CN102036658A - 治疗流感的联合疗法 - Google Patents
治疗流感的联合疗法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102036658A CN102036658A CN200980119926XA CN200980119926A CN102036658A CN 102036658 A CN102036658 A CN 102036658A CN 200980119926X A CN200980119926X A CN 200980119926XA CN 200980119926 A CN200980119926 A CN 200980119926A CN 102036658 A CN102036658 A CN 102036658A
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- zanamivir
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Abstract
本发明提供以治疗一种或多种流感症状的药物组合物及方法;所述流感优选是由于感染甲型流感(H5N1)所致的流感。业已发现,与单独施用神经氨酸酶抑制剂相比,感染后24、48或甚至72小时施用神经氨酸酶抑制剂与两种免疫调节剂的组合提高受治疗者的存活率。优选的神经氨酸酶抑制剂包括但不限于扎那米韦。优选的免疫调节剂包括但不限于塞来考昔及美沙拉秦。另一实施方案提供一种治疗流感的方法,通过向感染了流感病毒的受治疗者,给予用以抑制或减少流感病毒从受治疗者受感染细胞芽生的有效量的神经氨酸酶抑制剂,及用以有效减少或抑制受治疗者一种或多种炎症症状的有效量的至少两种免疫调节剂,来治疗流感;所述流感优选是由于感染甲型禽流感所致的流感。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求Bojian Zheng及Kwok-Yung Yuen在2008年5月23号提交的美国临时专利申请号61/055,573的优先权和权益,及该申请在允许情况下通过引用引入其全部内容。
发明领域
本发明一般而言涉及治疗病毒感染的组合物及方法,所述病毒感染特别是流感病毒感染,尤其是禽流感。
发明背景
自1997年首次报道以来,患者患有因甲型流感H5N1病毒(influenza A/H5N1 virus)引起的肺炎和牵涉多个器官的患者的死亡率在45%至81%间变化(Yuen,K.Y.等人,Lancet 351:467-471(1998);Beigel等人,N Engl J Med 353:1374-1385(2005))。随后可用的神经氨酸酶抑制剂奥赛米韦(Oseltamivir)并没有减低其死亡率。奥赛米韦是用于治疗及预防甲型流感病毒和乙型流感病毒两者的抗病毒药。奥赛米韦作为流感病毒神经氨酸酶的过渡态类似物抑制剂而发挥作用,其防止病毒体后代从感染的细胞脱出。奥赛米韦是第一种商业研发的口服活性神经氨酸酶抑制剂。它是在肝脏水解成活性代谢物的前药,游离羧酸奥赛米韦(GS4071)。奥赛米韦目前以商标名特敏福在市场上出售。
患者使用奥赛米韦治疗后出现的不良反应归结于抗病毒给药的不足,或归结于病毒诱导细胞因子风暴而导致过多的局部或全身性炎症反应及多个器官衰竭(Peiris,J.S.等人,Lancet 363:第617-669页(2004))。对抗病毒药的不良反应也可以是下列原因导致的:禽流感初期非特异性表现导致治疗开始延迟、呈递时初始病毒负载高、奥赛米韦在重病患者体内的口服生物利用度差、缺乏神经氨酸酶抑制剂的静脉注射制剂以及治疗中出现抗药性(Wong,S.S.及Yuen,K.Y.,Chest 129:156-168(2006);de Jong,M.D.等人,(2006)12:1203-1207(2006))。使用抗炎性剂量皮质类固醇来控制过度炎症的尝试与诸如高血糖症或医院感染这样的严重副作用有关,而这些尝试对存活率没有任何改善(Carter,M.J.,J Med Microbiol 56:875-883(2007))。此外,病毒攻击后,比起野生型小鼠,TNF-α、IL-6或CC趋化因子配体2敲除小鼠或类固醇治疗的野生型小鼠没有显著的存活优势。(Salomon,R.等人Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:12479-12481(2007))。如果高病毒载量及其匹配程度的过多炎症在这种高度致命性感染的发病机理和结果中都重要,那么可以解释这个自相矛盾的说法。
当前,如果患者在病发48小时内给予治疗,则抗病毒药如奥赛米韦对于H5N1禽流感患者是有效的。然而,如果患者在病发48小时后才接受该抗病毒治疗,则患者的死亡率超过70%。尽管奥赛米韦在小鼠模型中非常有效,但是人类的病例死亡率仍然很高,而治疗开始延迟看来对患者存活具有有害的影响。因此,由于高死亡率,迫切需要寻找对人类甲型流感H5N1病毒感染有效的治疗策略。
因此,本发明的一个目的是提供治疗病毒感染的药物组合物和方法,所述的病毒感染特别是流感病毒感染。
本发明的另一目的是提供提高感染了H5N1禽流感患者的存活率的药物组合物和方法。
发明概述
本申请提供治疗一种或多种流感症状的药物组合物和方法,所述流感优选是由于感染甲型禽流感(H5N1)所致的。业已发现,当在感染后24、48或甚至72小时给药时,与单独施用神经氨酸酶抑制剂相比,施用神经氨酸酶抑制剂和两种免疫调节剂的组合提高受治疗者的存活率。一个实施方案提供一种药物组合物,其包含用以抑制或减少流感病毒从受治疗者受感染细胞芽生的有效量的扎那米韦(zanamivir)、其药学上可接受的盐或前药,联合用以抑制或减少一种或多种炎症症状的有效量的塞来考昔(celecoxib)和美沙拉秦(mesalazine)或它们药学上可接受的盐或前药。其它的神经氨酸酶抑制剂包括(但不限于)奥赛米韦、培拉米韦(peramivi)、或它们药学上可接受的盐或前药。可使用其它或另外的抗炎药,例如过氧化物酶体增殖因子激活受体α和γ(PPARα或PPARγ)的配体及其它COX-2抑制剂。代表性的PPARα激活剂包括(但不限于):贝特类,诸如吉非贝齐(gemgiborzil)(例如)、苯扎贝特(bezafirate)(例如)、环丙贝特(ciprofibrate)(例如)、氯贝丁酯(clofibrate)、renofibrate(例如)或以上激活剂的组合。
另一实施方案提供如下治疗流感(优选由于感染禽流感甲型(H5N1)所致的流感)的方法:通过向流感病毒感染的个体施用用以抑制或减少流感病毒从受治疗者受感染细胞芽生的有效量的神经氨酸酶抑制剂,以及用以有效减少或抑制受治疗者一种或多种炎症症状的有效量的至少两种免疫调节,来治疗流感。
附图简述
图1A是攻击后4小时用以下药物或对照治疗小鼠(5只小鼠/组)的存活率(百分比)与攻击后天数关系的线图:扎那米韦(Z)(○)、塞来考昔(C)(△)、美沙拉秦(M)(□)、吉非贝齐(G)(*)、塞来考昔/美沙拉秦(C+M)(▲)、塞来考昔/吉非贝齐(C+G)(●)、或磷酸缓冲盐水(“PBS”)(对照)(■)。图1B是攻击后48小时用以下药物或对照治疗21天的小鼠(10-15只小鼠/组)的存活率(百分比)与攻击后天数关系的线图:扎那米韦(Z)(○)、扎那米韦/塞来考昔(Z+C)(△)、扎那米韦/美沙拉秦(Z+M)(□)、扎那米韦/塞来考昔/美沙拉秦(Z+C+M)(■)或PBS(◆)。图1C是攻击后48小时用以下药物或对照治疗21天或直至死亡的小鼠的体重(克+/-SD)与攻击后天数关系的线图:扎那米韦(Z)(○)、扎那米韦/塞来考昔(Z+C)(△)、扎那米韦/美沙拉秦(Z+M)(□)以及扎那米韦/塞来考昔/美沙拉秦(Z+C+M)(■)和PBS(◆)。
