CN102355946B - 基于硅胶的催化剂载体 - Google Patents
基于硅胶的催化剂载体 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102355946B CN102355946B CN201080012133.0A CN201080012133A CN102355946B CN 102355946 B CN102355946 B CN 102355946B CN 201080012133 A CN201080012133 A CN 201080012133A CN 102355946 B CN102355946 B CN 102355946B
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Abstract
本发明涉及包含至少一种金属氧化物和/或半金属氧化物的球形颗粒,其中该颗粒具有的平均直径为10-120μm、BET表面积为400-800m2/g且孔体积为0.3-3.0cm3/g,在所述颗粒各点处的特定颗粒直径与所述颗粒的平均直径偏差小于10%并且所述颗粒的表面基本光滑,涉及一种生产所述球形颗粒的方法,一种包含球形颗粒的颗粒状催化剂以及球形颗粒作为催化剂或催化剂载体的用途。
Description
本发明涉及包含至少一种金属和/或半金属氧化物的球形珠粒,其平均直径为10-120μm、BET表面积为400-800m2/g且孔体积为0.3-3.0cm3/g,其中给定珠粒的任何点处的直径与所述珠粒的平均直径偏差均不超过10%并且所述珠粒的表面基本光滑,涉及生产这些球形珠粒的方法以及球形珠粒作为催化剂或催化剂载体的用途。
本发明更具体涉及包含SiO2(二氧化硅)的球形珠粒。
二氧化硅颗粒及其制造方法由现有技术已知。US 2,757,073公开了一种制造粉状硅胶的方法,其中首先将硅胶溶胶分散体加入水饱和的有机溶剂,例如丁醇中,通过剧烈搅拌形成硅胶溶胶的液滴并通过加入氨使其转化成硅胶。在硬化之后将如此得到的凝胶破碎成小颗粒并用水和丙酮洗涤小颗粒以基本除去所有的水。US 2,757,073进一步公开了该粉状二氧化硅可以在诸如橡胶的材料中用作填料或用作制备涂敷二氧化硅产品的中间体。如此得到的二氧化硅珠粒的直径小于50nm。
US 2,921,839公开了一种通过沉淀生产细碎二氧化硅颗粒的方法。为此,使碱金属硅酸盐的水溶液与有机溶剂混合,然后与酸混合。在分离出有机相之后,通过共沸蒸馏干燥得到的硅胶珠粒。US 2,921,839中所述方法提供了直径为10-1000μm的硅胶颗粒。US 2,921,839没有公开以其表面上的特别高光滑度著称的任何硅胶颗粒。
US 3,489,516公开了一种通过在含水介质中通过加入酸以分散的有机相聚合xNa2O·ySiO2而生产二氧化硅珠粒的方法。如此生产的二氧化硅珠粒具有的BET表面积为700-1100m2/g或300-600m2/g。这些二氧化硅珠粒可以用作催化剂。
现有技术没有描述具有如下特征的二氧化硅颗粒或其制造方法:显示出根据本发明特别合适的直径、BET表面积、孔体积、多分散性和表面光滑度的组合并且可以使得这些颗粒特别适合在聚合反应,例如生产聚丙烯或聚乙烯的聚合反应中用作催化剂。现有技术也没有描述一种提供显示出各种参数的上述有利组合的球形珠粒的方法。
本发明的目的是提供具有所述参数的特别有利组合的球形珠粒。更具体而言,该球形珠粒应对珠粒表面具有高光滑度,从而使得它们对于在聚合反应中用作催化剂特别有利。本发明的另一目的是一种生产该类球形珠粒的方法。
已发现这些目的由包含至少一种金属和/或半金属氧化物的球形珠粒实现,这些珠粒的平均直径为10-120μm、BET表面积为400-800m2/g且孔体积为0.3-3.0cm3/g,其中在所述珠粒任何点处的给定珠粒直径与所述珠粒的平均直径偏差小于10%并且所述珠粒的表面基本光滑。
已发现这些目的进一步由一种生产本发明的这些球形珠粒的方法实现,该方法包括如下步骤:
