CN102636264A - Novel hydrogen atom spectrum tester and measuring method - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a novel hydrogen atom spectrum tester and a measuring method. The device provided by the invention changes a single-light beam incidence system into a double-light beam incidence system so as to overcome the potential safety hazard and defect of low efficiency caused by changing the lamps for multiple times during the testing process of the current instrument. The device provided by the invention can quickly and efficiently measure the hydrogen atom spectrum and has the advantages of simple principle, good safety and high efficiency.

Description

A Novel Hydrogen Atomic Spectrometer Experiment Apparatus and Measurement Method

technical field

The invention relates to an experimental instrument for measuring the hydrogen atom spectrum, in particular to an experimental instrument for realizing the hydrogen atom spectrum measurement by using a double-beam optical path, which is mainly used in the measurement of the hydrogen atom's visible spectral lines. the

Background technique

Atomic spectroscopy is an important method to study atomic structure, and each atom has its own specific line spectrum. Among them, the spectrum of hydrogen atom is the simplest and has obvious rules. In 1885, Ballmer summarized the results of people's hydrogen spectrum measurement and discovered the law of hydrogen spectrum, which became the standard for testing the reliability of atomic theory and the basis for measuring other basic physical constants. Therefore, the determination of the wavelength of the visible spectral lines of the hydrogen atom plays an important role in understanding the separation energy level of the atom and the law of the spectrum. the

In the existing measurement of the wavelength of the visible spectral lines of hydrogen atoms, the most commonly used method is to use the five red spectral lines of the helium-neon lamp as a spectral scale, and use a spectrometer to measure the distance between the five helium-neon red spectral lines and the hydrogen red line. position; the wavelength of the red line of the hydrogen atom was obtained by fitting using the least squares method. However, in the existing hydrogen atomic spectrometry instruments, the helium-neon lamp and the hydrogen lamp are a single-beam incident system and share the same excitation power supply. One experiment needs to alternate the helium-neon lamp and the hydrogen lamp four times. However, because the excitation power supply is a high-voltage power supply of several thousand volts, the experiment has a greater potential safety hazard due to repeated lamp changes. In addition, multiple lamp changes make the experiment inefficient. the

From the above analysis, it can be seen that in the existing disclosed background technology, it is a technical problem to be solved to develop a new type of hydrogen atomic spectrometer experiment instrument with simple principle, safety and high efficiency. the

Contents of the invention

The object of the present invention is to solve the above-mentioned technical problems and provide a novel hydrogen atomic spectroscopy experimental instrument, which has the advantages of no need to change lamps, simple operation, safety and high efficiency. the

In order to solve the deficiencies of the above-mentioned technical problems, the technical solution adopted by the present invention is: a novel hydrogen atom spectroscopic experiment instrument, which is characterized in that it consists of four parts: a beam incident system, a collimator system, a dispersion system and a receiving system;

The beam incidence system is a double beam incidence system, which is composed of two mutually perpendicular optical paths, one optical path is the main optical axis optical path, and a helium-neon lamp, a converging lens I, a beam splitter, an optical filter and a converging lens are placed in sequence III, the beam splitter is located on the focal plane of the converging lens I, and another optical path is placed with a hydrogen lamp and a converging lens II in sequence, and the distance between the converging lens II and the beam splitting mirror is the focal length of the converging lens II;

The light emitted by the hydrogen lamp is irradiated on the beam splitter after passing through the converging lens II, after being reflected by the beam splitter, it merges with the light emitted by the He-Ne lamp after being transmitted through the beam splitter, and then sequentially irradiated on the filter sheet and converging lens III;

The collimator system includes a slit and a collimating mirror, the slit is arranged on the outgoing light path of the converging lens III, the collimating mirror makes the light passing through the slit into parallel light, and the slit is located at the converging lens III on the focal plane;

The dispersion system is composed of a constant deflection prism, the constant deflection prism is arranged on the outgoing light path of the collimator, and the setting position of the constant deflection prism makes the incident beam of the minimum deflection angle monochromatic light in the beam of the constant deflection prism and The included angle of the outgoing beam is 90°;

The receiving system is composed of an exit objective lens, a spectrum reading objective lens and a spiral micrometer eyepiece. The outgoing light beam emitted from the constant deflection prism passes through the exit objective lens and the spectrum reading objective lens in turn and shoots on the spiral micrometer eyepiece. The spiral micrometer eyepiece is placed on the reading in the focal plane of the spectral objective.

