CN102223885B - 用于治疗间皮瘤的cdk抑制剂 - Google Patents
用于治疗间皮瘤的cdk抑制剂 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供一种低分子量ATP-竞争性CDK抑制剂,其用于治疗间皮瘤。该化合物可以与一种或多种细胞毒性或细胞生长抑制剂一起施用。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及通过使用低分子量ATP-竞争性CDK(细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶)抑制剂对间皮瘤患者的治疗。
背景技术
恶性间皮瘤是一种局部侵入性和迅速致命的肿瘤性疾病,与暴露于石棉有关。
有很多促成间皮瘤结果的遗传缺陷。在约75%的间皮瘤中发现了p16/CDKN2A(细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶抑制剂2A)的同合型缺失,它是该癌症中最常见的遗传改变[Hirao T,Bueno R,Chen CJ,Gordon GJ,Heilig E,Kelsey KT.Carcinogenesis 2002;23(7):1127-1130;Whitson BA,Kratzke RA.Cancer Lett 2006;239(2):183-189]。在预后方面,p16/CDKN2A缺失与间皮瘤更具攻击性的临床行为有关[Kobayashi N,Toyooka S,Yanai H,Soh J,Fujimoto N,Yamamoto H等人,Lung Cancer 2008 62(1):120-5;Davidson B,Reich R,Lazarovici P,Florenes VA,Ri sberg B,Nielsen S,Lung Cancer2004;44(2):159-165]。
p16蛋白通过抑制细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶而导致细胞周期停止于G1期。缺乏p16/CDKN2A的结果是,失去了对G1至S检查点的控制,导致肿瘤抑制基因视网膜母细胞瘤(pRb)的过度磷酸化和细胞进至S期。
此外,Thropomyosin受体激酶A(TRKA)也在该疾病的生物学中发挥显著的作用。事实上,恶性间皮瘤中常常会发现活化TRKA(P-TRKA)的频繁表达,并且主要见于渗出液和腹膜损伤中、年轻患者出现的肿瘤中[Whitson BA,Kratzke RA.Molecular pathways in malignant pleuralmesothelioma.Cancer Lett 2006;239(2):183-189]。
全世界的间皮瘤发病率越来越高,仅有少部分患者能从外科切除中获益。对于不能适应治疗性切除的患者而言,总存活时间中位数是约6-7个月。治疗的选择很有限。大多数患者,无论治疗或未治疗,都会死于局部疾病的并发症。市售的化学治疗药,作为单个药物或组合,都未证明能够显著影响存活率。
当前的治疗选择包括使用作为单一药物的培美曲塞(以商标销售),已经证明其适度的应答率为14.1%,总存活时间中位数是10.7个月[Scagliotti GV,Shin DM,Kindler HL,Vasconcelles MJ,KepplerU,Manegold C等人,J Clin Oncol 2003;21(8):1556-1561],或者使用铂衍生物(顺铂或卡铂)与培美曲塞的组合[Castagneto B,Botta M,Aitini E,Spigno F,Degiovanni D,Alabiso O等人,Ann Oncol 2008;19:370-373]。
还没有被批准的药物用于间皮瘤的二线治疗。化学治疗药的选择是很有限的,包括吉西他滨、长春瑞滨和其他抗叶酸化合物[ZuCali PA,Ceresoli GL,Garassino I,De Vincenzo F,Cavina R,Campagnoli ECancer 2008;112(7):1555-1561]。