(A)提供包含至少一种至少部分水溶混性有机溶剂、水和所述至少一种金属和/或半金属氧化物的至少一种前体化合物的混合物作为混合物A,
(B)提供包含至少一种至少部分水溶混性有机溶剂、水和至少一种酸的混合物作为混合物B,
(C)将所述混合物A和B合并并使所述至少一种金属和/或半金属氧化物的至少一种前体化合物与所述至少一种酸反应而得到包含含有球形珠粒的水相和有机相的混合物C,
(D)由在步骤C中得到的混合物C分离有机相,得到包含球形珠粒的水相,
(E)任选用至少一种酸处理在步骤(D)中得到的球形珠粒,和
(F)干燥在步骤(D)或(E)中得到的球形珠粒。
已发现所述目的也由本发明球形珠粒作为催化剂或催化剂载体的用途实现。
本发明球形珠粒包含至少一种金属和/或半金属氧化物。
在一个优选实施方案中,该至少一种金属和/或半金属氧化物选自SiO2、Al2O3、TiO2、MgO及其混合物。在一个特别优选的实施方案中,本发明球形珠粒包含SiO2。非常特别优选本发明球形珠粒以至少96重量%,特别是至少98重量%的程度由SiO2构成。剩余的重量百分数可以由少量其他金属如铝、钠、铁及其混合物以及阴离子如硫酸根和/或氯离子构成。除了SiO2外,这些组分各自以小于0.1重量%的量存在。
该至少一种金属和/或半金属氧化物基本为无定形的;即该至少一种金属和/或半金属氧化物至少80%为无定形的,更优选至少90%为无定形的。无定形区域的比例可以通过本领域熟练技术人员已知的下列方法,例如X射线衍射(XRD)测定。
本发明球形珠粒的BET表面积通常为400-800m2/g,优选500-600m2/g,更优选520-580m2/g。BET表面积可以通过本领域熟练技术人员已知的下列方法,例如N2物理吸着测量法测定。
本发明球形珠粒的平均直径通常为10-120μm,优选30-100μm,最优选40-90μm。这里的“平均直径”应理解为对样品中所有珠粒平均的直径。
本发明球形珠粒的D10值通常为5-30μm,优选10-25μm,更优选12-20μm。本发明球形颗粒的D50值通常为30-70μm,优选40-65μm,更优选50-60μm。本发明球形颗粒的D90值通常为50-140μm,优选75-120μm,更优选80-100μm。
所述D10,D50和D90值分别表示10%、50%和90%的测量颗粒具有的直径小于所述直径。测定球形珠粒的平均直径的方法为本领域熟练技术人员已知,例如Fraunhofer或Mie激光衍射。
本发明球形珠粒的孔体积通常为0.3-3.0cm3/g,优选0.8-2.5cm3/g,最优选1.5-2.2cm3/g。测定球形珠粒孔体积的方法为本领域熟练技术人员已知,例如N2物理吸着和Hg孔隙率法测量。
本发明球形珠粒基本呈单分散;即球形珠粒优选具有窄粒度分布,这可以由所述D10、D50和D90值清楚地看出。
本发明球形珠粒通常以特别显著和均匀的形状著称。本发明的任一球形珠粒在该珠粒任一点处的直径通常与该珠粒的平均直径相差小于10%,优选小于5%,更优选小于2%。这里的“平均直径”应理解为指对珠粒中的所有直径平均的直径。完美均匀球的理想情况指每一珠粒仅有一个直径。本发明珠粒的球形形状可以通过扫描电子显微法测定。
本发明球形珠粒另外以这些球形珠粒的表面基本光滑著称。这里的“光滑”应理解为指本发明球形珠粒的表面没有任何不规则性,如凹陷、裂缝、缺陷、裂纹、凸起、凹槽等。本发明颗粒的光滑度例如可以通过扫描电子显微法测定。
本发明还提供了一种生产本发明球形珠粒的方法,所述方法包括步骤(A)-(F)。
步骤(A):
步骤(A)包括提供包含至少一种至少部分水溶混性有机溶剂、水和所述至少一种金属和/或半金属氧化物的至少一种前体化合物的混合物作为混合物A。
该至少一种至少部分水溶混性有机溶剂在一个优选实施方案中不完全与水溶混。
该至少一种至少部分水溶混性有机溶剂选自酮类,醚类,醇类,例如丁醇,如正丁醇、异丁醇、叔丁醇,植物油,硅油,矿物油及其混合物。特别优选正丁醇。在一个优选实施方案中,本发明方法的步骤(A)包括使用至少一种被水饱和的至少部分水溶混性有机溶剂。