The transmitted light wavelength range of the optical filter of the present invention is 600nm-700nm. the

A new measuring method of hydrogen atomic spectrometer,

Step 1. Adjust the constant deflection prism so that the angle between the incident beam and the outgoing beam of the monochromatic light meeting the minimum deflection angle condition is 90°;

Step 2, light the helium-neon lamp, adjust the positions of the converging lens I and the converging lens III, so that the light emitted by the helium-neon lamp enters the slit;

Step 3. Adjust the spiral micrometer eyepiece so that the red spectral region of the He-Ne spectral line is adjusted to the center of the field of view;

Step 4. Turn off the helium-neon lamp, ignite the hydrogen lamp, adjust the position of the converging lens II so that the light emitted by the hydrogen lamp enters the slit; adjust the spiral micrometer eyepiece to make the hydrogen red line clear, and place the intersection of the crosshairs of the spiral micrometer eyepiece Align the hydrogen red line;

Step 5. Light the helium-neon lamp again, and record the positions of the two adjacent helium-neon spectral lines on the left side of the hydrogen red line, the position of the hydrogen red line, and the positions of the three adjacent helium-neon spectral lines on the left side of the hydrogen red line; measure the position of the spectral lines At the same time, the drum of the spiral micrometer eyepiece rotates in one direction from left to right to eliminate the gap difference;

Step 6. Finally, the wavelength of the visible red line in the Balmer system of the hydrogen atomic spectrum to be measured is calculated by the least squares curve fitting method. the

Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the advantages that the device of the present invention is a new type of hydrogen atomic spectrometer experiment instrument, which has the characteristics of simple principle, safe operation, quickness and high efficiency. The invention has outstanding substantive features and remarkable progress, and can be applied to the determination of hydrogen atomic spectrum. the

Description of drawings

The specific implementation manners of the present invention will be further described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. the

Accompanying drawing 1 is the schematic diagram of existing hydrogen atom spectrometer experiment apparatus;

Accompanying drawing 2 is the schematic diagram of the measuring device disclosed by the present invention.

Among them, 100-light stand; 110-helium-neon lamp; 120-hydrogen lamp; 210-converging lens I; 211-converging lens II; 310-half mirror; 410-filter; 212-converging lens III; -slit; 610-collimator; 710-constant deflection prism; 213-exit objective; 214-spectrum reading objective; 810-spiral micrometer eyepiece. the

Detailed ways

Accompanying drawing 1 is the device schematic diagram of existing hydrogen atomic spectrometer experiment instrument; Its beam incident system is a single beam incident system, is made of lamp holder 100 and converging lens III, and hydrogen lamp and helium-neon lamp are placed on lamp holder 100; It is a single-beam incident system. During the experiment, the hydrogen lamp and the helium-neon lamp need to be turned on in turn. One experiment requires 4 lamp replacement processes, and the 5 red lines of the helium-neon lamp and the hydrogen red line cannot be simultaneously measured in the spiral. Displayed on the micro-eyepiece 810; therefore, the prior art has the disadvantages of potential safety hazard and low experimental efficiency. the

Accompanying drawing 2 is the schematic diagram of the measuring device disclosed by the present invention, a novel hydrogen atom spectrometer, which is composed of four parts: a beam incident system, a collimator system, a dispersion system and a receiving system; wherein, the beam incident system is a double The beam incident system is composed of two mutually perpendicular optical paths, one optical path is the main optical axis optical path, and the helium-neon lamp 110, the converging lens I210, the beam splitter 310, the optical filter 410, and the converging lens III212 are placed in sequence; The beam splitter 310 is located on the focal plane of the converging lens 1210;

The other optical path places the hydrogen lamp 120 and the converging lens II211 in turn; the distance between the converging lens II211 and the beam splitter 310 is the focal length of the converging lens II211; the light emitted by the hydrogen lamp 120 is irradiated by the converging lens II211 On the beam splitter 310, after being reflected by the beam splitter 310, the light emitted by the helium-neon lamp 110 merges after being transmitted by the beam splitter 310, and then sequentially irradiates on the optical filter 410 and the converging lens III212; The wavelength range of the transmitted light of the optical filter 410 is 600nm-700nm;

