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CN102150361B - 基带导出的射频数字预失真 - Google Patents

基带导出的射频数字预失真 Download PDF

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CN102150361B
CN102150361B CN200880126324.2A CN200880126324A CN102150361B CN 102150361 B CN102150361 B CN 102150361B CN 200880126324 A CN200880126324 A CN 200880126324A CN 102150361 B CN102150361 B CN 102150361B
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power amplifier
distortion
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predistortion
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金完钟
S·P·斯塔普勒顿
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Dali Systems Co Ltd
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03F—AMPLIFIERS
    • H03F1/00—Details of amplifiers with only discharge tubes, only semiconductor devices or only unspecified devices as amplifying elements
    • H03F1/32—Modifications of amplifiers to reduce non-linear distortion
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03F—AMPLIFIERS
    • H03F1/00—Details of amplifiers with only discharge tubes, only semiconductor devices or only unspecified devices as amplifying elements
    • H03F1/32—Modifications of amplifiers to reduce non-linear distortion
    • H03F1/3241—Modifications of amplifiers to reduce non-linear distortion using predistortion circuits
    • H03F1/3258—Modifications of amplifiers to reduce non-linear distortion using predistortion circuits based on polynomial terms
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03F—AMPLIFIERS
    • H03F1/00—Details of amplifiers with only discharge tubes, only semiconductor devices or only unspecified devices as amplifying elements
    • H03F1/32—Modifications of amplifiers to reduce non-linear distortion
    • H03F1/3241—Modifications of amplifiers to reduce non-linear distortion using predistortion circuits
    • H03F1/3247—Modifications of amplifiers to reduce non-linear distortion using predistortion circuits using feedback acting on predistortion circuits
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03F—AMPLIFIERS
    • H03F1/00—Details of amplifiers with only discharge tubes, only semiconductor devices or only unspecified devices as amplifying elements
    • H03F1/32—Modifications of amplifiers to reduce non-linear distortion
    • H03F1/3241—Modifications of amplifiers to reduce non-linear distortion using predistortion circuits
    • H03F1/3294—Acting on the real and imaginary components of the input signal
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03F—AMPLIFIERS
    • H03F3/00—Amplifiers with only discharge tubes or only semiconductor devices as amplifying elements
    • H03F3/189—High-frequency amplifiers, e.g. radio frequency amplifiers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03F—AMPLIFIERS
    • H03F3/00—Amplifiers with only discharge tubes or only semiconductor devices as amplifying elements
    • H03F3/20—Power amplifiers, e.g. Class B amplifiers, Class C amplifiers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
    • H04B1/02—Transmitters
    • H04B1/04—Circuits
    • H04B1/0475—Circuits with means for limiting noise, interference or distortion
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L25/00—Baseband systems
    • H04L25/02—Details ; arrangements for supplying electrical power along data transmission lines
    • H04L25/03—Shaping networks in transmitter or receiver, e.g. adaptive shaping networks
    • H04L25/03006—Arrangements for removing intersymbol interference
    • H04L25/03012—Arrangements for removing intersymbol interference operating in the time domain
    • H04L25/03019—Arrangements for removing intersymbol interference operating in the time domain adaptive, i.e. capable of adjustment during data reception
    • H04L25/03038—Arrangements for removing intersymbol interference operating in the time domain adaptive, i.e. capable of adjustment during data reception with a non-recursive structure
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    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L25/00—Baseband systems
    • H04L25/02—Details ; arrangements for supplying electrical power along data transmission lines
    • H04L25/03—Shaping networks in transmitter or receiver, e.g. adaptive shaping networks
    • H04L25/03006—Arrangements for removing intersymbol interference
    • H04L25/03343—Arrangements at the transmitter end
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03F—AMPLIFIERS
    • H03F2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers
    • H03F2200/204—A hybrid coupler being used at the output of an amplifier circuit
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
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    • H03F2200/336—A I/Q, i.e. phase quadrature, modulator or demodulator being used in an amplifying circuit
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03F—AMPLIFIERS
    • H03F2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers
    • H03F2200/57—Separate feedback of real and complex signals being present
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03F—AMPLIFIERS
    • H03F2201/00—Indexing scheme relating to details of amplifiers with only discharge tubes, only semiconductor devices or only unspecified devices as amplifying elements covered by H03F1/00
    • H03F2201/32—Indexing scheme relating to modifications of amplifiers to reduce non-linear distortion
    • H03F2201/3224—Predistortion being done for compensating memory effects
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03F—AMPLIFIERS
    • H03F2201/00—Indexing scheme relating to details of amplifiers with only discharge tubes, only semiconductor devices or only unspecified devices as amplifying elements covered by H03F1/00
    • H03F2201/32—Indexing scheme relating to modifications of amplifiers to reduce non-linear distortion
    • H03F2201/3233—Adaptive predistortion using lookup table, e.g. memory, RAM, ROM, LUT, to generate the predistortion
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    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L25/00—Baseband systems
    • H04L25/02—Details ; arrangements for supplying electrical power along data transmission lines
    • H04L25/03—Shaping networks in transmitter or receiver, e.g. adaptive shaping networks
    • H04L25/03006—Arrangements for removing intersymbol interference
    • H04L2025/0335—Arrangements for removing intersymbol interference characterised by the type of transmission
    • H04L2025/03356—Baseband transmission
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L25/00—Baseband systems
    • H04L25/02—Details ; arrangements for supplying electrical power along data transmission lines
    • H04L25/03—Shaping networks in transmitter or receiver, e.g. adaptive shaping networks
    • H04L25/03006—Arrangements for removing intersymbol interference
    • H04L2025/03433—Arrangements for removing intersymbol interference characterised by equaliser structure
    • H04L2025/03439—Fixed structures
    • H04L2025/03445—Time domain
    • H04L2025/03471—Tapped delay lines
    • H04L2025/03477—Tapped delay lines not time-recursive