根据本发明,在本发明方法的步骤(A)中提供的混合物A包含水。该水可以选自自来水、饮用水、蒸馏水、软化水;优选使用蒸馏水。
混合物A中至少一种至少部分水溶混性有机溶剂与水的体积比通常为5∶1-1∶1,优选4∶1-2∶1。一个特别优选实施方案包括首先加入该至少一种有机溶剂并以水溶液加入该至少一种金属或半金属氧化物的至少一种前体化合物而得到混合物A。
在本发明方法的步骤(A)中作为该至少一种金属和/或半金属氧化物的前体化合物使用的该至少一种化合物可以是任何能够通过与至少一种酸反应而转化成相应金属和/或半金属氧化物的化合物。在其中半金属氧化物为二氧化硅的优选情形中,所用前体化合物优选为硅酸钠xNa2O·ySiO2(水玻璃)。本发明方法的另一优选实施方案在步骤(A)中使用硅酸钠溶液,其中SiO2∶Na2O摩尔比通常为1-6,优选2-5,更优选3-4,例如3.4。
其他合适的前体化合物选自碱金属硅酸盐,例如硅酸钾,碱土金属硅酸盐,胶态硅溶胶及其混合物。
在本发明方法的一个优选实施方案中,该至少一种金属和/或半金属氧化物的至少一种前体化合物选自碱金属硅酸盐,例如硅酸钾和/或硅酸钠,碱土金属硅酸盐,胶态硅溶胶及其混合物。
一个特别优选的实施方案在本发明方法的步骤(A)中利用水玻璃水溶液,即xNa2O·ySiO2在H2O中的溶液,其密度为1.1-1.35g/cm3,特别是1.14-1.32g/cm3。该至少一种金属和/或半金属氧化物的至少一种前体化合物以1.5-4.5mol/l的浓度用于混合物A中。
本发明方法的步骤(A)通常可以在各组分可以加工或更准确地讲可溶的任何温度下进行步骤(A)优选得到两相混合物。步骤(A)中的温度例如为10-80℃,优选15-40℃,更优选等于环境温度。
步骤(B):
本发明方法的步骤(B)包括提供包含至少一种至少部分水溶混性有机溶剂、水和至少一种酸的混合物作为混合物B。
本发明方法的步骤(B)可以利用所有已经对步骤(A)提到的至少部分水溶混性有机溶剂;优选将正丁醇用于步骤(B)中。此外还优选在步骤(B)中使用至少一种被水饱和的至少部分水溶混性溶剂。
混合物B包含至少一种酸。通常可以使用可溶于包含至少一种至少部分水溶混性有机溶剂和水的混合物中且能够将在步骤(A)中作为该至少一种金属和/或半金属氧化物的前体使用的至少一种化合物转化成对应的金属和/或半金属氧化物的任何酸。在一个优选实施方案中,该至少一种酸选自无机酸如盐酸、硝酸、硫酸、亚硫酸、磷酸、亚磷酸或有机酸如甲酸、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸及其混合物。一个特别优选的实施方案使用硫酸。正如在步骤(A)一样,可以使用自来水、饮用水、蒸馏水或软化水,优选使用蒸馏水。
一个优选实施方案包括在步骤(B)中通过将至少一种酸的水溶液与该至少一种有机溶剂混合而制备混合物B。该酸的水溶液的酸浓度为2-20重量%,更优选3-15重量%,特别优选4-10重量%。
混合物B中至少一种至少部分水溶混性有机溶剂与水的体积比通常为5∶1-1∶1,优选4∶1-2∶1。
进行步骤(B)的温度通常为10-80℃,优选15-40℃,更优选等于环境温度。
步骤(C):
步骤(C)包括将所述混合物A和B合并并使该至少一种金属和/或半金属氧化物的至少一种前体化合物与该至少一种酸反应而得到包含含有球形珠粒的水相和有机相的混合物C。
在本发明方法的步骤(C)中的合并可以通过本领域熟练技术人员已知的任何方法进行。在一个优选实施方案中,同时将混合物A和B引入反应器,例如烧瓶或反应管中,并由此合并。
该至少一种金属和/或半金属氧化物的至少一种前体化合物与该至少一种酸的反应导致形成该至少一种金属和/或半金属氧化物。其中由xNa2O·ySiO2和H2SO4(水溶液)形成SiO2的优选情形涉及下列反应的发生:
xNa2O·ySiO2+H2SO4(水溶液)得到SiO2+Na2SO4+H2O