图2A是在用单独扎那米韦(Z)、扎那米韦/塞来考昔/美沙拉秦(Z+C+M)或PBS治疗的受感染小鼠中的病毒滴度与攻击后天数关系的条线图;其中治疗在攻击后48小时开始,病毒滴度以TCID50测量。检测限(不可检测)是1∶20。图2B是图2A的小鼠的病毒拷贝数/100β-肌动蛋白与攻击后天数关系的条线图。
图3A-3P是显示气管-肺灌洗液中促炎性细胞因子、趋化因子、前列腺素及白蛋白的pg/ml的条线图。在指定天数从用Z、Z+C+M治疗的小鼠、未治疗对照(PBS)或未感染(正常)小鼠收集的气管-肺灌洗液中的IL-1(图3A、3I)、IL-6(图3B、3J)、IFN-γ(图3C、K)、TNF-α(图3D、3L)、MIP-1(图3E、3N)、PGE2(图3F、3M)、白细胞三烯(图3G、3O)及白蛋白(图3H)的浓度通过ELISA测定并且在不同组间进行比较。也通过测量小鼠气管-肺灌洗液中弹性蛋白酶活性而评定肺损伤(图3P)。
图4A是在用单独扎那米韦(Z)、扎那米韦/塞来考昔/美沙拉秦(Z+C+M)或PBS治疗的小鼠每10,000个血细胞中CD3+/CD4+T淋巴细胞数目与攻击后天数关系的条线图。图4B是在用单独扎那米韦(Z)、扎那米韦/塞来考昔/美沙拉秦(Z+C+M)或PBS治疗的小鼠每10,000个血细胞中CD3+/CD8+T淋巴细胞数目与攻击后天数关系的条线图。图4C是每100个β-肌动蛋白的病毒拷贝数与通过细胞病变TCID50测定测量的中和抗体效价关系的条线图。
发明详述
I.定义
除非另外指明,否则本文使用的所有技术和科学术语与本发明所属领域的普通技术人员一般理解的含义具有。本文提及的所有出版物、专利申请、专利及其它参考文献的全部内容都通过引用引作参考。在冲突情况下,以本申请说明书(包括定义)为准。此外,材料、方法和实施例仅是例证性的,并不意欲为限制性的。
术语“有效量”或“治疗有效量”意指足以提供治疗流感感染、特别是甲型禽流感(H5N1)感染的剂量,或者足以提供所需药理和/或生理作用(例如降低死亡率或降低一种或多种症状的严重性)的剂量。确切的剂量会根据诸如受治疗者依赖性变量(例如年龄、免疫系统健康状况等)以及给药途径的各种因素而变化。
本文使用的“药学上可接受的”意指在合理医学判断范畴里,适用于与人类或动物组织接触而无过度毒性、刺激、过敏反应或其它问题或与合理益险比匹配的并发症的那些化合物、材料、组合物和/或剂量形式。
术语“前药”意指化学转化为本身无活性的衍生物的活性药物;所述衍生物在到达作用位置前或后,在机体内通过化学或酶的攻击而转化为母药。前药在转化为母药前经常(尽管不一定)是药理学上无活的。
II.药物组合物
本申请提供包含一种或多种神经氨酸酶抑制剂和联合的一种或多种免疫调节剂的药物组合物。优选的药物组合物具有用以抑制或减少流感病毒从受治疗者受感染细胞芽生的有效量的神经氨酸酶抑制剂、和联合的用以减少受治疗者炎性反应的有效量的一种或多种(最好至少两种)抗炎药(最好是非甾类抗炎药)。
A.神经氨酸酶抑制剂
神经氨酸酶抑制剂是一类以流感病毒为目标的抗病毒药剂,它们的作用方式由阻断神经氨酸酶蛋白的功能组成,从而防止病毒从寄主细胞芽生(繁殖)。流感神经氨酸酶以流感病毒表面的蘑菇形突起存在。它具有由四个共面的和大致球形的亚基、及嵌入病毒膜内部的疏水区域组成的头部。该酶包含一条面向血细胞凝集素抗原反方向的多肽链。该多肽链的组成为一条有六个保守氨基酸、后接亲水性可变氨基酸的单链。
神经氨酸酶具有帮助提高病毒从细胞释放的效率的功能。神经氨酸酶在从受感染细胞表面的糖部分剪切末端神经氨酸(也称做唾液酸)残基。这促进子代病毒从受感染细胞释放。神经氨酸酶也从病毒蛋白剪切唾液酸,防止病毒聚集。施用神经氨酸酶的化学抑制剂是限制病毒感染的严重程度和传播的疗法。
神经氨酸酶也通过从寄主糖蛋白剪切唾液酸及允许病毒进入寄主(T-噬菌体、巨噬细胞等)而在流感发病的初始起作用。
代表性的神经氨酸酶抑制剂包括(但不限于)奥赛米韦、扎那米韦和培拉米韦。扎那米韦是一种用于治疗和预防甲型流感病毒和乙型流感病毒的神经氨酸酶抑制剂。扎那米韦是商业研发的第一种神经氨酸酶抑制剂。奥赛米韦是商业研发的第一种口服活性神经氨酸酶抑制剂。奥赛米韦是一种前药,它在肝脏水解为活性代谢物-奥赛米韦(GS4071)的游离羧酸盐。培拉米韦是一种仍在开发中的试验性抗病毒剂。这些神经氨酸酶抑制剂是商用的。奥赛米韦以商标名出售。扎那米韦以商标名出售。培拉米韦可以从Biocryst Pharmaceuticals买到。
B.免疫调节剂
对于流感治疗的优选组合物包括一种或多种免疫调节剂。免疫调节剂包括免疫抑制剂或增强剂及抗炎药。优选的免疫调节剂是抗炎药。所述抗炎药可是非甾类的、甾类的、或其中两者的混合。
1.非甾类抗炎药
优选抗炎药是非甾类抗炎(NSAID)剂。非甾类抗炎药的典型实例包括(没有限制):苯并噻嗪类(oxicams),如吡罗昔康(piroxicam)、伊索昔康(isoxicam)、替诺昔康(teoxicam)、舒多昔康(sudoxicam);水杨酸类(salicylates),如阿斯匹林(aspirin)、双水杨酸酯(disalcid)、贝诺酯(benorylate)、痛炎宁(trilisate)、痛热宁(safapryn)、solprin、二氟尼柳(diflunisal)和芬度柳(fendosal);乙酸衍生物,如双氯芬酸(diclofenac)、芬氯酸(fenclofenac)、茚甲新(indomethacin)、舒林酸(sulindac)、托美汀(tolmetin)、伊索克酸(isoxepac)、呋罗芬酸(furofenac)、硫平酸(tiopinac)、齐多美辛(zidometacin)、阿西美辛(acematacin)、芬替酸(fentiazac)、佐美酸(zomepirac)、环氯茚酸(clindanac)、奥昔平酸(oxepinac)、联苯乙酸(felbinac)和酮咯酸(ketorolac);芬那酸类(fenamates),如甲芬那酸(mefenamic acid)、甲氧芬那酸(meclofenamic acid)、氟芬那酸(flufenamic acid)、尼氟酸(niflumic acid)和托芬那酸(tolfenamic acid);丙酸衍生物,如布洛芬(ibuprofen)、萘普生(naproxen)、苯洛芬(benoxaprofen)、氟比洛芬(flurbiprofen)、酮洛芬(ketoprofen)、非诺洛芬(fenoprofen)、芬布芬(fenbufen)、吲哚洛芬(indopropfen)、吡洛芬(pirprofen)、卡洛芬(carprofen)、奥沙丙秦(oxaprozin)、普拉洛芬(pranoprofen)、咪洛芬(miroprofen)、硫洛芬(tioxaprofen)、舒洛芬(suprofen)、阿明洛芬(alminoprofen)和噻洛芬酸(tiaprofenic acid);吡唑类(pyrazoles),如保泰松(phenylbutazone)、羟布宗(oxyphenbutazone)、非普拉宗(feprazone)、阿扎丙宗(azapropazone)和三甲保泰松(trimethazone)。也可使用这些非甾类抗炎药的混合物。
在一个实施方案中,免疫调节剂为COX-2抑制剂,诸如塞来考昔;和氨基水杨酸类药物,如美沙拉秦和柳氮磺吡啶(sulfasalazine)。在优选方案中,所揭示的药物组合物包含用以抑制或减少流感病毒从受治疗者受感染细胞芽生的有效量的扎那米韦和联合的用以减少受治疗者的炎性应答的有效量的塞来考昔和美沙拉秦。
塞来考昔
塞来考昔是一种用于治疗骨关节炎、类风湿性关节炎、急性痛、痛经和月经症状,以及减少家族性腺瘤息肉病患者结肠和直肠息肉数量的非甾类抗炎药(NSAID)。它的商标名为塞来考昔是高选择性的COX-2抑制剂,主要抑制环加氧酶的同种型(抑制前列腺素的产生),而传统的NSAID抑制COX-1和COX-2两者。塞来考昔对于COX-2抑制的选择性是对于COX-1抑制的选择性的大约7.6倍。理论上,这种专一性可使塞来考昔及其它COX-2抑制剂减少炎症(和疼痛),同时使常见于非选择性NSAID的胃肠不良药物反应(例如胃溃疡)最小化。