The collimator system includes a slit 510 and a collimating mirror 610. The function of the collimating mirror 610 is to make the light passing through the slit 510 become parallel light; on flat surface;

The dispersion system is composed of a constant deflection prism 710, whose function is to decompose the beam so that monochromatic beams of different wavelengths are emitted in different directions; for monochromatic light that meets the minimum deflection angle condition, the gap between the incident beam and the outgoing beam is The angle is 90°;

The receiving system is composed of the exit objective lens 213 , the spectrum reading objective lens 214 and the spiral micrometer eyepiece 810 , and the spiral micrometer eyepiece 810 is placed on the focal plane of the spectrum reading objective lens 214 .

The use process of device of the present invention, its concrete steps are as follows:

1. Adjust the constant deflection prism 710 so that the angle between the incident beam and the outgoing beam of the monochromatic light meeting the minimum deflection angle condition is 90°;

2. Light the helium-neon lamp 110, adjust the positions of the converging lens I210 and the converging lens III212, so that the light emitted by the helium-neon lamp 110 enters the slit 510;

3. Adjust the spiral micrometer eyepiece 810 so that the red spectral region of the helium-neon spectral line is adjusted to the center of the field of view;

4. Turn off the helium-neon lamp 110, light the hydrogen lamp 120, adjust the position of the converging lens II211, so that the light emitted by the hydrogen lamp 120 enters the slit 510; adjust the spiral micrometer eyepiece 810 to make the hydrogen red line clear, and turn the spiral micrometer eyepiece 810 The intersection point of the crosshairs is aligned with the hydrogen red line;

5. Light the helium-neon lamp 110 again, and record the positions of the two adjacent helium-neon spectral lines on the left side of the hydrogen red line, the position of the hydrogen red line, and the positions of the three adjacent helium-neon spectral lines on the left side of the hydrogen red line; measure the position of the spectral lines At the same time, the drum of the spiral micrometer eyepiece 810 is rotated in one direction from left to right to eliminate the gap difference;

6. Finally, the wavelength of the visible red line in the Balmer system of the hydrogen atomic spectrum to be measured is calculated by the least squares curve fitting method.

The working principle of the present invention is:

The experimental formula for hydrogen atomic spectrum is

                     （1）

(1)

In the formula, l is the wavelength of the spectral line, and R _H = 10967758.306 m ^-1 is the experimental value of the Rydberg constant.

When electrons in a hydrogen atom transition from a higher energy level to a lower energy level, light is emitted. It satisfies the theoretical formula of Bohr spectrum,

           （2）

(2)

Among them, m=9.11×10 ^-31 kg is the electronic rest mass, e ₀ =8.85×10 ^-12 F×m ^-1 is the vacuum permittivity, h=6.63×10 ^-34 J×s is Planck’s constant, c =3×10 ⁸ m×s ^-1 is the speed of light in vacuum, R _H = 10973731.534 m ^-1 is the theoretical value of Rydberg constant.

In formula (1) and formula (2), different k corresponds to different line systems, and different n corresponds to different spectral lines in the same line system. The experimental instrument of the present invention measures the wavelength of the hydrogen red line (corresponding to k =2, n =3) of the Balmer system in the visible spectrum.

Since the measured values of spectral line positions are relative, spectral lines of known wavelengths must be used as a reference. The benchmark of the present invention is the five red spectral lines of the helium-neon lamp. Observed on the spiral micrometer eyepiece, the wavelengths from left to right are l ₁ =667.8276nm, l ₂ =659.8953nm, l ₃ =653.2880nm, l ₄ =650.6530nm, l ₅ =640.2250nm; the position of the hydrogen red line to be measured (wavelength set as l _H ) is exactly between l ₂ and l ₃ ;

In the experiment, the positions y ₁ , y ₂ , _y H , y ₃ , y ₄ corresponding to the spectral lines l ₁ , l 2 , l _H , l ₃ , _{l 4} , and l ₅ were sequentially read from left to right by using the spiral micrometer eyepiece , y ₅ ;

It is known that the relationship between the position y of the spectral line and the wavelength l satisfies the following relationship,

                        （3）

(3)

、l₀为常数，这三个常数由氦氖五条红谱线的位置(y₁、y₂、y₃、y₄、y₅)与波长(l₁、l₂、l₃、l₄、l₅)通过最小二乘的曲线拟合方法来确定； in ,

, l ₀ are constants, these three constants are composed of the positions (y ₁ , y ₂ , y ₃ , y ₄ , y ₅ ) and wavelengths (l ₁ , l ₂ , l ₃ , l ₄ , l ₅ ) determined by least squares curve fitting method;

Then, the position y _H of the hydrogen red line is substituted into formula (3), and finally the value of the wavelength l _H of the hydrogen red line is obtained.

