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CN102220176A - 在液化天然气的生产中用氮气汽提从天然气流中分离氮气的方法 - Google Patents

在液化天然气的生产中用氮气汽提从天然气流中分离氮气的方法 Download PDF

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CN102220176A
CN102220176A CN201010232444XA CN201010232444A CN102220176A CN 102220176 A CN102220176 A CN 102220176A CN 201010232444X A CN201010232444X A CN 201010232444XA CN 201010232444 A CN201010232444 A CN 201010232444A CN 102220176 A CN102220176 A CN 102220176A
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nitrogen
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B·C·普赖斯
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Abstract

本发明涉及在液化天然气的生产中用氮气汽提从天然气流中分离氮气的方法。从含氮气的天然气流中分离氮气流以生产氮气流和液化天然气流的混合单级制冷方法，其中所分离的氮气流用作天然气流的制冷剂和其中混合制冷剂为该方法提供冷却作用。

Description

在液化天然气的生产中用氮气汽提从天然气流中分离氮气的方法
本发明的领域
本发明涉及从含氮气的天然气流中分离氮气流以生产氮气流和液化天然气流的混合单级制冷方法(mixed single refrigerant process)，其中所分离的氮气流用作天然气流的制冷剂和其中混合制冷剂为该方法提供冷却作用。
本发明的背景
天然气理想地用作燃料用于加热建筑物，为工业过程供热，用于电能的生产，用作生产烯烃、聚合物等等的各种合成方法的原料。
天然气是在远离天然气的用户的许多区域中发现的。因为天然气不易作为气体被运输，它常常被液化以便以更紧凑的方式被运输。
在天然气中经常存在的物质(当天然气被液化时它也作为液体生产)是氮气。该氮气也作为液体生产，但是因为它具有比液化天然气(LNG)多少更低的沸点，所以在液化气生产和贮存之后它常常挥发掉。这将是一个问题，因为需要花费相当长的时间从包含液化天然气和液氮的大量液体除去较大量的液氮。此外，液氮在天然气中的存在会导致在满足LNG的技术规格上有困难。因此，人们已经付出相当大的努力来开发一种除去在LNG中存在的液氮的方法。
天然气液化的各种方法是已知的。一些此类方法包括1977年7月5日授权于Leonard K.Swenson(Swenson)的美国专利4,033,735，它以全部内容被引入这里供参考。在此类方法中，使用单级混合制冷剂。这些方法典型地使用气体混合物生产单级混合制冷剂，后者能够在极低温度下(即，-230°F至-275°F或更低)被压缩和液化以生产制冷剂。混合制冷剂被通入到热交换器并从热交换器入口穿过该热交换器而进入到在热交换器的输出端的膨胀阀，然后以汽化的方式和在较低温度下被引导回到热交换器。当该气流返回穿过热交换器到达该入口端时它典型地是连续汽化的气流。需要冷却的天然气流从热交换器的入口端穿过该热交换器到达热交换器出口，从而与汽化的单级混合制冷剂进行热交换。用过的制冷剂然后被回收，再压缩和在热交换器中再膨胀。
另一种单级混合制冷方法已描述在1997年8月19日授权于Brian C.Price(Price)的美国专利5,657,643中，该专利以其全部内容被引入这里供参考。
典型地当天然气具有含有较大量的氮气，例如，高达50体积％或更多时，则该液氮典型地用液化天然气回收并汽化到大气中或回收利用。脱除了较大比例的氮气的液化天然气然后根据需要进行调节以便具有为作为燃料进行销售或其它应用所需要的性质。
