CN102272393A - 具有金属外观的屋顶材料 - Google Patents
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Abstract
提供了涉及屋顶材料的材料和方法,所述屋顶材料包含至少两层聚合物材料,暴露于环境的顶层和接触屋顶结构的底层,所述顶层包含一定量的赋予金属外观的呈金属样的特殊效应颜料材料。所述聚合物材料可以是热塑性烯烃树脂、聚氯乙烯树脂,或者其他材料。另外,聚合物材料含有UV稳定剂和/或阻燃剂、防烟剂或其他填料。
Description
技术领域
披露了具有独特外观、特别是金属外观的屋顶材料。此外,该材料具有提高的太阳能反射性质。
背景技术
自从人类的最早历史以来,屋顶就是建筑结构不可缺少的部分。作为屋顶结构基础的屋顶材料来自许多不同的种类。由于屋顶直接暴露在建筑结构的顶面上,因而需要谨慎考虑屋顶材料的组成。尽管从人类最早期开始,人类就已经用从棕榈叶到远古开采的石板的各种各样的材料制造出了屋顶,但某些屋顶材料赋予适用于各种环境挑战和气候条件的品质。例如,在不太发达的国家中,可使用稻草屋顶。但是在天气条件和季节可变的地域中,更为坚固且热吸收性/热反射性材料可能更加适当。在某些地区,数十亿美元的屋顶工业可发现采用其他期望特征的屋顶材料是特别有用和环境友好的。
屋顶材料如木材、石板或金属可通过使用各种手段如遮板构造(shingling)或油漆来涂布或覆盖。由于隔离性质中的反射性质和热屏蔽能力,而使得金属组成或外表可能是有利的。有用的期望的隔离性质可包括低的热导率和延迟的热积聚。然而,使用金属自身通常不能获得最理想的结果。
效应颜料(也被称作珠光颜料和珍珠颜料)是有光泽的特种化学品,其广泛用于多种高端应用如汽车末道漆中。如L.M.Greenstein在“Nacreous(Pearlescent)Pigments and Interference Pigments”,THEPIGMENT HANDBOOK,第1卷,Properties & Economics,第2版,由Peter A.Lewis编辑,John Wiley & Sons,Inc.(1988)中所披露的那样,效应颜料模拟珍珠光泽或具有从丝绸般的光辉至金属光泽变化的效果。效应颜料的属性之一在于,它们可产生取决于观看它们的角度的一系列光学效果。
珍珠颜料或珠光颜料模拟天然珍珠的效果并且由在可见光谱区域中透明的薄片晶构成。片晶非常光滑,照在片晶上的一部分光被反射,而一部分光透过片晶。透过的那部分光随后又被其他的片晶层所反射。其结果是,发生自许多层的多次反射并且这导致光辉的浓淡(depth of sheen),这是由于眼睛无法集中在一个特定的层上。
在这些类型的颜料中发生的反射是镜面反射,原因在于入射角等于反射角。以非镜面角反射的光的量少并且当过了镜面角后所反射的光的量非常快速地减少。其结果是,珠光颜料对于视角极其敏感。为了使得被反射的光的量最大,片晶必须极其光滑。任何表面粗糙度都会导致光以非镜面方式被散射并且使得光泽效果变小。
片晶必须相互平行且平行于衬底排列以得到最大反射率。若非如此排列,则光将被随机反射并且同样地光泽将减小。被反射的光的量取决于折射率。随着折射率增加,反射光的量也增加。
然而,在许多应用中,效应材料具有比期望的程度更小的遮盖力。为解决这个问题,多种材料已被结合到效应颜料配方中。
效应颜料常常基于片晶形颗粒。因为光学效果是光的多次反射和透射的结果,因而期望的是提供会在发现它们的介质中排列的颗粒并且优化期望的效果。排列不整的颗粒或添加剂颗粒或者这两者的存在都妨碍该目的并且使颜料的光学效果变小。因此通常认为用于增强遮盖的任何添加剂以某种方式结合至片晶而非作为物理混合物的一部分存在是有利的。