美沙拉秦
美沙拉秦(也被称为mesalamine或5-氨基水杨酸(5-ASA)),是一种在消化道上皮细胞中高度活性的抗炎药,其用于治疗消化道的炎症(克罗恩病(Crohn’s disease))和轻度到中度溃疡性结肠炎。美沙拉秦是肠特异性氨基水杨酸类药剂,其在肠内代谢及发挥其主要作用,因此几乎没有系统性副作用。作为水杨酸的衍生物,5-ASA也是捕集自由基的抗氧化剂;所述自由基是潜在破坏性的新陈代谢副产物。5-ASA被认为是柳氮磺吡啶(其被代谢为5-ASA)的活性部分。柳氮磺吡啶(在美国商标名为在欧洲为Salazopyrin)是一种在治疗炎性肠病和类风湿性关节炎中主要用作抗炎性剂的磺胺类药剂。它不是镇痛药。
美沙拉秦和柳氮磺吡啶对于免疫系统有不同的影响,包括抑制脂加氧酶和COX通路,这种抑制减少促炎细胞因子和类二十烷酸,因此降低对炎性细胞如巨噬细胞和嗜中性粒细胞的激活。此外,柳氮磺吡啶和5-氨基水杨酸还抑制NF-κB激活和促进磷脂酸合成。上述两种作用皆抑制神经酰胺对细胞凋亡的有效刺激作用。
PPAR配体
PPAR是细胞核受体超家族的成员,PPAR影响脂质和葡萄糖的新陈代谢及炎性应答的调节。PPAR-α和PPAR-γ配体具有抗炎活性。PPARα的激活与NF-KB的抑制、COX-2活性和促炎细胞因子如IL-6和TNF-α的产生有关(Chinetti,G.等人Inflamm Res 49:497-505(2000))。因此,吉非贝齐对PPARα的激活减低过度的炎性应答。Budd等人证明了吉非贝齐改善甲型流感H2N2病毒(influenza A/H2N2 virus)感染的小鼠的存活率,其存活率从26%(对照)提高到52%(治疗)(Budd,A.等人Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51:2965-2968(2007))。代表性的PPAR配体包括(但不限于)贝特类(fibrates)。代表性的贝特类包括吉非贝齐(例如)、苯扎贝特(例如)、环丙贝特(例如)、氯贝丁酯、renofibrate(例如)、或它们的组合。
2.甾类抗炎药
甾类抗炎药的代表性例子包括(但不限于):皮质类固醇如氢化可的松(hydrocortisone)、氢化曲安西龙(hydroxyl-triamcinolone)、α-甲基地塞米松(alpha-methyl dexamethasone)、磷酸地塞米松(dexamethasone-phosphate)、二丙酸倍氯米松(beclomethasone dipropionates)、氯倍他索戊酸盐(clobetasol valerate)、地萘德(desonide)、去羟米松(desoxymethasone)、醋酸脱氧皮质酮(desoxycorticosterone acetate)、地塞米松(dexamethasone)、二氯松(dichlorisone)、二乙酸二氟拉松(diflorasone diacetate)、戊酸二氟可龙(diflucortolone valerate)、氟氢缩松(fluadrenolone)、氟氯萘德(fluclorolone acetonide)、氟氢可的松(fludrocortisone)、特戊酸氟米松(flumethasone pivalate)、氟轻松(fluosinolone acetonide)、醋酸氟轻松(fluocinonide)、氟可丁酯(flucortine butylesters)、氟可龙(fluocortolone)、醋酸氟泼尼定(fluprednidene(fluprednylidene)acetate)、氟氢缩松(flurandrenolone)、哈西奈德(halcinonide)、醋酸氢化可的松(hydrocortisone acetate)、氢化可的松丁酸酯(hydrocortisone butyrate)、甲泼尼龙(methylprednisolone)、曲安萘德(triamcinolone acetonide)、可的松(cortisone)、可托多松(cortodoxone)、flucetonide、氟氢可的松(fludrocortisone)、二醋酸二氟拉松(difluorosone diacetate)、氟氢缩松(fluradrenolone)、氟氢可的松(fludrocortisone)、醋酸双氟拉松(diflurosone diacetate)、fluradrenolone acetonide、甲羟松(medrysone)、安西法尔(amcinafel)、安西非特(amcinafide)、倍他米松(betamethasone)及其平衡的酯,氯泼尼松(chloroprednisone)、醋酸氯泼尼松(chlorprednisone acetate)、氯可托龙(clocortelone)、clescinolone、二氯松(dichlorisone)、二氟泼尼酯(diflurprednate)、氟氯萘德(flucloronide)、氟尼缩松(flunisolide)、氟米龙(fluoromethalone)、氟培龙(fluperolone)、氟泼尼龙(fluprednisolone)、戊酸氢化可的松(hydrocortisone valerate)、环戊丙酸氢化可的松(hydrocortisone cyclopentylpropionate)、氢可他酯(hydrocortamate)、甲泼尼松(meprednisone)、帕拉米松(paramethasone)、泼尼松龙(prednisolone)、泼尼松(prednisone)、二丙酸倍氯米松(beclomethasone dipropionate)、曲安西龙(triamcinolone)及它们的混合物。
所述一种或多种活性剂可以游离酸或游离碱或以药学上可接受的酸性加成盐或碱性加成盐给药。
药学上可接受的盐的例子包括(但不限于):例如胺的碱性残基的无机酸盐或有机酸盐;及例如羧酸的酸性残基的碱金属盐或有机酸盐。所述药学上可接受的盐包括所形成的母体化合物的常规无毒的盐或季铵盐,例如由无毒的无机酸或有机酸所形成的母体化合物的盐。所述的常规无毒的盐包括那些由无机酸衍生的盐,所述无机酸诸如盐酸、氢溴酸、硫酸、氨基磺酸、磷酸和硝酸;以及从有机酸制备的盐,诸如醋酸盐、丙酸盐、琥珀酸盐、乙醇酸盐、硬脂酸盐、乳酸盐、苹果酸盐、酒石酸盐、柠檬酸盐、抗坏血酸盐、扑酸盐、马来酸盐、羟基马来酸盐、苯乙酸盐、谷氨酸盐、苯甲酸盐、水杨酸盐、磺胺酸盐、2-乙酰氧基苯甲酸盐、富马酸盐、甲苯磺酸盐、萘磺酸盐、甲磺酸盐、乙二磺酸盐、草酸盐和羟乙磺酸盐。
C.药学上可接受的盐
所述化合物的药学上可接受的盐可通过常规化学方法,从包含碱性或酸性部分的母体化合物合成。一般来说,这些盐可通过所述化合物的游离酸或游离碱的形式与化学计量量的适当的碱或酸,在水或有机溶剂或这两者的混合物中反应而制备;通常优选非水性介质,如乙醚、醋酸乙酯、乙醇、异丙醇或乙腈。适合的盐的名单见于:Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences,20th ed.,Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,Baltimore,MD,2000,第704页;及″Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts:Properties,Selection,and Use,″P.Heinrich Stahl及Camille G.Wermuth编辑,Wiley-VCH,Weinheim,2002。
D.制剂
本申请提供了包括神经氨酸酶抑制剂和联合的免疫调节剂作为活性剂的药物组合物。所述药物组合物可以通过口服、胃肠外(肌内、腹膜内、静脉内(IV)或皮下注射)、经皮(被动地或使用离子导入技术或电穿孔术)或经粘膜(经鼻腔、阴道、直肠、或舌下)给药途径来给药,或使用生物蚀解的插入剂给药;所述药物组合物可以制成适合每种给药途径的单位剂型。优选给药途径是口服。
