~7μl)以维持pH在约9.8。在2分钟时取出活化的葡聚糖的1ml等份试样并加入1ml的0.5M己二胺溶液或1ml的BSA溶液(10mg/ml)。4小时后,将己二胺衍生化的葡聚糖溶液在频繁更换的生理盐水中透析过夜。为了进一步除去低分子量试剂,每种溶液都定容至约6ml,使用Corning旋转过滤设备(Spin-X 10kDa截留)浓缩并重复该过程。将第二次旋转的滤液用三硝基苯磺酸(TNBS)测定并发现对于胺基本上为阴性。就胺和葡聚糖测定脱盐的滞留物。将BSA-葡聚糖缀合物在4℃温育过夜,然后用PBS平衡的Superdex200尺寸排阻柱(GEHealthcare)分离。两个缀合物的洗脱曲线显示在图1中。汇总并就BSA和葡聚糖分析空体积峰(见表1)。
表1
活化剂 | mg BSA/mg Dex | NH2/100kDa Dex |
CDAP | 0.71 | 59 |
CPPT | 0.90 | 78 |
该数据表明CPPT活化葡聚糖效果与CDAP一样,并且可能更好。它表明蛋白质可以直接缀合到CPPT活化的多糖上。
实施例2:使用CPPT以胺官能化多糖
制备7.5mg/ml的嗜血流感杆菌(Hib),脑膜炎双球菌A(MenA)和脑膜炎双球菌C(MenC)夹膜多糖溶液。向135ml的每份溶液中,加入75μl的100mg/mlCPPT乙腈溶液。在30秒时将5μl TEA加入到Hib和MenA多糖中。将6μl TEA加入到MenC溶液中。在2.5分钟时将0.6ml活化的PS加入到0.6ml的0.5M己二胺中。3小时后,每个溶液通过盐水进行充分透析。
计算每个溶液中多糖的含量,采用间苯二酚硫酸测定法,并将相应的多糖作为MenA与MenC的标准物。核糖用作Hib多糖的标准物,每重复单元1mol核糖并且重复单元分子量为243g/mol(见表2)。
表2
多糖 NH2/100kDa
Hib 38
Mena 19.5
MenC 13
该表格进一步显示了CPPT官能化各种多糖。
实施例3:使用1-氰基-咪唑衍生葡聚糖(模型多糖)
将30mg 1-CI加入到2ml 20mg/ml的T2000葡聚糖(GE Healthcare)溶液中。加入5等份100μl 0.2M的三乙胺以维持pH在9-9.2。约3分钟后,加入2ml 0.5M的己二胺并用0.5M的NaOH将pH调节至9。反应2小时后,溶液在盐水中彻底透析。该溶液通过离心澄清并测定葡聚糖和胺的含量。发现产物含有27胺/100kDa葡聚糖,这说明1-CI可以用于以胺官能化多糖。
实施例4:使用1-CI将模型蛋白质直接缀合到模型多糖上(BSA-葡聚糖)
制备了13.5mg/ml的高分子量葡聚糖溶液。将67.5μl 100mg/ml的1-CI的NMP溶液加入到1ml该溶液中,30秒后,加入4等份100μl的0.2MTEA,再加入大约20μl 0.5M的NaOH。在大约3.5分钟时,加入0.5ml 20mg/ml的BSA溶液。通过加入pH9.0的2等份100μl 0.1M的硼酸钠将pH升高至约8.5。在4℃放置两天后,用SEC HPLC分析反应混合物。图显示BSA+1-CI活化的葡聚糖从尺寸排阻柱中更早洗脱出来,这表明由于与多糖缀合而有更高的分子量。
实施例5:用1-CI活化其它多糖
在盐水+0.02%叠氮化钠中制备10mg/ml肺炎球菌血清1型PS(Ps1)和6B PS(Ps6B)的夹膜多糖溶液。将悬浮在93μl NMP中的93mg 1-CI加入到1mlPs1中,接着加入8等份的100μl的0.2MTEA。2.5分钟时,加入0.5ml 1M的己二胺,接着加入2等份的100μl的0.5M NaOH。pH大约为9。将100μl100mg/ml的1-CI NMP溶液加入到1ml Ps6B溶液中。加入两等份的100μl的0.2M TEA,接着加入2等份的50μl的0.5M NaOH以保持pH在约9.5-10.8。在2.5分钟时,加入0.5ml 1M的己二胺和50μl 0.5M的NaOH。约3小时后,每个溶液均在盐水中彻底透析。然后采用间苯二酚硫酸测定法测定每个溶液中的多糖含量,使用TNBS测定胺的含量(见表3)。
表3
可见,很明显的,1-CI可以用于活化和官能化多糖。
实施例6:间接缀合至使用1-CI官能化的多糖