本发明方法的步骤(C)优选连续进行,例如在流动管中进行。进行步骤(C)的温度通常为10-80℃,优选15-40℃,更优选等于环境温度。
在该至少一种前体化合物和该至少一种酸发生反应之后,球形珠粒以分散形式存在于混合物C中。
步骤(D):
步骤(D)包括由在步骤(C)中得到的混合物C分离有机相,得到包含球形珠粒的水相。
在本发明方法的步骤(D)中由混合物C分离有机相可以以本领域熟练技术人员已知的任何方式进行,例如通过滗出、吸取、通过底部阀排出下部相等进行。最佳方法的选择尤其取决于所用有机溶剂密度是在1g/ml以上还是以下,即取决于有机相在水相之上还是之下。
在一个优选实施方案中,混合物C包含上层有机相和其中本发明球形珠粒以分散形式存在的下层水相。在一个优选实施方案中,步骤(D)通过吸取或倾出上层有机相而进行,得到包含球形颗粒的水相。在步骤(D)之后获得的水相仍可包含该至少一种有机溶剂的残余物,例如至多15重量%,优选至多10重量%。
在本发明方法的一个优选实施方案中,在步骤(D)之后通过加入合适试剂调节包含球形珠粒的水相至中性pH,即pH 6-8。在一个优选实施方案中,这通过加入酸,例如无机酸如硫酸而进行。该酸优选以浓度为20-60重量%,优选30-50重量%的水溶液使用。
在一个优选实施方案中,中和之后进行陈化步骤。为此,将分散在水中的球形珠粒加热到40-95℃,优选50-90℃的温度并保持一段时间,例如1-5小时,优选2-4小时。
步骤(E):
本发明方法的任选步骤(E)包括用至少一种酸处理在步骤(D)中得到的球形珠粒。
本发明方法的步骤(E)的目的尤其在于除去来自球形珠粒的制备并且存在于该珠粒上和该珠粒中的盐,例如Na2SO4。
在一个优选实施方案中,任选的步骤(E)首先包括以本领域熟练技术人员已知的方式,例如通过滗出、吸取等除去球形颗粒之上的水。
优选随后用酸的水溶液处理球形颗粒。合适的酸选自无机酸,如盐酸、硝酸、硫酸、亚硫酸、磷酸、亚磷酸或有机酸如甲酸、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸及其混合物,特别是硫酸。在任选的步骤(E)中的水溶液具有低浓度,例如0.1-5重量%,,优选0.75-2重量%的浓度。在加入酸性溶液之后,优选将得到的混合物混合直至均匀,例如通过用本领域熟练技术人员已知的设备搅拌。然后将得到的混合物静置一段时间,例如0.25-2小时,优选0.25-1小时。然后优选再次除去酸性上层清液,例如通过滗出和/或吸取。加酸-搅拌-静置-除酸的顺序重复两次或更多次,例如2-10次。
优选随后以本领域熟练技术人员已知的方式从得到的球形颗粒除去破坏性组分,如酸、有机溶剂和/或在该至少一种金属或半金属氧化物的形成中形成的副产物。
步骤(F):
本发明方法的步骤(F)包括干燥在步骤(D)或(E)中得到的球形珠粒。
干燥可以以本领域熟练技术人员已知的任何方式进行,例如在干燥箱中于100-300℃,优选150-250℃的温度下进行。本发明方法的步骤(F)可以在大气压力或更低压力下,例如在小于800毫巴,优选小于600毫巴下进行。
进行步骤(F)直至球形珠粒的水含量对于随后的应用足够低,例如为0.2-0.8重量%。该水含量可以作为在200℃下干燥时的损失测定。
根据本发明生产的球形珠粒以诸如直径、BET表面积、孔体积、光滑度和单分散性的特征的特别有利组合而著称。在将球形珠粒在聚合中用作催化剂载体时,正是特别显著的球形和光滑度导致形成特别是单分散和球形的聚合物颗粒。
因此,本发明的这些球形珠粒尤其可以用作催化剂和催化剂载体。为此,合适的话将例如选自铬、镁、钛、铂、钯、铱、镍、锆、锌、铜、钼、钪及其混合物的催化活性金属以本领域熟练技术人员已知的量,例如基于整个颗粒为0.1-20重量%,优选0.4-5重量%施加于本发明颗粒上。催化活性金属的种类和用量通常取决于所需用途且为本领域熟练技术人员已知。
本发明因此还提供了一种包含本发明球形珠粒和至少一种催化活性金属的颗粒状催化剂。该至少一种催化活性金属的存在量优选为0.1-20重量%,优选0.4-5重量%,全部基于整个颗粒状催化剂。