1.肠内给药用制剂
在优选方案中,所述组合物配制用于口服递药。口服固体剂型于Remington′s Pharmaceutical Sciences,18th Ed.1990(Mack Publishing Co.Easton Pa.18042)第89章有全面的描述。固体剂型包括片剂、胶囊剂、丸剂、含片(troch)或锭剂、扁囊剂、小丸、粉剂或粒剂、或将所述材料掺入例如聚乳酸、聚乙醇酸等的聚合化合物的微粒制剂中、或将所述材料掺入脂质体中。所述组合物可影响本发明蛋白及其衍生物的物理状态、稳定性、体内释放速率和体内清除速率。参见例如Remington′s Pharmaceutical Sciences,18th Ed.(1990,Mack Publishing Co.,Easton,Pa.18042)第1435-1712页,该文献通过引用作为参考。所述组合物可以液态形式或以干燥粉(例如冷冻干燥)形式制备。脂质体的或类蛋白的胶囊化可用于配制所述组合物(如例如记载于美国专利号4,925,673的类蛋白微球体)。可以使用脂质体胶囊化,而脂质体可用各种聚合物衍生化(例如美国专利号5,013,556)。另外参见Marshall,K.载于:G.S.Banker及C.T.Rhodes编辑的Modern Pharmaceutics第10章,1979。一般而言,所述制剂包括所述肽(或其化学修饰的形式)以及惰性填充剂;所述惰性填充剂在胃环境中保护所述肽及在肠内释放所述生物活性材料。
所述神经氨酸酶抑制剂和/或免疫调节剂可经化学修饰以致该衍生物的口服递药有效。一般而言,本文涵盖的化学修饰是指将至少一个部分附加至所述成份分子本身,其中该部分允许(a)抑制蛋白水解作用;以及(b)从胃或肠吸收到血流。还需要提高所述一种或多种成份的整体稳定性以及增加成份在机体的流通时间。聚乙二醇化(PEGylation)是优选的药学用化学修饰。其它可以使用的部分包括:丙二醇、乙二醇和丙二醇的共聚物、羧甲基纤维素、葡聚糖、聚乙烯醇、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚脯氨酸、聚-1,3-二氧戊环及poly-1,3,6-tioxocane[参见例如Abuchowski及Davis(1981)″Soluble Polymer-Enzyme Adducts,″in Enzymes as Drugs.Hocenberg及Roberts编辑(Wiley-Interscience:New York,N.Y.)第367-383页;及Newmark等人(1982)J.Appl.Biochem.4:185-189]。
再一实施方案提供用于口服给药的液态剂型,包括药学上可接受乳剂、溶液、混悬剂和糖浆剂;以上液态剂型可包含其它成份,包括惰性稀释剂,辅剂如润湿剂、乳化剂及悬浮剂,和甜味剂、矫味剂、香料。
控制释放口服制剂可能是合乎需要的。神经氨酸酶抑制剂和/或免疫调节剂可掺入允许通过扩散或沥滤机制释放的惰性基质(例如树胶)中。缓慢退化的基质也可以掺入制剂中。对于口服制剂,释放位置可以是胃、小肠(十二指肠、空肠、回肠)或大肠。优选所述释放可通过保护所述肽(或其衍生物)、或在胃环境外(例如小肠内)释放所述肽(或其衍生物),避免胃环境的有害作用。为确保完全胃抗性,在至少pH 5.0不渗透的包衣是必需的。用作肠溶包衣的更常见的惰性成分的例子有:醋酸-1,2,4-苯三酸纤维素(CAT)、羟丙基甲基纤维素邻苯二甲酸酯(HPMCP)、HPMCP 50、HPMCP 55、聚乙烯醋酸邻苯二甲酸酯(PVAP)、Eudragit L30DTM、AquatericTM、醋酸邻苯二甲酸纤维素(CAP)、Eudragit LTM、Eudragit STM和ShellacTM。上述包衣可用作混合膜剂。口服制剂可以是橡皮糖、凝胶条、片剂或锭剂。
2.局部或粘膜给药制剂
所述组合物可以局部施用。所述组合物可以在吸入时被递送到肺部;当其以气溶胶或具有小于5微米空气动力直径的喷雾干燥粒子递送时,其横穿肺部粘膜上皮进入血流。
可以使用各种为治疗药物肺部递送设计的机械装置,包括(但不限于):喷雾器、定量吸入器、粉末吸入器;以上所有装置为本领域技术人员所熟知。一些商用装置的具体例子有:UltraventTM喷雾器(Mallinckrodt Inc.,St.Louis,Mo.);Acorn IITM喷雾器(Marquest Medical Products,Englewood,Colo.);VentolinTM定量吸入器(Glaxo Inc.,Research Triangle Park,N.C.);及SpinhalerTM粉末吸入器(Fisons Corp.,Bedford,Mass.)。
粘膜给药用制剂通常是喷雾干燥药物粒子,其可掺入片剂、凝胶剂、胶囊剂、混悬剂或乳剂中。
也可制备透皮制剂。这些制剂通常是软膏剂、洗剂、喷雾剂或贴剂,上述制剂可以利用标准技术制备。透皮制剂需要含有渗透促进剂。
3.控制递送聚合基质
可以制作控制释放聚合装置用于在聚合装置(杆、圆柱体、薄膜、圆盘)植入或注射(微粒)后长期系统性释放。基质可以是微粒形式,例如微球体,其中肽分散在固体聚合基质或微囊中,聚合基质或微囊的核心由不同于聚合外壳的材料制成,而所述肽分散或悬浮于可以是液体或固体性质的聚合基质或微囊核心中。除非本文特别指出,否则微粒、微球体、微囊可互换使用。作为选择,聚合物可以浇铸成变化范围是纳米到4厘米的薄片或薄膜、通过碾磨或其它标准技术制备的粉末、或者甚至例如水凝胶的凝胶。
不可生物降解的或可生物降解的基质都可用于所揭示化合物的递送,尽管优选可生物降解的基质。所述基质可是天然的或合成的聚合物,尽管优选合成的聚合物,因其降解和释放曲线的表征更好。所述聚合物基于所需释放周期来选择。在某些情况下线性释放可能是最有用的,尽管在其它情况下脉冲释放或“大量释放”可以提供更有效的结果。聚合物可以呈水凝胶(通常吸收最高达约90%重量的水)的形式,可选择地与多价离子或聚合物交联。
所述基质可通过溶剂蒸发、喷雾干燥、溶剂萃取及其它本领域技术人员熟知的方法形成。生物蚀解性微球体可以利用任何为制备递药用微球体而建立的方法来制备,例如如Mathiowitz及Langer,J.Controlled Release 5,13-22(1987);Mathiowitz等人Reactive Polymers6,275-283(1987);及Mathiowitz等人J.Appl.Polymer Sci.35,755-774(1988)描述的。
所述装置可以制备用于局部释放以治疗植入或注射的区域,这通常递送远小于治疗全身或系统性给药所用的剂量。这些装置可植入或皮下注射入肌肉、脂肪或被吞咽。
III.治疗方法
业已发现一种或多种神经氨酸酶抑制剂与一种或多种(优选两种)抗炎药的组合可有效治疗感染至少24、48或甚至72小时的受治疗者的流感H5N1。与仅用神经氨酸酶抑制剂治疗相比,用所揭示的三联组合的组合物治疗的感染流感的受治疗者的存活率提高。优选的待治疗流感病毒包括(但不限于)甲型流感病毒(H5N1)。