确实,对于治疗间皮瘤的新的有效药物还有非常高的未能满足的医疗需求。本发明解决了这个问题。
发明内容
本发明提供一种低分子量化合物,它能通过抑制CDK和酪氨酸激酶生长因子受体-介导的信号途径来抑制与间皮瘤发病机制有关的两种主要途径,并有效抑制间皮瘤增殖。
显示所期望的本发明的化合物是一种吡唑并喹唑啉,设计用于靶向于蛋白激酶的ATP袋。该化合物已经显示出是一种有效的ATP-竞争性CDK抑制剂。我们已经发现,该化合物对TRKA显示显著的抑制效果。
考虑到它的生物活性,本发明的化合物为研发患间皮瘤的患者群的治疗提供了新的途径。
附图说明
图1显示了未治疗的细胞(C)和用两种剂量(1和3μM)的式(I)化合物治疗的细胞(T)的细胞荧光图,以在MSTO-211H细胞系中评价对细胞周期进程和诱导细胞凋亡的效果。
图2显示了未治疗的细胞(C)和用两种剂量(1和3μM)的式(I)化合物治疗的细胞(T)的蛋白表达。评价并显示了磷酸化的Rb蛋白(CDK2的直接底物)的量、细胞周期蛋白A和cdc6(与控制细胞周期进程有关的蛋白)的量和磷酸化的AKT、磷酸化的S6、磷酸化的p44/42MAPK的量和总p44/42MAPK的量。
具体实施方式
在第一个方面,本发明涉及式(I)的化合物
或其药学可接受的盐,用于治疗间皮瘤的方法。
本文使用的术语“间皮瘤”包括胸膜、腹膜和心包间皮瘤以及所有的组织学分类:上皮样、肉瘤样和混合型/双相型。
式(I)化合物的化学名为8-[4-(4-甲基-哌嗪-1-基)-苯基氨基]-1,4,4-三甲基-4,5-二氢-1H-吡唑并[4,3-h]喹唑啉-3-甲酸甲基酰胺。它可以如WO2004104007所述来制备,具有蛋白激酶抑制活性,因此可以作为抗肿瘤药用于治疗。特别地,在上述国际专利申请的实施例58中描述了式(I)化合物的优选制备方法。
式(I)化合物的药学可接受的盐包括与无机或有机酸的酸加成盐,所述酸是例如,硝酸、盐酸、氢溴酸、硫酸、高氯酸、磷酸、乙酸、三氟乙酸、丙酸、羟乙酸、乳酸、草酸、丙二酸、苹果酸、马来酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸、苯甲酸、肉桂酸、扁桃酸、甲磺酸、羟乙磺酸和水杨酸等。
在所要求保护的本发明范围内的是式(I)化合物的所有可能的异构体和它们的混合物,以及其代谢产物和药学可接受的生物前体(也称作前药)。前药是任何共价结合的化合物,在体内释放出式(I)的活性母体化合物。
当确定患者具有会通过所述化合物治疗获益的疾病或不想有的病症时,可以将治疗有效量的式(I)的化合物施用于该患者。作为在患者中诊断疾病或病症的一部分,医学或临床人员可以做出这种决定。该化合物也可以用于预防这些病症,这可以看作是降低患者患一种或多种所述病症的几率。
本文使用的化合物的“治疗有效量”是指足以达到其预期目的的量。根据所期望效果的实现,有效量的确定在本领域技术人员能力的范围内。有效量取决于各种因素,包括但不限于,患者的大小和/或患者所患疾病或不想有的病症的发展程度。有效量也取决于该化合物是单剂量还是随时间周期性地施用于患者。
本发明的式(I)的化合物意欲用于患者的治疗。本文使用的术语“患者”包括哺乳动物和非哺乳动物。哺乳动物的例子包括但不限于,哺乳动物类的任何成员:人、非人的灵长类例如猩猩,及其他猿类和猴类;农场动物例如牛、马、绵羊、山羊、猪;家养动物例如兔、狗和猫;实验室动物包括啮齿类,例如大鼠、小鼠和豚鼠;等。非哺乳动物的例子包括但不限于鸟、鱼等。
本文使用的术语“治疗”包括达到治疗益处。治疗益处是指根除或改善所治疗的根本性(潜在性)疾病。例如,在癌症患者中,治疗益处包括根除或改善根本性癌症。同时,治疗益处也可以由根除或改善与根本性疾病相关的一种或多种生理学症状来实现,以使在患者中观察到改善,尽管事实上患者可能仍然受到该根本性疾病的折磨。
本发明的另一个目的是一种治疗组合,包括(a)如上述定义的式(I)的化合物和(b)一种或多种细胞毒性或细胞生长抑制化学剂,用于治疗恶性间皮瘤的方法。