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Abstract

基带导出的RF预失真系统使用具有在基带提取并随后借助于矢量调制器而应用在RF上的系数的查找表。该架构结合了包络预失真的窄带优势以及基带预失真的准确性，并且包括对于记忆效应的补偿。同时还描述了基于多项式的替代方案。

Description

基带导出的射频数字预失真
相关申请
本申请提出对提交于2007年7月12日的美国临时专利申请序列号61/012416的优先权的要求，该申请，包括附件，为所有目的在此全部纳入参考。
技术领域
本发明涉及用于无线通信系统的功率放大器，并且更具体地涉及用于线性化这样的功率放大器的输出的预失真方法。
背景技术
可靠的移动或无线通信系统依赖于在广泛和迅速地变化的条件下来自基站的干净和一致的传输。因此，见于这样的无线通信系统的基站中的射频(RF)功率放大器(PA)通常是最关键和昂贵的部件。这源于对这些发射器的频谱与功率效率的严格要求，即使其由宽频带和高度变化的信号所驱动。为了满足这些放大器的苛刻的性能指标，人们实施了多种线性化技术。被称为数字基带预失真的这样一种线性化技术，通过使用数字信号处理器而被成功地实施。然而，数字基带预失真的缺点在于，由于预失真的输入，其要求整个传输路径的宽度为信号带宽的数倍。因此，这种宽频带传输路径需要快速的数模转换器(DAC)和宽频带滤波器。另外，随着输入信号的带宽变得更宽，基带预失真系统的带宽要求变得宽得多。相比之下，RF包络数字预失真的主要优点在于传输路径不需要为宽频带。但RF包络数字预失真的缺点在于，其需要额外的部件，比如包络检波器和大型RF延迟线，这些部件产生不准确性和损耗，并且增加了成本和复杂度。因此，存在对于提供期望的精确度而没有不必要的成本和复杂度的预失真系统的需求。
发明内容
本发明包括预失真系统的新型架构，其基本上消除了宽频带要求以及由通常在现有技术中所需的额外部件造成的潜在失真。实验结果表明，所提出的架构实现了与常规基带预失真相当的邻信道功率比(ACPR)的降低。所提出的架构适用于需要宽的带宽(即，＞100MHz)的应用。
附图说明
图1以框图的形式示例说明了本发明的预失真系统的实施方式。
图2以框图的形式示例说明了用于建立和验证本发明的系统的运作的测试台。
图3以图形的形式示例说明了对于系统的延迟依赖性的测量的频谱，其中
------代表功率放大器在无预失真时的输出
........代表功率放大器在一个样本被前移时的输出
****代表功率放大器在一个样本被延迟时的输出
——代表具有粗延迟匹配的功率放大器的输出。
图4示例说明了对于图1中所示的查找表的，使用了多项式计算的替代实施方式。
具体实施方式
所提出的系统的实施方式的框图在图1中示出。预失真函数F在基带上导出，如标记为数字基带处理的框100中所示，但被应用于在RF上的输出。也被标示为VM的矢量调制器105被用来基于预失真函数生成预失真信号。幅度计算模块110使输入信号指数化，以便从查找表或多项式计算中确定在每一时刻的适当的修正系数。数字延迟部件能够对预失真路径与主传输路径之间的延迟差异τd，包括记忆效应，作出补偿。两条路径之间的这一延迟失配应当使用延迟校准来进行补偿。
更具体而言，输入信号被以常规方式(并因此未示出)转换为I和Q分量120和125。I和Q分量被提供给数字延迟130，并同时被提供给幅度计算模块110以及适应算法模块135。