尤其因为效应颜料(特别是基于云母的颜料)长期以来被用于汽车面漆中,从而实现了着色金属效果。该金属效果的特征可在于当视角改变时从亮到暗的变换(flip-flop)。在云母颜料的情况下,该变换是从云母的反射颜色到暗色。在一个实例中,大多数汽车面漆因各种原因需要在以约0.5至1.2密耳(约12.7-30.5微米)的常规厚度施用时不透过紫外光以及可见光。1“密耳”等于1/1000英寸(膜的厚度单位)。保持由云母颜料贡献的“面”或反射色,同时发挥遮盖作用是一个挑战,因为已知的是,不透明的颜料大大降低云母颜料的颜色/效果。
金属薄片颜料如铝对光是不透明的,即没有光透过。由于前述性质,金属薄片颜料很好地覆盖并因而其上涂布它们的衬底可以被完全遮盖。该性质被称作遮盖力。
铝金属颜料与云母颜料(例如TiO2涂布的云母颜料)的共混物用于不同应用是公知的。例如,美国专利No.6,503,965教导了一种墨,其可含有单独的非荧光颜料或者两种或更多种非荧光颜料的混合物,所述非荧光颜料可选自一长串的这类颜料,包括薄铝片颜料(厚度为约0.1至约2微米)和TiO2-及Fe2O3-涂布的云母颜料。美国专利No.2,278,970教导了薄的云母薄片适合与薄铝片颜料结合用作惰性填料以扩充薄铝片颜料的覆盖品质。美国专利No.6,331,326教导了涂布含有非漂浮型薄铝片的底漆和/或第一金属漆,然后施涂含有小薄片的第二金属漆。底漆可以与平坦颜料如铝薄片以及片状云母共混,以提高在衬底上的遮盖力或者遮盖砂子划痕。美国专利No.6,306,931教导了中值粒径为约100微米或更小或者特别是10微米或更小的优选薄铝片颜料用于掺入涂料中的用途。美国专利No.6,398,861教导了直径范围为6微米至600微米的薄铝片颜料用于涂料的用途。Silberline.com登广告说,其真空金属化的薄铝片可用于化妆品中以达到光滑、镜似的金属效果并且以提供高度反光、闪耀的末道漆。
铝与非效应材料的共混物也是已知的。例如,美国专利No.4,937,274教导了将薄铝片颜料与超细材料如二氧化钛混合。该涂料组合物不包含任何干涉(效应)云母颜料,但据称仍能够提供如同含有干涉云母颜料和薄铝片的那些涂料的效果。
然而,金属薄片颜料未必在所有应用如屋顶覆盖物中都是适当或期望的。在屋顶应用中,非金属的但仍呈金属样的颜料将更合适。
因而,如果能够找到将呈金属样的效应颜料掺入用于屋顶材料的聚合物膜(其经由太阳能反射而将显示出随时间延迟的热积聚和降低的热导率)的方法,则这将体现对本领域的有益贡献。
发明内容
本发明的一个方面涉及一种屋顶材料,其包含至少两层聚合物材料,暴露于环境的顶层和接触屋顶结构的底层,所述顶层具有掺入其中的且赋予金属外观的一定量的效应颜料材料。聚合物材料包括热塑性烯烃树脂、聚氯乙烯树脂、EPDM、丙烯腈-苯乙烯-丙烯酸酯(ASA),或者其他材料。另外,聚合物材料含有UV稳定剂。
在另一实施方案中,披露了一种包含遮板(shingle)的屋顶材料,所述遮板具有至少两层聚合物材料,暴露于环境的贴面层(capstock layer)和接触屋顶结构的底层,所述贴面层包含一定量的足以赋予金属外观的呈金属样的效应颜料材料。
在另一实施方案中,披露了一种包括具有暴露于环境的贴面层的遮板的屋顶材料。所述贴面层可包含一定量的足以赋予金属外观的呈金属样的效应颜料材料。
任选地,聚合物材料包含阻燃剂和防烟剂。
在另一实施方案中,反光聚合物膜包含聚合物材料的至少一个层,所述聚合物材料包含一定量的足以赋予金属外观的呈金属样的效应颜料材料。效应颜料的用量可以是基于反光聚合物膜的总重量的约0.5重量%至约3.0重量%。
期望的是,根据使用如本文所述的合适效应颜料的实施例所制得的聚合物膜除了其他热性质外还将具有约20%至约80%的良好总太阳能反射率(TSR)。例如,期望的是,根据使用合适的效应颜料的实施例所制得的聚合物膜将经由太阳能反射表现出随时间延迟的热积聚和降低的热导率。因而,在一个实施方案中,期望如本文所述制得的聚合物膜提供比已知的屋顶材料更好的隔离性质。