本发明还提供了本发明球形珠粒作为催化剂或催化剂载体的用途,特别是在聚合反应,例如生产聚乙烯、聚丙烯或其他特种聚合物的聚合反应中作为催化剂或催化剂载体的用途。
附图:
图1示出了本发明球形珠粒的扫描电子显微照片。
图2对比示出了按照现有技术的典型喷雾干燥硅胶。
实施例:
设备:
-两个来自Buddeberg的PLR 11T型防爆压缩空气搅拌器驱动装置
-两个ViscoJet 120mm搅拌元件
-两个具有冷却水和保护气体供应的10升夹套玻璃反应器
-具有2个气路的蠕动泵,用于混合首先加入两个夹套玻璃反应器中的底物
-几个10升接受容器
-10升玻璃瓶
化学品:
1.2升5.2%硫酸
2.2升密度为1.269g/cm3的水玻璃溶液
3.2次6升水饱和的工业级正丁醇
4.用于中和的约40%硫酸
5.约10升1%硫酸
程序:
沉淀:
在对夹套反应器各自填充6升正丁醇之后,将搅拌器驱动装置调节至约500rpm。然后将稀硫酸引入一个容器中并将水玻璃溶液引入另一容器中。加料和乳化完成后在两种情况下均将搅拌器速度降至约300rpm。使用泵将如此制备的乳液由接受容器汇聚于管中并随后排放到可移动接受器中。
在沉淀之后,分离正丁醇和硅胶的混合物。通过加入40%硫酸立即将硅胶物料的pH调节为6.5-7.5。
陈化:
将中和的硅胶置于10升玻璃瓶中并转移到80℃的温水浴中保持约2.5小时。
离子交换和洗涤:
在吸取硅胶之上的液体后,加入1%H2SO4溶液(0.5-15%的宽浓度范围是可能的)。1小时后再次吸取上层清液,然后再次将硅胶与1%H2SO4溶液混合。该操作重复至多5次,然后将硅胶与水混合。重复该操作。
通过吸取上层清液而分离出所得球形珠粒。
干燥:
将硅胶在干燥箱中于170℃下干燥。
分析数据:
球形颗粒的化学组成(借助XRF根据DIN 51418测量):
SiO2>98%
痕量Al、Na、Fe、硫酸根和氯离子(各自<0.01%)
一般特征:
颜色 白色
堆密度 0.18kg/l(根据DIN 8948/7.6测量)
粒度分布(根据ISO 13320测量):
所有数据适用于未筛分/未分级材料:
D10=16μm
D50=55μm
D90=96μm
BET表面积和孔体积(根据DIN 66134测量):
BET表面积(干燥的水凝胶):550m2/g
干燥的水凝胶的孔体积:1.7cm3/g
Claims (11)
1.包含至少一种金属和/或半金属氧化物的球形珠粒,所述珠粒的平均直径为10-120μm、BET表面积为400-800m2/g且孔体积为0.3-3.0cm3/g,其中在所述珠粒任何点处的给定珠粒直径与所述珠粒的平均直径偏差小于10%并且所述珠粒的表面光滑,所述球形珠粒通过包括如下步骤的方法获得:
(A)提供包含至少一种至少部分水溶混性有机溶剂、水和所述至少一种金属和/或半金属氧化物的至少一种前体化合物的混合物作为混合物A,
(B)提供包含至少一种至少部分水溶混性有机溶剂、水和至少一种酸的混合物作为混合物B,
(C)将所述混合物A和B合并并使所述至少一种金属和/或半金属氧化物的至少一种前体化合物与所述至少一种酸反应而得到包含含有球形珠粒的水相和有机相的混合物C,
(D)由在步骤C中得到的混合物C分离有机相,得到包含球形珠粒的水相,
(E)任选用至少一种酸处理在步骤(D)中得到的球形珠粒,和
(F)干燥在步骤(D)或(E)中得到的球形珠粒。
2.根据权利要求1的珠粒,其中所述至少一种金属和/或半金属氧化物的所述至少一种前体化合物选自碱金属硅酸盐,碱土金属硅酸盐,胶态硅溶胶及其混合物。
3.根据权利要求1的珠粒,其中所述至少一种金属和/或半金属氧化物选自SiO2、Al2O3、TiO2、MgO及其混合物。
4.根据权利要求1或3的珠粒,其至少96重量%由SiO2构成。
5.根据权利要求1或3的珠粒,其中所述至少一种金属和/或半金属氧化物至少80%为无定形的。
6.根据权利要求1或3的珠粒,其中BET表面积为500-600m2/g。