示例性的细胞毒性或细胞生长抑制化学剂包括烷化剂、烷化样剂(即铂衍生物,例如顺铂和卡铂)、抗代谢药(例如培美曲塞)、抗微管药、激素药、免疫药、干扰素型药、环氧合酶抑制剂(例如COX-2抑制剂)、基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂、端粒末端转移酶抑制剂、酪氨酸激酶抑制剂、抗生长因子受体剂、抗HER剂、抗EGFR剂、抗血管生成剂(例如血管生成抑制剂)、法尼基转移酶抑制剂、ras-raf信号转导途径抑制剂、细胞周期抑制剂、其他cdks抑制剂、微管蛋白结合剂、拓扑异构酶I抑制剂、拓扑异构酶II抑制剂等。
在一个特别优选的实施方案中,本发明提供一种治疗组合,包括如上述定义的式(I)的化合物、铂衍生物和培美曲塞,用于治疗恶性间皮瘤的方法。
本发明也涉及一种药物组合物,包含如上述定义的式(I)的化合物以及药学可接受的载体、稀释剂或赋形剂,用于治疗恶性间皮瘤。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明的药物组合物还包含一种或多种细胞毒性或细胞生长抑制化学剂。
在一个特别优选的实施方案中,本发明提供一种药物组合物,包含如上述定义的式(I)的化合物、铂衍生物和培美曲塞,用于治疗恶性间皮瘤的方法。
包含本发明的化合物的该药物组合物通常是根据常规方法制备的,并以适当的药物形式施用。
例如,固体口服剂型可包含与活性化合物在一起的稀释剂,例如乳糖、右旋糖、蔗二糖、蔗糖、纤维素、玉米淀粉或马铃薯淀粉;润滑剂,例如硅石、滑石粉、硬脂酸、硬脂酸镁或硬脂酸钙、和/或聚乙二醇;粘合剂,例如,淀粉类、阿拉伯胶、明胶、甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素或聚乙烯吡咯烷酮;崩解剂,例如淀粉、海藻酸、海藻酸盐或羟乙酸淀粉钠;沸腾复合剂;染料;甜味剂;润湿剂,例如卵磷脂、聚山梨酯、月桂硫酸盐;和一般用于药物制剂的无毒性和药学上无活性的物质。这些药物制剂可以以已知方式来制备,例如,通过混合、制粒、压片、包糖衣或包薄膜衣的方法。
口服的液体分散剂可以是例如糖浆、乳剂或混悬剂。
例如,糖浆可以包含作为载体的蔗糖或者蔗糖和甘油、和/或甘露醇和山梨醇。
作为载体的例子,混悬剂和乳剂可以包含天然胶、琼脂、海藻酸钠、果胶、甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素或聚乙烯醇。
在治疗应用中,式(I)的化合物是以每天约10mg/m2-约400mg/m2体表的剂量水平施用于患者。约20mg/m2-200mg/m2的剂量水平构成了特别适当的范围。对于成人患者,约20mg-约800mg/剂量,更优选约40mg-约400mg/剂量的剂量,连用1-28天,其可以用作非限制性的例子。优选的治疗方案包括在2周的周期中,以150mg/天的剂量治疗7天,然后停药7天。只要需要控制疾病,可以重复治疗周期。
如果需要,可以使用比本文所述剂量更低或更高的剂量。但是,可以根据很多变量来改变这些剂量,所述变量不限于所使用化合物的活性、所治疗的疾病、给药方式、治疗方案、患者个体的需求、所治疗疾病的严重程度和医生的判断。上述范围仅是建议性的,因为与个体治疗方案有关的变量的数量很大,与这些推荐值很大的偏差也并不少见。
为了达到更好地解释本发明的目的(而非限制本发明),现在给出下列的实施例。
实施例
实施例1.激酶的闪烁迫近分析(SPA)方式
该分析允许测定用试验化合物得到的对特定酶的激酶活性的抑制。可以平行测试不同的激酶。
在ATP(包括γ33-ATP示踪剂)的存在下,通过特定的酶将生物素化的底物转磷酸化。在该反应结束时,然后用抗生蛋白链菌素涂布的SPA珠来捕获磷酸化的底物。加入稠密的5M CsCl溶液,并将该混合物温育4小时。这导致SPA珠悬浮到包含未掺入放射性标记的ATP的CsCl溶液的顶部。