受感染的鸟类已成为亚洲人类感染甲型流感(H5N1)的首要来源。甲型禽流感病毒(H5N1)具有的毒力因子包括:可被多种细胞蛋白酶激活的高度可裂的血细胞凝集素;聚合酶碱性蛋白2中的特定取代(Glu627Lys),其增强病毒复制(Hatta,M.等人Science,293:1840-1842(2001);Shinya,K.等人Virology,320:258-266(2004));非结构蛋白1中的取代(Asp92Glu),其使病毒在体外对干扰素和肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)抑制的抗性更强和在猪中的复制延长(Seo,S.H.等人Nat Med,8:950-954(2002)),以及在暴露于病毒的人类巨噬细胞中细胞因子(特别是TNF-α)的产量更高(Cheung,C.Y.等人Lancet 360:1831-1837(2002))。自1997年以来,有关甲型流感(H5N1)的研究(Guan,Y.等人Proc Natl Acad Sci U SA;99:8950-8955(2002));Li,K.S.等人Nature,430:209-213(2004);Weekly Epidemiol Rec 79(7):65-702004))表明这些病毒在继续进化。这些变化包括:抗原性改变(Sims,L.D.,Avian Dis,47:Suppl:832-838(2003);Horimoto,T.等人J Vet Med Sci;66:303-305(2004))及内部基因群集(gene constellation)改变;鸟类寄主范围扩大(Sturm-Ramirez,K.M.等人J Virol,78:4892-4901(2004);Perkins,L.E.等人Avian Dis,46:53-63(2002));能够感染猫科动物(Keawcharoen,J.等人Emerg Infect Dis,10:2189-2191(2004);Thanawongnuwech,R.等人Emerg Infect Dis,11:699-701(2005));在实验性感染的小鼠及白鼬(在这些动物中病毒引起系统性感染)中的病原性增强(Zitzow,L.A.等人J Virol,76:4420-4429(2002);Govorkova,E.A.等人J Virol,79:2191-2198(2005));以及环境稳定性增强。
系统进化分析发揭示,Z基因型已成为显性(Li,K.S.等人Nature,430:209-213(2004)),以及该病毒已经进化为两个不同的进化枝,一个进化枝包括来自柬埔寨、老挝、马来西亚、泰国及越南的分离株,另一个进化枝包括来自中国、印度尼西亚、日本和南韩的分离株。最近,一个单独的分离株群出现在越南北部和泰国,该群在受体结合位点附近有可变变化及在血细胞凝集素多碱性切割位点中少了一个精氨酸残基。
人类甲型流感(H5N1)的病毒病程没有完全被表征,但是对住院患者的研究表明病毒的复制延长。在1997年,病毒可以在中位数是6.5天(变化范围为1到16天)的期间内,在鼻咽分离物中检测出来。在泰国,从疾病发作到第一个阳性培养物的时间间隔在3到16天之间变化。鼻咽复制低于人流感的鼻咽复制(Peiris,J.S.等人Lancet,363:617-619(2004)),而需要对下呼吸道病毒复制进行研究。所检验的大部分粪便样本都对病毒RNA呈阳性(9个中的7个),然而尿液样本呈阴性。在受感染患者中腹泻频率高以及在粪便样本中检验出病毒RNA,包括在一个病例中检测出感染性病毒,(de Jong,M.D.等人N Engl J Med,352:686-691(2005)),提示病毒在胃肠道复制。在一个尸体剖检中的检测结果证实了上述观察(Uiprasertkul,M.等人Emerg Infect Dis,11:1036-1041(2005))。
高致病性甲型流感(H5N1)病毒在血细胞凝集素切割位点具有多碱性氨基酸序列,其与病毒在鸟类内脏传播有关。侵入性感染在哺乳动物已有记录(Hatta,M.等人Science,293:1840-1842(2001);Shinya,K.等人Virology,320:258-266(2004);(Zitzow,L.A.等人J Virol,76:4420-4429(2002);Govorkova,E.A.等人J Virol,79:2191-2198(2005)),而在人中,在疾病发作4到9天后,全部6个血清样本皆对病毒RNA呈阳性。在一位患者的血液、脑脊液及粪便中检验出感染性病毒及其RNA(de Jong,M.D.等人N Engl J Med,352:686-691(2005))。尚不知晓粪便或血液是否在某些情况下起传播感染的作用。
所揭示的组合物可用于治疗一种或多种病毒感染症状;所述病毒感染优选流感病毒感染,最优选甲型流感(H5N1)感染。一个实施方案提供通过下列方式治疗受治疗者一种或多种流感症状的方法:给予受治者有效量神经氨酸酶抑制剂和联合的有效量一种或多种(优选最少两种)免疫调节剂。优选的神经氨酸酶抑制剂是扎那米韦。优选的免疫调节剂包括抗炎药。最优选的抗炎药包括塞来考昔及美沙拉秦。所述神经氨酸酶抑制剂及抗炎药可以单位剂量制剂给药或单独给药。典型地,所述组合物在感染后至少12、24、48或72小时内给药。
对于所有揭示的化合物而言,当进行进一步的研究时,有关治疗各个患者的各种病症的适当剂量水平的信息将会涌现;而普通技术人员将可以根据受治疗者的治疗背景、年龄及一般健康来确定适当剂量。所选取的剂量取决于所需的治疗效果、给药途径以及所需治疗持续时间。通常,以每日0.001-100mg/kg体重的剂量水平予哺乳动物给药。示例性的成人口服单位剂量包括奥赛米韦:75mg/天;塞来考昔:200-400mg/天;美沙拉秦:1000mg/天;及吉非贝齐:1200mg。对于吸入扎那米韦,可以使用每天两次2份吸入剂(每份吸入剂为一个5mg泡罩)。基于体重调整药剂剂量在本领域技术人员的能力范围内。通常,对于静脉注射或输液,剂量可较低。
除非另外指明,否则所有本文使用的技术和科学术语,与本发明所属领域的普通技术人员一般理解的含义相同。本文所引用的出版物和所引用出版物涉及的材料都通过提及而特别引入本文。
本领域技术人员只是利用常规实验,即可识别或能确定本文描述的发明的特定实施方案的许多等同方案。这些等同方案将包括在下文的权利要求书中。
实施例
实施例1:用抗病毒药联合免疫调节剂治疗小鼠
方法和材料
动物模型和病毒攻击。
5-7周龄的BALB/c雌性小鼠购自香港大学的实验动物单位。小鼠放置在生物安全等级3的住处,可随意获得标准颗粒状饲料和水。甲型流感病毒株A/Vietnam/1194/04原种的等份样在经胚胎发育的蛋中生长。收集包含病毒的尿囊液并将其以等份样存放于-70℃。病毒原种连续稀释后在小鼠中测定半数致死量(LD50)。所有实验的病毒攻击都使用了1000LD50。流感病毒感染通过对经异氟烷麻醉的小鼠进行鼻内接种而确立。
抗病毒及免疫调节治疗
抗病毒药及免疫调节剂利用0.5ml 29号超细针头胰岛素注射器通过腹腔注射(i.p.)途径给药。对于每种药剂的给药剂量遵照先前描述的实验设计(Budd,A等人Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51:2965-2968(2007);Smith,P.W.等人J Med Chem 41:787-797(1998);Ryan,D.M.等人,Antimicrob Agents Chemother 38:2270-2275(1994);Catalano,A.等人Int J Cancer 109:322-328(2004);Sudheer,Kumar M.等人MutatRes 527:7-14(2003))。对照小鼠在同一天腹腔给予磷酸缓冲盐水(PBS)(表1)。监测小鼠的存活率、体重和一般状况21天或直至小鼠死亡。
实验以治疗或对照组每组5只小鼠的两次重复或三次重复进行。每组中的6只小鼠(表1中组8、11及12)分别在攻击后第4天、6天、8天被处死。从上述小鼠、正常未感染的小鼠、以及存活的小鼠收集血液、气管-肺灌洗液、肺、脑、肾、肝及脾组织样本,以进行组织病理学、免疫学及病毒学的测定。
统计分析。
存活时间及存活率的统计分析分别通过log rank Kaplan-Meier测试及卡方检验进行,而其它统计分析则利用Stata统计软件通过Student t检验计算。当P≤0.05时,认为结果具有显著性。用Cox比例危险率模型(Cox proportional hazards model)估计危险比。
结果