将pH 8的239μl 1M的HEPES加入到在实施例5中制备的2.2ml中含有约9.5mg Ps6B-NH2的溶液中。加入170μl 0.1M的NHS溴乙酸酯NMP溶液。1小时后,用Amicon Ultra 1530kDa截留旋转过滤柱,使用10mM NaPO4+5mMEDTA pH 6.8缓冲液将溶液反复冲洗除去盐分。剩余物定容至约0.7ml的体积。破伤风类毒素按如下方法硫醇化:向571μl破伤风类毒素(35mg/ml)中添加64μl 1M HEPES至pH为8。缓慢添加27μl 0.1M SPDP的NMP溶液。约2小时后,pH值降低至5.7,加入33μl 0.5M DTT将硫醇脱保护。30分钟后,用1x15cmG25柱将溶液脱盐,所述柱子用10mM NaPO4+5mM EDTA pH 6.8缓冲液平衡。汇集空隙体积并浓缩至终浓度为约62mg/ml。巯基含量使用DTNB测定。破伤风的比值为约6摩尔巯基/摩尔TT。溴乙酰化多糖和巯基TT按如下混合:0.66ml Ps6B-BrAc+73μl 1M HEPES,pH 8+230μl巯基TT。
反应在4℃下过夜,随后用SEC HPLC进行分析(见图2)。缀合物用S400HR尺寸排阻色谱柱(GE Healthcare)通过凝胶过滤法分离。汇总包括高分子量物质的空隙体积,并就蛋白质和碳水化合物测定。发现缀合物每mg Ps6含有约1mg TT。这说明1-CI可用于蛋白质和碳水化合物的间接缀合。
实施例7:使用1-CI直接缀合蛋白质至多糖
将来自肺炎球菌血清型6A(Ps6A)的荚膜多糖溶于水至10mg/ml。5个1ml的管在80℃下加热2分钟并向每个管中分别加入1ml pH9的0.1M硼酸钠。2.5小时后,将上述管在冰上冷却然后透析。向10ml 5mg/ml的水解的Ps6A中加入25μl TEA,并在涡旋下加入50mg 1-CI。在2.5分钟时,加入30ml 17.2mg/ml的CRM并保持pH在约9。过夜反应后,使用Amicon Ultra 1530kDa截留旋转设备将溶液浓缩至约1ml。取0.5ml过Superdex 200柱(1×30cm),所述柱用10mM硼酸钠、150mM NaCl、pH9的溶液平衡,且柱子流速为0.5ml/min。色谱图见图3。收集0.5ml级份并用SEC HPLC进行选择性级份分析。SEC色谱图见图4,其表明所有级份的分子量均大于未缀合的CRM。其显示,级份20-28均比未缀合的CRM更早洗脱,这表明每个均有更大的分子量。
实施例8:使用1-氰基苯并三唑(1-CBT)官能化多糖
将12mg的1-CBT悬浮于240μl 乙腈+120μl NMP中。向0.5ml 20mg/ml的T2000葡聚糖(10mg)中加入120μl的0.2M,随后加入120μl 1-CBT悬浮液。在约3分钟时,加入0.5ml 0.5M的己二酸二酰肼。反应2小时后,将溶液在盐水中彻底透析2天。然后将所述溶液离心并测定葡聚糖和酰肼的含量。
以每100kDa葡聚糖约11酰肼的比例回收得到约9.5mg葡聚糖。为确认酰肼已连接至葡聚糖,将一等分的载有酰肼-葡聚糖的TNBS用SEC HPLC进行检测,检测波长500nm,其中TNBS-酰肼加合物在此处有吸收。色谱图显示三硝基苯与大分子量的葡聚糖结合,表明酰肼确实连接至葡聚糖上。这说明1-CBT可用于将多糖官能化。
实施例9:蛋白质直接缀合至1-CBT活化的多糖上
向500μl的20mg/ml T2000葡聚糖溶液中加入120μl 0.2M TEA和160μl的50mg/ml 1-CBT乙腈悬浮液。在约2分钟时,加入200μl的47mg/ml BSA盐水溶液,溶液变得更加粘稠。过夜反应后,使用SEC HPLC分析缀合物。大部分的BSA在色谱柱的空隙体积内洗脱,这表明其具有大分子量。该实验说明1-CBT可用于将蛋白质直接缀合至多糖上。
实施例10:通过Kim等人的方法合成选定的2-氰基哒嗪-3(2H)-酮(详见Kim等,Tetrahedron 61:5889,2005),其用于氰化碳水化合物。
用2-CPO(X=Cl,Y=Cl)活化碳水化合物,随后将其与蛋白质或官能化的,例如,氨基直接进行反应。试剂2a(见Kim等的方案1)溶于乙腈至浓度为100mg/ml并加入至14型肺炎球菌多糖(Ps14)的10mg/ml溶液,两者比例为1mg试剂比1mg碳水化合物。用三乙胺将pH调高至9.5并维持。2.5分钟后,将一半所述溶液加入至等体积的0.5M己二胺中并将pH调至约8。另一半所述溶液与等重量的10mg/ml破伤风类毒素溶液混合。4℃下过夜温育后,将己二胺多糖溶液在盐水中彻底透析,随后测定胺和多糖。发现每100kDa多糖10胺的比例。破伤风多糖溶液用S400HR柱(GE Healthcare)分离以除去未缀合的蛋白质。测定蛋白质和多糖的浓度。发现每mg多糖约0.75mg蛋白质的比例。