在如图1中所示的实施方式中，幅度计算模块和适应算法模块都向查找表(LUT)140提供输入，该表在其中存储了适合于系统的工作范围的修正系数的数据库。正如上文所述，LUT 140向一对DAC145A-145B提供适合于输入的每个值的修正因子。DAC 145A-145B的输出在一对低通滤波器150A-150B中被滤波，该对滤波器的输出被提供给矢量调制器105。
在至少一些实施方式中，LUT值最初经由校准程序获得，通过该程序，来自功率放大器的输出信号被测量并且LUT系数被估算，以补偿由功率放大器所产生的任何非线性失真。在这样的实施方式中，LUT系数可以被存储在FPGA或DSP的存储器中，并且可以由微处理器或数字信号处理器进行填充。此外，仅作为一个范例，LUT系数可以通过将功率放大器的输出反馈到基带信号处理器而进行更新，在此处理器中，响应于查找表值的更新，该反馈被与输入信号相比较。图1中所示的反馈模块还可以例如通过将功率放大器的输出降频转换至基带而实施。基带信号可在随后被与输入信号相比较，而所产生的误差将被用于更新LUT系数。仅作为一种替代，来自功率放大器的输出信号可以在频谱上被监测，而反馈信号将使用降频转换器、带通滤波器以及功率检测器来监测带外失真。功率检测器的输出可在随后被用于调节LUT值，或者如果使用了多项式方案，则用于调节多项式系数。
参考图4，本发明使用多项式方案的实施可以被更好地理解。替换于使用如图1中的查找表，幅度计算模块110的输出被提供给一系列多项式F1l、F1R、F2l、F2R、FNl、FNR(各自在执行其他处理的DSP或FPGA中计算出来)，并在随后如所示的那样被累加。累加的结果在随后被提供给DAC 145A-145B，正如同图1中的查找表的输出那样。设计的其余部分是相同的，故在图4中不再重复。多项式可以被表达为：
F1{z}＝α11+α12z+α13z2+...+α1NzN-1
和
F2{z}＝α11+α12z+α13z2+...+α1NzN-1
正如上文所述，多项式系数被以与联系图1描述的对查找表进行的更新相同的方式进行更新。本领域内的技术人员将会认识到，无论是使用多项式方案还是图1的查找表方案来实施，本发明都能够对功率放大器中的记忆效应做出补偿，因而提供比现有技术大幅提高的线性化。
仍参考图1，数字延迟130的输出被提供给正交调制器155，正交调制器155的输出被提供给DAC 160。DAC 160的具有图表160A中所示形式的输出被提供给低通滤波器165，其中该输出在混频器170中被以指示于175处的信号flo进行调制，并在随后通过带通滤波器180。结果被提供给矢量调制器105，矢量调制器105还从低通滤波器(LPF)150A-150B接收包括延迟补偿的校正信号。矢量调制器的输出形成了指示于图表105A中的包络，并且被提供给功率放大器185，功率放大器185的输出由图表185A所表示。该输出还在190处被采样，而样本沿反馈路径195作为另一输入而被反馈至适应算法逻辑电路135，以允许对输出信号的监测，用以除其他外，确保在合适时更新查找表中的值。
在一些实施方式中，DAC 160将优选地具有至少两倍于待转换信号的带宽。
延迟失配：为了看到关于系统性能的延迟失配效应，假设RF输入x(t)包括以音调间隔(ω2-ω1)相间隔的两个音调。预失真函数F，具有延迟失配τd可以被描述为：
F(t-τd)＝a1+a3|Xe(t-τd)|2＝a1+1/2a3+1/2a3cos[(ω2-ω1)t+ω1τd] (1)
其中Xe(t)是输入信号的包络，a是多项式的复系数，而τd是延迟失配。从(1)中可以看到，预失真函数需要与频率间隔相同的带宽用以补偿高达三阶的互调失真(IMD)。预失真输入RF信号xPD(t)随后可以被表达为：
xPD(t)＝x(t)F(t-τd) (2)