虽然奥赛米韦在小鼠模型中非常有效,但是病死率在人类中依然很高,而延迟的治疗起始似乎对存活率具有有害作用。许多感染甲型流感H5N1病毒的小鼠模型的抗病毒治疗研究使用大约10LD50的接种物。如果抗病毒治疗在接种4小时前、接种后不久或接种后36小时内开始,则可获得良好治疗效果(Leneva,I.A.等人Antiviral Res 48:101-115(2000);Govorkova,E.A.等人Antimicrob Agents Chemother.45:2723-2732(2001))。仅有少数研究甚至当抗病毒治疗在接种36小时后开始时也显示出良好的结果。但是,在这些系列研究中,使用了低病毒接种物或使用了适应小鼠的鸭H5N1病毒,而不是用人类病毒接种(Yen,H.L.等人J Infect Dis,192:665-672(2005);Sidwell,R.W.等人Antimicrob Agents Chemother,51:845-851(2007);Simmons,C.P.等人PLoS Med,4:e178(2007))。因此,这些研究中受感染小鼠的病理生理学状态与真实临床情形很不同;在真实临床情形中患者常常直到症状出现后2-4天才去医院,并且其呼吸分泌物中的病毒载量高。在本文报告的小鼠模型中的高病毒接种物以及延迟的治疗为测试各种疗法提供了更加真实的模拟。为避免混淆奥赛米韦在患病小鼠中口服生物利用度差与已知在治疗中出现奥赛米韦抗药性风险的影响,本实验使用腹腔注射扎那米韦。
所有经过扎那米韦早期腹腔注射治疗的小鼠皆存活(图1A)。如果扎那米韦治疗延迟48小时,则小鼠存活率下降到13.3%(2/15);尽管其与对照的6.6±1.6天相比平均存活时间延长到10.7±1.6天(图1B)。这为测试与免疫调节剂的联合治疗提供了理想情形,其中所述免疫调节如果单独使用,则没有抗病毒效果或任何对存活率的显著影响。
所有经PBS治疗的对照小鼠皆死亡。所有仅使用免疫调节剂的小鼠皆死亡,但是有平均存活时间增长的趋势,给予塞来考昔或美沙拉秦的小鼠平均存活时间增长到约8.5天,而给予塞来考昔和美沙拉秦两者的小鼠平均存活时间增长到约9.5天,但是给予单独吉非贝齐或给予塞来考昔和吉非贝齐两者的小鼠平均存活时间仅为约7.5天。因此,没有选取吉非贝齐做进一步研究。任何上述免疫调节剂的单独使用都没有给予小鼠存活益处。但是,与单独的扎那米韦(存活率13.3%及存活时间8.4天)相比,当扎那米韦联合上述两种免疫调节剂两者时,存活率增加到53.3%(8/15)(P=0.02),而平均存活时间增加到13.3天(P=0.0179)。所有受感染小鼠的体重稳定下降,到第11天达最低值,而此后存活的那些小鼠的体重再次增加(图1C)。
表1.针对受感染小鼠的包括单用或联用的扎那米韦、塞来考昔、美沙拉秦及吉非贝齐的治疗方案。
用1,000LD50H5N1病毒株A/Vietnam/1194/04鼻内攻击BALB/c小鼠(雌性,5-7周龄)。
*治疗开始于攻击后4小时。
§试验以每组5只小鼠的三次重复进行。
此外,在攻击后第4天、6天、8天处死上述组每组中的6只小鼠,而在攻击后第21天处死所有存活的小鼠。从这些小鼠收集血液、气管-肺灌洗液、肺、脑、肾、肝及脾。
实施例2:病毒滴度的降低
材料和方法
病毒学检验。
气管-肺灌洗液中释放的病毒滴度通过TCID50测定,肺组织细胞内病毒RNA通过实时RT-PCR定量(Li,B.J.等人Nat Med 11:944-951(2005);Zheng,B.J.等人Antivir Ther 10:393-403(2005);Wang,M.等人Emerg Infect Dis 12:1773-1775(2006))。简单来说,经裂解的肺组织的总RNA利用RNeasy Mini kit(Qiagen,Germany)提取,并利用应用的SuperScript II Reverse TranscriptaseTM(Invitrogen,USA)将其反转录为cDNA。病毒的NP基因及内部对照肌动蛋白基因通过SYBR green Mx3000Real-Time PCR System(实时PCR系统)(Stratagene,USA)测量,其中使用引物NP-正向:5′-GAC CAG GAG TGG AGG AAA CA-3′(SEQ ID NO:1),NP-反向:5′-CGG CCA TAA TGG TCA CTC TT-3′(SEQ ID NO:2);-肌动蛋白-正向:5’-CGT ACC ACT GGC ATC GTGAT-5’(SEQ ID NO:3),-肌动蛋白-反向:5’-GTG TTG GCG TAC AGGTCT TTG-3’(SEQ ID NO:4)。
ELISA
气管-肺灌洗液及血清样本中的促炎细胞因子及趋化因子IL-1、IL-6、IFN-γ、TNF-α(BD Biosciences,USA)、前列腺素E2(PGE2)、巨噬细胞炎性蛋白1(MIP-1)(R&D Systems Inc,USA)、白细胞三烯(GE Healthcare,UK)及肺损伤指示物白蛋白(BETHYL Laboratories Inc.,USA),利用先前描述的实验设计(Zheng,B.J.等人Vaccine 19:4219-4225(2001);Zheng,B.J.等人Eur J Immun 32:3294-3304(2002)),根据试剂盒厂商的技术说明书对上述方案作出修改,通过ELISA进行检验。
弹性蛋白酶活性测定
气管-肺灌洗液中的弹性蛋白酶活性通过添加终浓度为1mM的弹性蛋白酶特异性显色底物N-甲氧琥珀酰基-Ala-Ala-Pro-Val对硝基苯胺(SEQ ID NO:5)(Sigma,USA)进行测量。在室温30分钟后,在波长405nm测量光密度的变化。
结果
攻击后第6天和8天,在经过扎那米韦+免疫调节剂治疗、或经过扎那米韦治疗的组中发现,气管-肺灌洗液中以TCID50计的病毒滴度、或肺组织中以实时定量RT-PCR测量的病毒RNA基因组拷贝数显著减少(>2.5logs)(图2A和B)。通过酶免疫测定测定的炎性标记IL-6、IFN-γ、TNF-α、MIP-1及白细胞三烯的水平,在从用扎那米韦单独治疗的小鼠或对照小鼠获取的气管-肺灌洗液中显著高于三重疗法治疗的小鼠(P<0.01 or 0.05)或未感染正常小鼠的水平(图3A-G)。但是,在扎那米韦单独治疗或对照小鼠中IL-1水平仅为略低(P>0.05),而从接受三重疗法的组在攻击后第8天收集的样本中发现PGE2水平显著更高(图3F)。正如所预期的,小鼠血清细胞因子和趋化因子的变化与气管-肺灌洗液中细胞因子和趋化因子的变化类似(图3H-P)。此外,在第6天和/或第8天,从给予三重疗法小鼠获取的血液中的CD4+及CD8+T淋巴细胞两者的水平皆显著高于从扎那米韦治疗需促和PBS对照小鼠获取的血液中的水平(图4A-B)。与预期的一样,如气管-肺灌洗液中白蛋白浓度(图3G)及弹性蛋白酶活性(图3P)表明的,当与扎那米韦单独治疗组(P<0.01)或PBS对照组(P<0.03)比较时,肺损伤的程度在经过抗病毒剂与免疫调节剂联合治疗的组中显著较低。
实施例3:组织学
材料和方法
组织病理学分析
受攻击小鼠的肺、脑、脾、肾及肝组织立刻在10%缓冲福尔马林中固定及包埋在石蜡中。4-6μm厚的切片封固在载玻片上。组织病理学变化按照Zheng,B.J.等人Eur J Immun 32:3294-3304(2002);Zheng,B.J.等人Int J Cancer 92:421-425(2001)所描述的方法,在光学显微镜下通过苏木精和伊红(H&E)染色法测定。
免疫组织化学测定
肺切片以先前描述的方法(28,30)用以下试剂染色:1∶5000稀释的抗流感核蛋白单克隆抗体(HB65,ATCC,USA)、1∶2000稀释的山羊抗小鼠IgG H和L链特异性生物素缀合物(Calbiochem,USA)及链菌抗生物素蛋白/过氧化物酶复合物试剂(Vector Laboratories,USA)。
流式细胞术
来自小鼠的血液细胞用荧光素标记的小鼠CD3、CD4及CD8特异性单克隆抗体染色(BD Pharmingen,USA),用4%p-甲醛固定过夜。固定的血液细胞按照先前(Zheng,B.J.等人J Viral Hepat 11:217-224(2004))描述的方法,通过流式细胞术分析(FACSCaliber,BD,USA)。