考虑到此处公开的本发明的说明书和实施例,本发明的其他实施方式以及应用对本领域技术人员是显而易见的。文中引用的所有参考文献,包括所有公开文本,美国和外国的专利以及专利申请,均特别通过引用方式全文并入。术语“包括”,无论用在何处,是指包括术语“含有”和“基本上含有”。此外,术语“包括”、“包含”和“含有”是非限制性的。说明书和实例应被认为仅是对由权利要求表明的本发明的真正范围和精髓进行的示例性说明。
Claims (40)
1.碳水化合物的缀合方法,包括:
将1-氰基-4-吡咯烷基吡啶四氟硼酸盐(CPPT)与化合物混合以生成活化的化合物;以及
将活化的化合物与第二化合物混合以生成缀合物。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中化合物是天然或合成的碳水化合物,多糖,寡糖或它们的组合。
3.权利要求1的方法,其中第二化合物是肽,多肽或蛋白质。
4.权利要求1的方法,其中第二化合物是抗原分子。
5.权利要求1的方法,其中缀合是直接的,或者是通过另外的促进缀合的官能团的间接缀合。
6.权利要求1的方法,进一步包括通过透析,过滤,色谱或它们的组合除去比缀合物分子量低的组分。
7.权利要求1的方法,其中缀合物为疫苗或诊断试剂。
8.权利要求1的方法,其中步骤是一起进行的。
9.权利要求1的方法,进一步包括在活化的化合物和第二化合物之间引入连接化合物。
10.通过权利要求1的方法制备的疫苗或诊断试剂。
11.一种化合物的缀合方法,包括:
将1-氰基咪唑(1-CI)与化合物混合以生成活化的化合物;以及
将活化的化合物与第二化合物混合以生成缀合物。
12.权利要求11的方法,其中化合物是天然或合成的碳水化合物,多糖,寡糖或它们的组合。
13.权利要求11的方法,其中第二化合物是肽,多肽或蛋白质。
14.权利要求11的方法,其中第二化合物是抗原分子。
15.权利要求11的方法,其中缀合是直接的,或者是通过另外的促进缀合的官能团的间接缀合。
16.权利要求11的方法,进一步包括通过透析,过滤,色谱或它们的组合除去比缀合物分子量低的组分。
17.权利要求11的方法,其中缀合物为疫苗或诊断试剂。
18.权利要求11的方法,其中步骤是一起进行的。
19.权利要求11的方法,进一步包括在活化的化合物和第二化合物之间引入连接化合物。
20.通过权利要求11的方法制备的疫苗或诊断试剂。
21.化合物的缀合方法,包括:
将1-氰基苯并三唑(1-CBT)与化合物混合以生成活化的化合物;以及
将活化的化合物与第二化合物混合以生成缀合物。
22.权利要求21的方法,其中化合物是天然或合成的碳水化合物,多糖,寡糖或它们的组合。
23.权利要求21的方法,其中第二化合物是肽,多肽或蛋白质。
24.权利要求21的方法,其中第二化合物是抗原分子。
25.权利要求21的方法,其中缀合是直接的,或者是通过另外的促进缀合的官能团的间接缀合。
26.权利要求21的方法,进一步包括通过透析,过滤,色谱或它们的组合除去比缀合物分子量低的组分。
27.权利要求21的方法,其中缀合物为疫苗或诊断试剂。
28.权利要求21的方法,其中步骤是一起进行的。
29.权利要求21的方法,进一步包括在活化的化合物和第二化合物之间引入连接化合物。
30.通过权利要求21的方法制备的疫苗或诊断试剂。
31.化合物的缀合方法,包括:
将2-氰基哒嗪-3(2H)酮(2-CPO)与化合物混合以生成活化的化合物;以及
将活化的化合物与第二化合物混合以生成缀合物。
32.权利要求31的方法,其中化合物是天然或合成的碳水化合物,多糖,寡糖或它们的组合。
33.权利要求31的方法,其中第二化合物是肽,多肽或蛋白质。
34.权利要求31的方法,其中第二化合物是抗原分子。
35.权利要求31的方法,其中缀合是直接的,或者是通过另外的促进缀合的官能团的间接缀合。
36.权利要求31的方法,进一步包括通过透析,过滤,色谱或它们的组合除去比缀合物分子量低的组分。
37.权利要求31的方法,其中缀合物为疫苗或诊断试剂。
38.权利要求31的方法,其中步骤是一起进行的。
39.权利要求31的方法,进一步包括在活化的化合物和第二化合物之间引入连接化合物。
40.通过权利要求31的方法制备的疫苗或诊断试剂。
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