在又一实施方案中,提供一种用于制备反光聚合物膜的方法,该方法包括使塑料树脂熔融;向熔化的树脂中加入阻燃剂材料;加入足以赋予金属外观的呈金属样的效应颜料材料,以及由此通过低剪切挤出和/或压延形成聚合物膜。效应颜料材料可以以基于反光聚合物膜的总重量的约0.5重量%至约3.0重量%的量加入。
附图说明
图1描述了PVC膜的一个实施方案的TSR图,所述PVC膜使用基于按照ASTM方法E-891测量的膜的总重量为1重量%水平的呈金属样的效应颜料材料。
具体实施方式
文中披露了多种效应颜料。多种类型的效应颜料是可适用的。效应颜料衬底可以是云母基的、氧化铝基的、金属基的、合成云母基的以及硼硅酸盐基的。该列举是作为示例性给出的而并非旨在限制。
效应颜料衬底任选涂布、共混或结合有金属氧化物,如二氧化钛、氧化铁、氧化铝以及它们的混合物,以在热塑性膜中赋予金属外观。含效应颜料的热塑性膜具有金属基材料的外观。呈金属样的颜料在屋顶材料中起到颜料添加剂的作用。有用的效应颜料还描述于美国专利No.7,507,285中,其以全文引用的方式并入本文。
示例性的效应颜料的量相对于整个屋顶材料,即,相对于聚合物层或聚合物膜可以为约0.5%至3.55%。在一个实施方案中,效应颜料的量相对于整个屋顶组合物,即,相对于聚合物层或聚合物膜为0.75%至3.0%。
还披露了一种屋顶材料,其由两层或更多层的聚合物膜材料组成,暴露于环境的顶层(贴面层)含有金属效应颜料材料或呈金属样的效应颜料材料。贴面层含有UV稳定剂的主体。在一个实施方案中,贴面层含有金属氧化物、效应颜料和阻燃剂。在两层的实施方案中,屋顶材料可以由在热塑性底层上的热塑性上层制成。在多层(或三层或更多层)的实施方案中,屋顶材料可以由一个或数个热塑性上层和一个或更多个热塑性底层制成,其中在二者之间有支撑层,例如在两个热塑性层之间的稀松布(scrim)。
热塑性层的深度为20至120密耳。在一个实施方案中,热塑性树脂层的厚度可为20至120密耳并且贴面层通常可为20-80密耳。
屋顶膜包括聚合物膜。在一个实施方案中,聚合物膜为热塑性烯烃树脂(TPO)。在另一实施方案中,聚合物膜可为聚氯乙烯基树脂(PVC)。在其他实施方案中,屋顶材料可包含EPDM(一种橡胶,三元乙丙橡胶)、沥青、遮板、瓦、金属和涂覆金属、赤陶土和粘土。还考虑本领域技术人员已知的另外的屋顶材料。
屋顶材料可优选含有UV稳定剂。在一个实施方案中,UV稳定剂可以为受阻胺光稳定剂(HALS)、UV吸收剂(有机的或无机的)、抗氧化剂和温度稳定剂。其他UV稳定剂是本领域技术人员已知的。在一个实施方案中,将UV稳定剂用于贴面层中。较低含量的UV稳定剂也可以存在于底材层(base stock layer)中。UV稳定剂的实例可以自BASF(FlorhamPark,新泽西州)购得。
在一个实施方案中,至少贴面膜层含有使热积聚最小化的IR反光材料和赋予金属外观的效应颜料材料。
在一个实施方案中,屋顶材料还含有阻燃剂和防烟剂。例如,在一个实施方案中,可以使用氢氧化镁。其他阻燃剂和防烟剂对于本领域技术人员而言是已知的。
在另一实施方案中,呈金属样的效应颜料材料可以不掺入TPO/PVC层本身中。相反,呈金属样的效应颜料材料可以作为单独的层涂布到TPO/PVC层的上面或下面。
在一个实施方案中,UV稳定剂可以熔体混配到聚合物材料中,作为热塑性树脂的一部分。例如,其可以用(以0.1-2.5%熔体混配)于贴面层。
实施例1