已经使用的第二类型的方法可通过1974年12月24日授权于Simon等人(Simon)的美国专利3,855,810来举例说明，该专利以其全部内容被引入这里供参考。该专利说明了级联型方法。在此类方法，使用了多个的制冷区段，其中降低沸点的制冷剂经过汽化产生冷却剂。在此类系统中，最高沸点的制冷剂(单独或与其它制冷剂一起)典型地被压缩、冷凝和分离，以便用于在第一制冷区段中的冷却。压缩、冷却了的最高沸点制冷剂然后闪蒸以提供冷的制冷剂流股，用于在第一制冷区段中冷却该压缩的最高沸点制冷剂。在第一制冷区段中，一些的较低沸点制冷剂也可被冷却和随后冷凝，然后通向汽化区段以便用作第二个后续制冷区段等等的冷却剂。
对于上述任何一种方法，生产的LNG典型地含有在该LNG中的氮气。氮气典型地随着甲烷一起从LNG中“闪蒸”出来。闪蒸出的气体(闪蒸气体)含有在宽范围内变化的比例的甲烷和氮气；然而，不可避免地从LNG中损失甲烷。该闪蒸气体可以用作低BTU加热气体，通入到甲烷或氮回收阶段，或通入到两者中，或排放到大气中。希望生产出不含有或具有极低氮气含量的LNG。
发现这样一种方法的不断努力都集中于该目标。
本发明的概述
本发明包括以单个方法从含有氮气的天然气流中分离氮气流以生产氮气流和液化天然气流的单级混合制冷方法，该方法主要由以下步骤组成：在单级混合制冷热交换器中冷却天然气流，以生产冷却了的流股；将冷却了的天然气流股通入到分离器中并从分离器中回收浓缩的富含甲烷的液流和浓缩的富含氮气的汽流；在热交换器中进一步冷却至少一部分的浓缩的富含甲烷的液体并从热交换器中回收第一液化天然气流；将第一液化天然气流通入到氮气汽提塔中；将浓缩的氮汽流通入到氮气汽提塔中；从氮气汽提塔的下部回收液化天然气产品；和，从氮气汽提塔的顶部的接近处回收塔顶氮气流并将该塔顶氮气流作为制冷剂通入到热交换器中。
用于该方法中的分离器可以是闪蒸器或高压蒸馏塔。
附图的简述
图1是本发明的方法的实施方案的示意图；和，
图2是本发明的方法的另一个实施方案的示意图。
优选实施方案的描述
在图的讨论中，自始至终在提到相同或类似组件时使用相同的数字。
在图1中，说明了单级混合制冷热交换器12并且它包括热交换通路14，含氮气的天然气流经由该通路被通入到管线26中以便抽出全部或一部分的天然气流并将它通入到闪蒸器28中。富含甲烷的塔底产物流30从闪蒸器28返回到在热交换器12中的热交换通路32。液体或半液体状的天然气流在约-240°F至约-250°F的温度下和典型地在约350psia到约500psia的压力下经由管线34从热交换器12中排出。
热交换通路16用来冷却混合制冷剂，按照在Price文献中所述，该混合制冷剂含有选自氮气和含约1-约5个碳原子的烃类中的物质。该流股被冷却和从热交换器12中穿过膨胀阀18，在该阀18处冷却了的混合制冷剂至少部分地汽化并返回到热交换器12中穿过热交换通路20，穿过该通路之后被再压缩和再循环到管线16中。在约-295°F至约-310°F的温度下的氮气流经由管线36被通入到热交换器12中，然后作为制冷剂通过在热交换器12中的热交换通路22。含有少量甲烷(＜10体积百分数)的该氮气流可以在根据需要有或没有进一步处理的情况下在接近环境温度下排放到大气中。所排放的气流可用作氮气来源并且典型地处于环境温度和在约15psia下。
从热交换器14中经由管线26排出的流股在足够低的温度下被通入到闪蒸器28中，这样能够进行分离，以便经由管线30生产出浓缩的富含甲烷的液体流和经由管线40生产浓缩的富含氮气的汽流(约-180°F至约-210°F和约350至约500psia)。在管线40中的浓缩的富含氮气的汽流穿过膨胀阀42，以产生具有约-230°F到约-250°F的温度的流股。该流股穿过高压蒸馏塔64的再沸器44，在其中它通过热交换通路50与来自高压氮气汽提塔64的塔底产物流股46进行热交换。流股46从塔64的底部的接近处被通入到在再沸器44中的热交换通路52中，然后经由管线48返回到塔64中。来自管线40的在管线54中的已浓缩的富含氮气的汽流被通向高压热交换器穿过回流热交换器56和然后经过管线60，后者包括一个控制阀61来控制穿过管线60到达塔64的上部的流速。
回流热交换器56包括供浓缩的富含氮气的汽流所用的热交换通路54a以及供经由管线62从塔64中回收的氮气流通过用的热交换热交换通路56a。在管线62中的控制阀58控制来自塔64的压力。该氮气流62穿过回流冷凝器56和然后通入到热交换器12，在这里该氮气流被引入并穿过氮气热交换通路22，以在大约环境温度下排放。这允许(在低温下回收的)回收氮气被用作冷却用制冷剂的来源，而不是简单地排放到大气中或用于热交换应用中，这些应用恢复(recover)该氮气流的较少的冷却值。