Experiments show that the device of the invention can quickly and efficiently realize the determination of the hydrogen atom spectrum; the invention device has the characteristics of simple principle, safety and high efficiency, and is suitable for the determination of the hydrogen atom spectrum. the

the

Claims (3)

1. A novel hydrogen atom spectrometer, characterized in that: it is composed of four parts: a light beam incident system, a collimator system, a dispersion system and a receiving system; The beam incident system is a double beam incident system, which is composed of two mutually perpendicular optical paths, one optical path is the main optical axis optical path, and the helium-neon lamp (110), the converging lens I (210), and the beam splitter ( 310), a filter (410) and a converging lens III (212), the beam splitter (310) is located on the focal plane of the converging lens I (210), and the other optical path is sequentially placed a hydrogen lamp (120), The converging lens II (211), the distance between the converging lens II (211) and the beam splitter (310) is the focal length of the converging lens II (211); The light emitted by the hydrogen lamp (120) is irradiated on the beam splitter (310) after passing through the converging lens II (211), and after being reflected by the beam splitter (310), it is combined with the light emitted by the helium-neon lamp (110). The light rays are transmitted through the beam splitter (310) and merged, and then irradiated on the optical filter (410) and the converging lens III (212) in sequence; The collimator system includes a slit (510) and a collimating mirror (610), the slit (510) is set on the outgoing light path of the converging lens III (212), and the collimating mirror (610) makes the slit ( 510) the transmitted light becomes parallel light, and the slit (510) is located on the focal plane of the converging lens III (212); The dispersion system is composed of a constant deflection prism (710), which is set on the outgoing light path of the collimator (610), and the setting position of the constant deflection prism (710) makes it possible to enter the constant deflection prism (710) ) The angle between the incident beam and the outgoing beam of the monochromatic light with the minimum deflection angle in the beam is 90°; The receiving system is composed of the exit objective lens (213), the spectrum reading objective lens (214) and the spiral micrometer eyepiece (810), and the outgoing beam emitted from the constant deflection prism (710) passes through the exit objective lens (213) and the spectrum reading objective lens (214) shoots on the spiral micrometer eyepiece (810), and the spiral micrometer eyepiece (810) is placed on the focal plane of the spectrum reading objective lens (214). 2. A novel hydrogen atom spectrometer experiment apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that: the wavelength range of the transmitted light of the filter (410) is 600nm-700nm. 3. the measuring method of a kind of novel hydrogen atom spectrometer experiment instrument as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that: Step 1. Adjust the constant deflection prism (710), so that the angle between the incident beam and the outgoing beam of the monochromatic light meeting the minimum deflection angle condition is 90°; Step 2, light the helium-neon lamp (110), adjust the positions of the converging lens I (210) and the converging lens III (212), so that the light emitted by the helium-neon lamp (110) enters the slit (510); Step 3. Adjust the spiral micrometer eyepiece (810) so that the red spectral region of the He-Ne spectral line is adjusted to the center of the field of view; Step 4. Turn off the helium-neon lamp (110), ignite the hydrogen lamp (120), adjust the position of the converging lens II (211), so that the light emitted by the hydrogen lamp (110) enters the slit; adjust the spiral micrometer eyepiece (810) To make the hydrogen red line clear, align the intersection of the crosshairs of the spiral micrometer eyepiece (810) with the hydrogen red line; Step 5. Light the helium-neon lamp (110) again, and record the positions of the two adjacent helium-neon spectral lines on the left side of the hydrogen red line, the position of the hydrogen red line, and the positions of the three adjacent helium-neon spectral lines on the left side of the hydrogen red line; measure Make the drum of the spiral micrometer eyepiece rotate in one direction from left to right at the position of the spectral line to eliminate the gap difference; Step 6. Finally, the wavelength of the visible red line in the Balmer system of the hydrogen atomic spectrum to be measured is calculated by the least squares curve fitting method.

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