制得三层屋顶材料。最初,将任选的非颜料添加剂(包括任选的阻燃剂和UV稳定添加剂)加入到在挤出机内的热塑性配料中。在挤出机的进料入口处加入IR反光或透明颜料以及一些特殊效应颜料。效应颜料材料任选地在该过程中稍后(例如在下游进料器中)加入,以使停留时间最小化,目的是防止它们被压延机或挤出机装置的剪切力破坏,这种破坏可导致光学涂层自衬底剥离,产生褪色的外观和较小的特殊效果。所得到的产品形成热塑性膜的上层或外层。
实施例2
如表1中那样,制得用于屋顶膜的掺了呈金属样的效应颜料的聚合物膜的不同样品,并且测量它们的总太阳能反射率(表2)。利用ASTM E-891方法,使用Lambda 950UV/VIS分光光度计。
表1
组合物(100重量份)
表2
如表1所示,使用金属效应颜料的不同组合制得了多种聚合物膜。
如表2所示,所制得的聚合物膜材料表现出相比于金属靶材的出乎意料地提高的TSR值。值得注意的是,如表1中实施例2制得的聚合物膜材料通常是非金属材料,并且效应颜料本身也是非金属材料。然而,提供了金属外表或外观,这通过TSR值结果得以充分证明。
实施例3
使用单螺杆、双螺杆、布斯共捏合机、密炼机或其他塑料混合或混配设备来熔体混配TPO树脂。可以在挤出机的进料入口处或者甚至更期望使用侧进料口或下游进料口加入添加剂和颜料。在处理过程中要小心以使剪切和停留时间减到最小从而确保效应颜料保持完整。这是通过低剪切挤出螺杆、加工助剂或其他手段实现的,以使处理过程中效应颜料的破坏减到最小。
树脂含有氢氧化镁FR(阻燃剂)和UV稳定添加剂,或者这些添加剂。在一些情况下,经由浓缩体或化合物生产较早地引入这些添加剂。
组合物之一含有:
1-2%的效应颜料
30-65%的氢氧化镁FR
0.5-3.5%的UV稳定添加剂
0.01-2.5%的IR反光或IR透明颜料
任选地,0.1-4.5%的TiO2
任选地,其他添加剂。
其他添加剂包括:加工助剂、过程稳定剂、热稳定剂/抗氧化剂,和通常用于聚合物膜屋顶应用中的其他添加剂。
在产生化合物后,利用薄膜膜生产装置如压延操作制得膜。为使剪切最小化,使用单层或共挤出过程。
期望的是,根据使用如上所述的其它合适效应颜料(例如,如图1中)的实施例所制得的聚合物膜除了其他热性质外还将具有约20%至约80%的良好总太阳能反射率(TSR)。例如,期望的是,根据使用如上所述的合适的金属效应颜料的实施例所制得的聚合物膜将经由太阳能反射表现出随时间延迟的热积聚和降低的热导率。因而,在一个实施方案中,期望如本文所述制得的聚合物膜提供比已知的屋顶材料更好的隔离性质。
在一个实施方案中,含有呈金属样的效应颜料材料的反光聚合物膜可具有约20%至约80%的TSR。在另一示例性的实施方案中,含有呈金属样的效应颜料材料的反光聚合物膜可具有约40%至约80%的TSR。在又一实施方案中,含有呈金属样的效应颜料材料的反光聚合物膜可具有约50%至约80%的TSR。
本文引用的所有参考文献,包括出版物、专利申请和专利在内,都为了所有目的通过引用的方式并入本文,如同各参考文献被单独且明确表明通过引用并入且在本文中以其全文进行阐述的相同程度一样。
在描述本文所讨论的材料和方法的上下文中,单数形式及类似表述的使用应解释为均包括单数和复数形式,除非在本文中另有说明或者明显与上下文相矛盾。除非在本文中另外说明,否则本文中所记载的数值范围仅意在起到单独指落在该范围内的各单个数值的一种速记方法的作用,并且每个单个数值可被并入说明书中,如同其单独记载在本文中一样。本文中所述全部方法都能够以任意合适的次序进行,除非本文中另外指明或者明显与上下文相矛盾。本文中所提供的任何和全部实例的使用或示例性语言(例如,“例如”)仅旨在更好地举例说明材料和方法,而并非对本发明的范围进行限制,除非另有说明。不应将本说明书的任何语言解释为把任何未要求的要素指定为对于实施所披露的材料和方法是必不可少的。