来自闪蒸器28的底部流股经由管线30回到热交换器12中并且在热交换器12中的热交换通路32中进一步冷却。该流股34然后通过该控制阀38并被通入到塔64的中间部分，然后进行蒸馏，生产含有减少量的氮气(低于10％)的LNG。
主要的分离是在闪蒸器28中进行，和进一步分离是在塔64的上部65和下部76发生。产生的LNG经由包括控制阀68的管线70来回收。
典型地该塔在约20-约50psia的低压下操作，并生产出含有低于10体积％甲烷和理想地低于约5体积％甲烷的塔顶氮气流。塔底流股组成是通过汽提塔再沸器44控制的并且通常含有1-3体积百分数的氮气。该产品被送至LNG储存罐。
典型地天然气流可以含有至多50体积百分数的氮气。在较低氮气含量的情况下，即，低于15％，该气流能够在常用的混合制冷过程(如在Price文献中所述)中液化。
当LNG被送至储存罐时，来自容器中的闪蒸气体和汽化气体典型地包括浓缩的氮气流，后者能够被浓缩和送至脱氮装置(nitrogenrejection unit)。该装置能够生产氮气排放气流和甲烷汽流。该甲烷汽流然后被再液化，压缩，用于燃料等等。
依据本发明，氮气与甲烷分离，作为液化设备的一部分由单级混合制冷剂生产方法生产LNG和分离的氮气流。没有生产甲烷蒸汽，除非希望用于燃料。当在LNG生产设备中除去氮气时，该类型的设备是更有效的，这样不需要脱氮装置并且脱氮装置所需的压缩操作也是不需要的。此外由于该方法的使用，在所分离的氮气流中的冷却值是在热交换器中被恢复的，因此改进了该方法的热交换部分的效率。
当该原料流含有较低量的氮气即低于15体积％时，在图2中所示的方法变型可用于减少LNG的氮气含量并且最大程度减少在脱除的氮气流中的甲烷损失。原料流从热交换器12中经由管线26被通入到蒸馏器74中，如图1中所示。
在图2，流股26a从管线26(约-165°F至约-195°F，在大约350-约500psia)排出，穿过热交换器通路14的节段(显示为14a)，并经由管线80通入到蒸馏器74的上部74a。从容器74中回收的顶部流股40(浓缩的富含氮气的流股)穿过控制阀42，在这里它的温度进一步降低至约-230°F到约-250°F。该流股然后穿过在再沸器44中的热交换通路50并作为进一步冷却的流股在管线54中被回收且通入到在回流热交换器56中的热交换通路54a中，然后经由控制阀61和管线60通入到高压氮气汽提塔64的上部65。
来自蒸馏器74的底部流股穿过管线30进入到在热交换器12中的热交换通路32中，在管线34中产生浓缩的甲烷流。在管线34中的甲烷流股被通入到低压氮气蒸馏器64中，最后经由管线70被回收，其中流速通过阀门68来调节。
通过图2的方法的使用，与由图1的方法采用较低氮气含量的原料流所获得的那些结果相比，能够获得更低的氮气含量。本发明的方法不仅生产低氮气LNG产品，它也生产含有少量甲烷(低于3体积百分数甲烷)的氮气流。
在图2中的工艺变型表明，甚至当使用较低氮气的原料时能够生产具有减少的甲烷的氮气流。这一改进的实现是归因于：与在使用闪蒸器的图1的方法中相比，来自高压蒸馏塔的液体产物在氮气上较低程度浓缩。在组成上的这一差异在低压氮气汽提塔的操作也是有益的。
同样为现有技术所公知，如果原料气含有较大量的重质烃类(它在LNG方法中凝固)，则需要进行附加的冷冻和分离步骤以便在冷冻至闪蒸器温度之前除去这些重质烃类。
对比现有技术的LNG方法，它产生在LNG中的原料天然气中的氮气的大部分，需要在后续闪蒸或其它下游步骤中回收。该回收需要更多能量来操作该回收过程或由闪蒸造成有价值产品损失(甲烷)。闪蒸的气体典型地含有氮气和甲烷，它们需要高投入来分离或单独回收。
本发明的方法开始生产低氮气含量的LNG。不需要闪蒸或另外处理该LNG产品以降低氮气含量并且气态甲烷不会有意被该方法所产生。该方法的全部冷却值最初是由单级混合制冷剂来提供。最初提供的冷却值的一部分是从作为制冷剂回到该单级混合制冷热交换器中的所分离氮气中回收的。该方法致冷值是由单级混合制冷剂提供的。该氮气是通过在合适的温度下从现有的工艺气流中分离被回收的，并且通过从蒸馏塔64中蒸馏来分离，其中所需要的冷却值是由LNG提供的。该方法可生产低氮气LNG，没有附加的能量需要量和在生产后没有有价值产物(LNG)的损失。
尽管本发明已经参考本发明的某些优选实施方案进行了描述，但是需要指出的是，所述的实施方案是举例性质而不是限制性质，并且许多的变化和改进在本发明的范围内都是可能的。基于优选实施方案的前面叙述的回顾，许多此类变化和改进是本领域中的那些技术人员认为明显和所希望的。