结果
组织病理学检测显示,肺泡损伤及间质炎症性浸润在通过联合疗法治疗小鼠中远没有通过扎那米韦单独治疗的小鼠严重(图4B)。在来自用扎那米韦单独治疗的小鼠的大脑皮层中,而不是在通过扎那米韦及免疫调节剂两者治疗的小鼠的大脑皮层中,有局部轻度血管周单核细胞浸润;然而从未治疗的小鼠获取的脑组织中观察到大脑皮层中有局部密集的单核细胞浸润。在从扎那米韦治疗小鼠和PBS对照小鼠获取的脾中,而不是在从用扎那米韦及免疫调节剂治疗的小鼠收集的脾中,发现了在染色中显较淡色的活性淋巴样细胞;其中在从扎那米韦治疗小鼠和PBS对照小鼠获取的脾中,活性淋巴细胞与频繁的具有显著核断裂的凋亡小体一起存在。然而,在来自所有小鼠的肝及肾中检测不到显著的病理变化或组织损伤。
实施例4:经治疗小鼠中中和抗体的存在情况
材料和方法
中和测定
所述小鼠血清样本中的中和抗体水平按照Peiris,J.S.等人Lancet363:617-669(2004),Wang,M等人Emerg Infect Dis 12:1773-1775(2006)所描述的方法,用攻击MDCK细胞相同的病毒株,通过中和测定而测定。
蛋白质印迹
来自H5N1毒株A/Indonesia/5/2005的甲型流感病毒蛋白NP、来自H5N1毒株A/Vietnam/1203/2004的HA1(Immune Technology,USA)、杆状病毒载体表达的来自毒株A/Vietnam/1194/04的HA2(BDBioscience)在12%SDS-PAGE凝胶中分离,然后电转印到聚偏二氟乙烯膜上。所述膜在以1/200稀释的小鼠血清中保温、洗涤,然后与以1/1000稀释的HRP-缀合抗小鼠IgG单克隆抗体(Abcam,USA)保温。所述印迹通过ECL蛋白质印迹检测系统(ECL Western blotting detection system,Amersham Biosciences,USA)检测。
结果
如图4C所示,在病毒攻击后第21天肺组织中无可检测病毒载量的12只存活小鼠,其中和抗体效价也为80。蛋白质印迹证实,中和抗体与杆状病毒表达的甲型流感H5N1病毒的核蛋白及血细胞凝集素蛋白特异性反应。经三重疗法治疗的两只存活小鼠仍然有可检测的低病毒载量,其中和抗体效价为40。扎那米韦治疗组气管-肺灌洗液中的TCID50效价低于我们的可检测限,与其相比,三重疗法治疗组的TCID50效价为5.1x102±4.9102,三重疗法治疗组依然比PBS对照组的效价2.7x105±2.0x105低2.5log(图2A-B)。所述免疫调节剂可能具有临床上不明显的一定程度的免疫抑制。与上述发现一致,这两只小鼠[Z+C+M(2)]与扎那米韦治疗组(Z)存活的小鼠,在组织检验中它们的肺泡都有炎症性浸润;但是,与在正常小鼠中发现的类似,在其它存活小鼠[Z+C、Z+M及Z+C+M(6)]中没有观察到显著的炎症。
本项研究表明,即使病毒复制在经过抗病毒治疗的小鼠中已被抑制,但其细胞因子和趋化因子水平仍然与未治疗小鼠的水平相似,未治疗小鼠的细胞因子和趋化因子水平显著高于接受联合治疗小鼠的水平。这提示,一旦病毒感染触发了细胞因子风暴,那么即使病毒复制被抗病毒治疗抑制,促炎细胞因子及趋化因子也会继续驱使免疫病理发展;这可解释为什么如果治疗的开始延迟,单独抗病毒治疗可能在临床上无效。先前的研究表明,抗炎剂量的类固醇在小鼠中没有效用(Salomon,R.等人Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,104:12479-12481(2007)),并且其与受H5N1病毒感染的人的副作用相关且不能改善存活(Carter,M.J.,J Med Microbiol,56:875-883(2007))。因此不得不考虑其它免疫调节剂。理想的是,药剂的选择应当以对感染的免疫应答异常为目标。
首先,严重或致命的感染与机体中散布的病毒复制有关,并且可检测出高病毒载量(de Jong,M.D.等人Nat Med,12:1203-1207(2006))。在这方面,抗病毒治疗是治疗的决定性方面。其次,广泛不受控制的病毒繁殖驱动“细胞因子风暴”,在血液、来自肺泡和体外支气管上皮细胞中的炎性细胞因子水平显著提高。这些炎性细胞因子包括IP-10、干扰素-γ、干扰素-β、RANTES、IL-6、IL-8、IL-10、MIP-1及MCP-1(Peiris,J.S.等人Lancet,363:617-669(2004);de Jong,M.D.等人Nat Med,12:1203-1207(2006))。第三,细胞凋亡,特别在肺泡及在淋巴组织中导致淋巴细胞减少的细胞凋亡,看来在因甲型流感H5N1感染死亡的患者中是显著的病理特征(Uiprasertkul,M.等人Emerg Infect Dis,13:708-712(2007))。因而涉及缓解细胞因子失调和细胞凋亡影响的免疫调节剂可在有效抗病毒药作用范围内减低寄主的发病率及死亡率。
由于与野生型BALB/c小鼠相比,COX-2基因敲除小鼠在小鼠适应的甲型流感H3N2病毒攻击后具有显著更高的存活率(Carey,M.A.等人J Immunol,175:6878-6884(2005)),所以本研究选择了腹膜内塞来考昔。本研究也选用了柳氮磺吡啶及相关化合物如美沙拉秦及5-氨基水杨酸,这是因为它们在消化道上皮细胞中有高活性并且它们常用于治疗炎性肠病。它们对免疫系统有不同的影响,包括抑制脂氧合酶(LPO)和环加氧酶(COX)通路,所述抑制减少促炎性细胞因子及类二十烷酸,因此减少炎性细胞如巨噬细胞及嗜中性粒细胞的激活。许多上述功能是非甾类抗炎药所共有的。此外,柳氮磺吡啶及5-氨基水杨酸抑制NF-KB激活以及促进磷脂酸合成;这两种作用抑制神经酰胺的作用,神经酰胺是细胞凋亡的有效刺激物(Nielsen,O.H.等人Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol,4:160-170(2007);A.等人Biochim Biophys Acta,1533:110-118(2001))。美沙拉秦(柳氮磺吡啶的有效部分)与塞来考昔的联合作用可能具有协同作用,保护寄主免于甲型流感H5N1感染后的细胞因子失调以及细胞凋亡带来的过度损伤。塞来考昔及美沙拉秦两者相对便宜,当前在人类使用,已知不引起免疫抑制,并且相对没有不良的药物相互作用或短期使用的重大副作用。
贝特类如吉非贝齐的主要靶标是过氧化物酶体增殖因子激活受体α(PPARα)。PPAR是影响脂类和葡萄糖代谢以及调节炎性反应的细胞核受体超家族的成员。PPAR-α及PPAR-γ配体具有抗炎活性。PPARα激活与抑制NF-KB、COX-2活性以及促炎性细胞因子如IL-6及TNF-α的产生有关(Chinetti,G.等人Inflamm Res,49:497-505(2000))。因此,可以预期,吉非贝齐对PPARα的激活将减低过度的炎性反应。Budd等人证明,吉非贝齐改善感染甲型流感H2N2病毒小鼠的存活率,该存活率从26%(对照)提高到52%(治疗)(Budd,A.等人Antimicrob Agents Chemother,51:2965-2968(2007))。但是,当本研究使用高毒性H5N1病毒时,没有观察到有存活率显著的改善。在我们的研究中单独吉非贝齐没有有益效果,这可能与H2N2及H5N1病毒的病理生理学不同、或吉非贝齐对PPARα的激动作用相对弱有关。