在将(1)代入(2)并对其进行展开和排布之后，其可以简单地化为公式：
xPD(t)＝b1S+b3SU_IMD3∠-(ω2-ω1)τd+b3SL_IMD3∠(ω2-ω1)τd (3)
其中的b为复系数，而S、SU_IMD3，和SL_IMD3分别指代双音调RF输入信号、三阶上侧IMD、和下侧IMD分量。从(3)中，取决于τd，上侧IMD分量的相位减小了(ω2-ω1)τd，而下侧IMD部分的相位增加了同一数量。
实验结果：在图2中所示的对所提出的预失真系统的结构进行测试的测试台中使用了具有10dB峰均功率比(PAPR)的单载波宽带码分多址接入(WCDMA)信号。测试台包括两个电子信号发生器(Agilent E4433B和E4438C)、矢量调制器(Analog DevicesAD8341)、具有300瓦峰值包络功率(PEP)和61dB增益的Doherty功率放大器、矢量信号分析仪(AgilentVSA89641A)，以及装有MATLAB和先进设计系统(ADS)的个人计算机。在E4438C的后面板上的基带同相位(I)和正交(Q)输出被连接到AD8341。第一源(E4433B)被认为是主源，而其10MHz参考输出被从源(E4438C)用作时钟参考(10MHz输入)。RF输入信号x(t)与基带导出的信号或函数F基于以下程序进行同步。标记被置于主源中的输入信号文件x(t)的起始处，从而在每次出现这一标记时，都有脉冲在EVENT1输出上发送。EVENT1输出被连接到从源的模式触发输入。为了估算延迟差异，基于RF输入信号的主路径与预失真函数的基带路径间的延迟测量，执行了粗延迟校准。在此所应用的预失真算法是基于使用间接学习的无记忆五阶多项式的。
图3示出本发明的数字预失真系统的测量结果。如从图3中的曲线(a)和曲线(d)中可见，该系统将失真降低了大约15dB，而关于延迟依赖性的性能被表示于(b)和(c)中。随着为考察延迟的效应而有意地将一个样本前移(26纳秒)而将一个样本延迟，系统性能下降了约4dB至10dB。这验证了延迟失配对于像RF包络数字预失真之类的所提出的系统性能是不利的。但是，使用本发明的系统，可以使用数字延迟基本上完美地对延迟进行匹配，而不像利用模拟RF延迟线的RF包络数字预失真。
在充分描述本发明的实施方式之后，根据此处的教义，本领域内的技术人员将认识到众多不背离本发明的替代方式和等效方式的存在。因此，本发明不受上述描述的限制，而仅受限于随附的权利要求书。

Claims (3)

1.一种用于和RF功率放大器一同使用的宽频带预失真系统，包括：
基带输入，用于接收基带信号，
RF输出，用于向RF功率放大器提供信号，
数字多项式方程，用于从基带信号导出预失真函数，其中所述数字多项式方程包括对一系列多项式累加，其中每个多项式被表示为一系列乘积的累加，其中每个乘积是将多项式系数与延迟元素相乘的结果，
矢量调制器，可操作为基于所述预失真函数来生成预失真信号，其中所述矢量调制器的输出被提供给所述RF功率放大器，以及
反馈信号，被耦合至所述RF功率放大器的输出信号，
其中来自所述RF功率放大器的所述输出信号在频谱上被监测，其中所述反馈信号使用降频转换器、带通滤波器和功率检测器来监测带外失真，并且其中所述功率检测器被用于调节所述多项式系数。
2.根据权利要求1的宽频带预失真系统，进一步包括适应算法单元，所述适应算法单元可操作为使用所述多项式系数来优化预失真部件。
3.根据权利要求2的宽频带预失真系统，进一步包括耦合至所述适应算法单元的数字延迟模块。
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