用β-计数器来测定磷酸化的程度。在这些分析中,式(I)的化合物对CDK2/细胞周期蛋白A复合物显示出有效的抑制活性(IC50=45nM),显示的活性是针对密切相关的CDK,即CDK1、CDK4和CDK5(分别地,IC50=398,160和265nM),但也针对Thropomyosin受体激酶A(TRKA)(IC50=53nM)。
实施例2.式(I)的化合物在体外间皮瘤细胞中的效果
MSTO-211H、NCl-H2052和NCl-H28间皮瘤细胞系是在加入了10%FCS、2mM谷氨酰胺、1mM丙酮酸钠和10mM HEPES的RPMI 1640中培养的。对于所有实验而言,在用本发明化合物治疗规定的时间后的第2天以1×104/cm2的密度播种细胞,然后在所报告的时间收集细胞。
对细胞增殖的抑制
在治疗后72小时,洗涤细胞并计数。通过细胞三磷腺苷检测系统确定细胞增殖。将细胞增殖与对照细胞进行比较。计算抑制50%细胞增殖的浓度(IC50)。
细胞周期进程的分析和细胞凋亡的诱导
在治疗后24小时洗涤细胞,用冰甲醇70%固定,并储存于-20℃。用PBS洗涤固定后的细胞以除去甲醇,并用25μg/mL的碘化丙啶、5μg/mL的RNa s e和0.125μg/mL的Noni det P 40染色。将细胞在暗处和室温下保持60分钟,并通过与具有BD CellQuestTM 3.3软件的MacintoshG4电脑连接的BD FACSCaliburTM系统分析。在分析期间,通过在FL3-A/FL3-W dot plot上适当的门控来除去所有的双联体或聚集物,并在≥10,000的闸门细胞中进行DNA含量分析。用ModFit LTTM来分析DNA直方图(如图1所示)。
例如,如图1所示,通过式(I)的化合物影响细胞周期进程,导致用1μM处理的细胞中出现明显的G1阻断,并在用3μM处理的细胞中增加了sub G1峰(诱导细胞凋亡)。
表1也报告了这些分析的结果。式(I)的化合物对所有的试验间皮瘤细胞都具有活性(第一列):它能抑制增殖,其IC50范围为0.23-1.56μM(第二列),如细胞荧光分析对具有sub G1DNA含量的细胞百分比所测定的(第三列),它能诱导细胞凋亡。
表1
间皮瘤细胞系 | IC50(μM) | Sub G1% |
MSTO-211H | 0.23±0.10 | 24 |
NCl-H2052 | 0.74±0.37 | 14 |
NCl-H28 | 1.56±0.52 | 5 |
实施例3.通过蛋白印迹分析来评价式(I)化合物的作用方式
通过加入SDS样品缓冲液(0.125M Tris-HCl pH6.8,5%SDS)来溶解所处理的细胞。将该样品加热至95℃5分钟,然后用Ultrasonic 2000ARTEK进行超声处理。以13,000RPM将溶解的细胞离心分离10分钟。用BCA缓冲液(Pierce)和BSA标准曲线确定蛋白的量。每孔负载20μg的蛋白提取物,并通过SDS-PAGE凝胶7.5-10%(PAGE-PLUS 40%浓缩液AMRESCO)分离。在包含25mM Tris HCl pH 8.3、192mM甘氨酸和20%甲醇的缓冲液中将该凝胶涂到硝化纤维素滤纸(Hybond Amersham)上。在室温下在包含0.1%Tween 20(TBS-T)的TBS中在5%低脂牛奶中将该滤纸饱和2小时,然后在4℃下用原发性单克隆体培养过夜,然后在TBS-T中洗涤,并用次级抗-小鼠抗体培养。用“Super Signal West Pico”Pierce来观察这些带。
在所有试验细胞系中得到的结果表明,式(I)的化合物能干扰与间皮瘤发病机制有关的两种主要途径。
在所有试验间皮瘤细胞系中观察到与细胞周期有关的标记物的减少。例如,图2显示了用两种剂量的式(I)化合物治疗24小时的在NCl-H28细胞(在p16/CDKN2A中突变)中得到的结果。对Rb磷酸化以及细胞周期蛋白A和cdc6表达的强烈抑制是很明显的。
还评价了式(I)的化合物抑制酪氨酸激酶生长因子受体介导的通道的能力。在图2中也报道了在NCl-H28细胞中对AKT、S6和MAPK的磷酸化的抑制。
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