应该理解,前述描述仅仅是实施方案的举例说明。本领域技术人员可在不偏离所披露的材料和方法的前提下作出各种替代和改动。因此,所披露的材料和方法包括落在所附权利要求的范围内的所有这类替代、改动和变化。
Claims (21)
1.一种应用于屋顶结构的屋顶材料,其包含至少两层聚合物材料,暴露的顶层和接触所述屋顶结构的底层,所述顶层包含一定量的足以赋予金属外观的呈金属样的效应颜料材料。
2.根据权利要求1所述的屋顶材料,其中所述顶层包含热塑性烯烃树脂。
3.根据权利要求1所述的屋顶材料,其中所述顶层包含聚氯乙烯树脂。
4.根据权利要求1所述的屋顶材料,其中所述聚合物材料各自独立地含有UV稳定剂。
5.根据权利要求1所述的屋顶材料,其包括三层,其中稀松布位于所述顶层和所述底层之间。
6.根据权利要求1所述的屋顶材料,其中所述聚合物材料含有阻燃剂和防烟剂。
7.根据权利要求1所述的屋顶材料,其中所述呈金属样的效应颜料材料为云母基颜料。
8.一种应用于包括遮板的屋顶结构的屋顶材料,所述遮板具有至少两层聚合物材料,暴露的贴面层和接触所述屋顶结构的底层,所述贴面层包含一定量的足以赋予金属外观的呈金属样的效应颜料材料。
9.根据权利要求8所述的屋顶材料,其中所述贴面层包含热塑性烯烃树脂。
10.根据权利要求8所述的屋顶材料,其中所述贴面层包含聚氯乙烯树脂。
11.根据权利要求8所述的屋顶材料,其中所述聚合物材料各自独立地含有UV稳定剂。
12.根据权利要求8所述的屋顶材料,其包括三层,其中稀松布位于所述贴面层和所述底层之间。
13.根据权利要求8所述的屋顶材料,其中所述聚合物材料含有阻燃剂和防烟剂。
14.一种应用于屋顶结构的反光聚合物膜,其包含至少一层的聚合物材料,所述聚合物材料包含一定量的足以赋予金属外观的呈金属样的效应颜料材料。
15.根据权利要求14所述的反光聚合物膜,其中所述效应颜料材料以基于所述反光聚合物膜的总重量的约0.5重量%至约3.0重量%的量存在。
16.根据权利要求14所述的反光聚合物膜,其中总太阳能反射率为约20%至约80%。
17.根据权利要求14所述的反光聚合物膜,其中总太阳能反射率为约50%至约80%。
18.根据权利要求14所述的反光聚合物膜,其中所述效应颜料材料为云母基颜料。
19.一种制备反光聚合物膜的方法,其包括以下步骤:
使塑料树脂熔融;
向熔化的树脂中加入阻燃剂;
加入呈金属样的效应颜料材料;以及
通过低剪切挤出或压延形成所述反光聚合物膜。
20.根据权利要求19所述的方法,还包括加入至少一种UV稳定剂和至少一种IR反光或IR透明颜料。
21.根据权利要求19所述的方法,其中所述效应颜料材料以基于所述反光聚合物膜的总重量的约0.5重量%至约3.0重量%的量加入。
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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AU2009307732A1 (en) | 2010-04-29 |
BRPI0919936A2 (pt) | 2016-02-16 |
EP2347063A1 (en) | 2011-07-27 |
US20130065021A1 (en) | 2013-03-14 |
US20100095618A1 (en) | 2010-04-22 |
CA2740780A1 (en) | 2010-04-29 |
JP2012506504A (ja) | 2012-03-15 |
KR20110086086A (ko) | 2011-07-27 |
MX2011004277A (es) | 2011-05-25 |
WO2010048187A1 (en) | 2010-04-29 |
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