Claims (6)

1.从含有氮气的天然气流中分离氮气流以生产氮气流和液化天然气流的单级混合制冷方法，该方法主要由以下步骤组成：
a)在单级混合制冷热交换器中冷却天然气流，以生产冷却了的天然气流；
b)在分离器中分离天然气流并从分离器中回收浓缩的富含甲烷的液流和浓缩的富含氮气的汽流；
c)在热交换器中进一步冷却该浓缩的富含甲烷的液体并从热交换器中回收第一液化天然气流；
d)将第一液化天然气流通入到氮气汽提塔中；
e)将浓缩的氮汽流通入到氮气汽提塔中；
f)从氮气汽提塔的下部回收液化天然气产物；和，
g)从氮气汽提塔的顶部的接近处回收塔顶氮气流并将该塔顶氮气流作为制冷剂通入到热交换器中。
2.权利要求1的方法，其中浓缩的氮气汽流从分离器中通入到在氮气汽提塔再沸器中的热交换器中以冷却该浓缩的氮气汽流。
3.权利要求1的方法，其中塔顶氮气流通过与浓缩的氮气汽流进行热交换而进一步冷却。
4.权利要求1的方法，其中该分离器是蒸馏塔。
5.权利要求1的方法，其中含有富含甲烷的液体流和富含氮气的汽流的冷却天然气流是从热交换器中排出并被分成第一部分和第二部分，其中第一部分被加入到蒸馏塔的下部和第二部分被返回到该热交换器以便进一步冷却和然后在第一部分排出的那一位点的下游处被排出。
6.权利要求5的方法，其中来自高压蒸馏塔中的塔底产物流的至少一部分是在一个位点上被通入到该热交换器中，该位点是在第二部分从热交换器中排出的那一位点的下游。
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