实验动物的PGE2水平较高与存活率较高之间的关联与已知人类和实验性甲型流感H5N1感染的免疫学概况(immunological profile)一致。在其它细胞因子及趋化因子中,重症H5N1感染与RANTES及MIP-1水平升高有关,PGE2抑制RANTES及MIP-1两者的合成。我们的结果也显示在三重疗法后MIP-1水平降低。PGE2具有抗炎及抗细胞凋亡的性质,这两者在本动物模型里可对防止过度组织及细胞损伤起有益作用。实际上,COX-1及COX-2抑制、PGE2水平及小鼠存活率之间的相互关系已被Carey等人利用感染甲型流感H3N2病毒的COX-1-/-及COX-2-/-小鼠而描述(Carey,M.A.等人J Immunol175:6878-6884(2005))。与野生型和/或COX-1-/-小鼠相比,感染后COX-2-/-小鼠的死亡率显著降低,在肺中的炎性细胞浸润程度较低,并且在气管-肺灌洗液中的促炎性细胞因子(TNFα,IL-1,IFN-γ,IL-6)水平较低;而COX-2-/-小鼠的气管-肺灌洗液中的PGE2水平以及肺中病毒载量都显著更高。有关通过所述联合疗法治疗的小鼠的气管-肺灌洗液中白细胞三烯水平较低而PGE2水平较高的发现与上述发现一致。表明PGE2是减低TNF-及其它促炎性细胞因子产生的重要脂类介质。虽然上述药剂尚未显示出引起免疫抑制,但是存活的两只小鼠(即使有低水平可检测的病毒载量)接受了这种免疫调节剂组合。免疫应答上升期间导致组织损伤的同样的免疫因素对病毒清除也可能是关键的(La Gruta,N.L.等人Immunol Cell,29Biol 85:85-92(2007))。据推测IL-1具有保护性,因为当用低致死性HK/486病毒感染IL-1受体基因敲除小鼠时,受感染小鼠显示出发病率、死亡率、肺病毒滴度及炎性浸润增加(Szretter,K.J.等人J Virol,81:2736-2744.(2007))。本研究中,即使使用高毒性病毒,经过所述组合治疗的小鼠也具有改善的存活率,而在气管-肺灌洗液中没有显著的IL-1抑制。
因此,上述结果表明,塞来考昔及美沙拉秦的联合使用通过不同通路导致协同减少促炎性细胞因子、趋化因子、白细胞三烯的产生。这些活性加上氨基水杨酸类的抗细胞凋亡活性,减低寄主细胞死亡和组织损伤的程度。共同使用有效抗病毒药是必要的,这不仅限制自然感染的病毒复制(其驱使细胞因子失调)的程度,而且抵消随着COX-2抑制而来病毒载量可能的增加。
感染甲型流感H5N1的死亡患者常常具有持续高水平的血清促炎性细胞因子及趋化因子(Peiris,J.S.等人Lancet,363:617-669(2004);deJong,M.D.等人Nat Med,12:1203-1207(2006))。因此,这种疾病的发病机理最初归咎于病毒引起的细胞因子风暴。但是,对于缺乏TNF、TNFR1、TNFR2、IL-6、CCL2、MIP-1、IL-1R的敲除小鼠的研究(Salomon,R.等人Proc Natl Acad Sci U SA,104:12479-12481(2007);Szretter,K.J.等人J Virol,81:2736-2744(2007))表明,当小鼠没有接受抗病毒药剂时,在病毒攻击后所述敲除小鼠并没有使其存活率更高。此外,最近的研究显示,血清促炎性细胞因子及趋化因子水平与病毒载量密切相关(de Jong,M.D.等人Nat Med,12:1203-1207(2006))。这些报道提示,所述发病机理应当牵涉上升的病毒载量及所导致的促炎反应之间的相互影响。因此最佳的治疗应当由有效抗病毒药及免疫调节剂组成,特别是当患者处于病程晚期时,此时局部和系统性促炎级联已被严重激活。
死于甲型流感H5N1感染的患者的尸体剖检检验常常显示严重淋巴细胞减少及淋巴萎缩或脾及其它淋巴组织坏死(Yuen,K.Y.等人Lancet,351:467-471(1998);Peiris,J.S.等人Lancet,363:617-669(2004))。本研究也显示,在疾病进展期间CD4+及CD8+T淋巴细胞两者在抗病毒治疗小鼠及未治疗小鼠中显著降低。但是,与使用类固醇或其它免疫抑制剂不同,塞来考昔及美沙拉秦与扎那米韦一起使用则在攻击后第6天和第8天,维持显著更高水平的CD4+及CD8+T淋巴细胞。组织病理学检验也显示,在从扎那米韦治疗小鼠及未治疗小鼠获取的脾中,而不是在从用扎那米韦及免疫调节剂治疗的小鼠获取的脾中,发现了活性淋巴样细胞和频繁的凋亡小体。这提示塞来考昔加上美沙拉秦的抗凋亡效应起避免免疫病理损伤的有害影响的作用。
Claims (13)
1.治疗流感的药物组合物,其包含用以抑制或减少流感病毒从受治疗者的受感染细胞芽生的有效量的神经氨酸酶抑制剂,及用以有效减少或抑制受治疗者一种或多种炎症症状的有效量的至少两种免疫调节剂。
2.权利要求1所述的药物组合物,其中神经氨酸酶抑制剂选自:扎那米韦、奥赛米韦及培拉米韦。
3.权利要求2所述的药物组合物,其中神经氨酸酶抑制剂包括扎那米韦。
4.权利要求1所述的药物组合物,其中免疫调节剂是抗炎药。
5.权利要求4所述的药物组合物,其中抗炎药是非甾类抗炎药。
6.权利要求5所述的药物组合物,其中非甾类抗炎药选自:COX-2抑制剂、氨基水杨酸类药剂及PPAR配体。
7.权利要求6所述的药物组合物,其中COX-2抑制剂包括塞来考昔。
8.权利要求6所述的药物组合物,其中氨基水杨酸类药剂包括美沙拉秦。
9.权利要求1所述的药物组合物,其中神经氨酸酶抑制剂包括扎那米韦,以及
其中免疫调节剂包括塞来考昔及美沙拉秦。
10.权利要求1至9中任一项所述的药物组合物,其中流感是甲型流感(H5N1)。
11.权利要求1至9中任一项所述的药物组合物,其中与单独以神经氨酸酶抑制剂给药相比,该组合物当在感染后24、48或72小时给药时提高受治疗者的存活率。
12.治疗一种或多种流感症状的单位剂量制剂,所述流感特别是甲型流感(H5N1),所述单位剂量制剂包含用以抑制或减少流感病毒从受治疗者的受感染细胞芽生的有效量的神经氨酸酶抑制剂,及用以有效减少或抑制受治疗者一种或多种炎症症状的有效量的至少两种免疫调节剂;其中所述单位剂量制剂中的神经氨酸酶抑制剂或免疫调节剂如权利要求1至11的任何一项中所定义。
13.用以抑制或减少流感病毒从受治疗者的受感染细胞芽生的有效量的神经氨酸酶抑制剂、及用以有效减少或抑制受治疗者一种或多种炎症症状的有效量的至少两种免疫调节剂在制备治疗流感的药物中的应用,所述流感特别是甲型流感(H5N1),其中所述单位剂量制剂中的神经氨酸酶抑制剂或免疫调节剂如权利要求1至11的任何一项中所定义。
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CN105101999A (zh) * | 2012-10-08 | 2015-11-25 | S·普莱施卡 | 用在病毒性疾病的治疗中的mek抑制剂 |
CN105101999B (zh) * | 2012-10-08 | 2018-07-17 | 归属疗法有限公司 | 用在病毒性疾病的治疗中的mek抑制剂 |
CN109069471A (zh) * | 2016-03-01 | 2018-12-21 | 新兴病毒治疗(香港)公司 | 用于治疗流感病毒的组合物和方法 |
CN112672762A (zh) * | 2018-07-26 | 2021-04-16 | 普渡研究基金会 | 用于抗流感化学治疗和免疫治疗的小分子配体靶向药物缀合物 |
CN111249266A (zh) * | 2020-03-06 | 2020-06-09 | 中国人民解放军海军军医大学 | 帕拉米韦在制备治疗感染性疾病引起炎症风暴的药物中的应用 |
CN111249266B (zh) * | 2020-03-06 | 2022-08-09 | 中国人民解放军海军军医大学 | 帕拉米韦在制备治疗感染性疾病引起炎症风暴的药物中的应用 |
Also Published As
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CN105363034A (zh) | 2016-03-02 |
US20090298797A1 (en) | 2009-12-03 |
WO2009140853A1 (en) | 2009-11-26 |
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