7.根据权利要求1或3的珠粒,其中孔体积为1.5-2.5cm3/g。
8.一种制备根据权利要求1的球形珠粒的方法,包括如下步骤:
(A)提供包含至少一种至少部分水溶混性有机溶剂、水和所述至少一种金属和/或半金属氧化物的至少一种前体化合物的混合物作为混合物A,
(B)提供包含至少一种至少部分水溶混性有机溶剂、水和至少一种酸的混合物作为混合物B,
(C)将所述混合物A和B合并并使所述至少一种金属和/或半金属氧化物的至少一种前体化合物与所述至少一种酸反应而得到包含含有球形珠粒的水相和有机相的混合物C,
(D)由在步骤C中得到的混合物C分离有机相,得到包含球形珠粒的水相,
(E)任选用至少一种酸处理在步骤(D)中得到的球形珠粒,和
(F)干燥在步骤(D)或(E)中得到的球形珠粒。
9.根据权利要求8的方法,其中所述至少一种金属和/或半金属氧化物的所述至少一种前体化合物选自碱金属硅酸盐,碱土金属硅酸盐,胶态硅溶胶及其混合物。
10.一种包含根据权利要求1-7中任一项的球形珠粒和至少一种催化活性金属的颗粒状催化剂。
11.根据权利要求1-7中任一项的球形珠粒作为催化剂或催化剂载体的用途。
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PCT/EP2010/052965 WO2010105941A1 (de) | 2009-03-16 | 2010-03-09 | Katalysatorträger auf silicagel-basis |
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JPWO2015114956A1 (ja) * | 2014-01-29 | 2017-03-23 | 三菱マテリアル株式会社 | 合成非晶質シリカ粉末及びその製造方法 |
JP6714989B2 (ja) | 2015-01-19 | 2020-07-01 | 国立大学法人秋田大学 | 排ガス浄化触媒用担体及び排ガス浄化触媒 |
FR3065649B1 (fr) * | 2017-04-28 | 2020-05-29 | IFP Energies Nouvelles | Monolithe poreux contenant du tio2 et son procede de preparation |
JP6910252B2 (ja) | 2017-09-05 | 2021-07-28 | 昭和電工株式会社 | シリカ担体の製造方法 |
JP6986908B2 (ja) | 2017-09-05 | 2021-12-22 | 昭和電工株式会社 | 脂肪族カルボン酸エステルの製造方法 |
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EP2408554B1 (de) | 2016-12-14 |
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US20130165608A1 (en) | 2013-06-27 |
JP2015221746A (ja) | 2015-12-10 |
US20120010379A1 (en) | 2012-01-12 |
KR20110130450A (ko) | 2011-12-05 |
CA2755648A1 (en) | 2010-09-23 |
RU2011141701A (ru) | 2013-04-27 |
JP6035380B2 (ja) | 2016-11-30 |
CN102355946A (zh) | 2012-02-15 |
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US8986642B2 (en) | 2015-03-24 |
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