CN101893534A - Hardness test method - Google Patents
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- CN101893534A CN101893534A CN200910051865XA CN200910051865A CN101893534A CN 101893534 A CN101893534 A CN 101893534A CN 200910051865X A CN200910051865X A CN 200910051865XA CN 200910051865 A CN200910051865 A CN 200910051865A CN 101893534 A CN101893534 A CN 101893534A
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Abstract
The invention discloses a hardness test method. The hardness test method comprises the following steps of: firstly, demarcating and drawing a hardometer working curve (namely an indentation depth-hardness value curve) by using test blocks with different hardness and using a VB software program; secondly, testing a workpiece to be tested; and substituting a tested indentation depth value into the hardometer working curve to obtain the hardness value of the workpiece to be tested. The technical scheme has the advantages of greatly improving the test precision and the stability, enlarging the test range and effectively monitoring the whole working process of equipment in a dynamic state to ensure that a hardometer can meet actual needs of automated large-scale production.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the correlative technology field that hardness detects, be particularly useful on the big sclerometer of precision height and sensing range, this detection method is that masterpiece is used on the sclerometer sensor, sensor produces corresponding impression in reference block, the electric signal that detects depth of cup becomes digital quantity signal through analog to digital conversion, again this digital quantity signal is carried out the non-linear conversion processing and obtain the depth of cup value, and by calculating to obtain the hardness number of reference block.
Background technology
Employed sclerometer on steel sheet production line, it is the instrument of on-line measurement product hardness value on the drilling rod production line, because hardness number is an important physical parameter of reflection pipe after a series of preceding working procedures such as bakingout process, directly have influence on hydrogen sulfide corrosion resistant pipe, anti-oxidant pipe, highly anti-ly ruin the contour grade of steel product quality of pipe, thus hardness to detect be a crucial operation.Owing to press the nonlinear relationship that exists between the degree of depth and the hardness number in the hardness detection technique, in order in the output result, real the sight to represent hardness number, the convenient use, therefore in data handling procedure, leaveed no choice but adopt nonlinear electronic component (to resemble electron tube at hardness equipment in the past, the transistor triode, crystal diode etc.) carry out non-linear/linearization can not, except be not have other feasible solution.But because the non-linear/linear compensation correcting circuit that is used for the calibration curve shape in the sclerometer is to have adopted very easily the apportion of temperature influence partly to lead device to constitute, therefore make sclerometer be difficult to accomplish high stability and detect (work) scope than the hardness of broad, the big production of incompatibility robotization, the problem that occurs in the actual use problem are sketched in following.
1) problem that occurs on the sclerometer
Because the routine of technical indicator regulation in the hardness checkout equipment: Hardness Surveillance is a standard with " point calibration ".Therefore sclerometer can't satisfy needs of production in flowing water production.We count example with two typical hardness in the actual production and award explanation.Sclerometer on pipe mill's drilling rod production line is mainly used in the hardness number of check drill pipe sub and welded seam area.Have between HB241-HB340 (1HB=kgf/square millimeter) and two kinds of main hardness detection zones of HB315-HB345.For the atutomatic hardness tester on the production line, be different between conventional scleroscopic detection zone between these two detection zones, the former sensing range excessive (101 HB), hardness equipment can't be taken two ends simultaneously into account, and the latter is because sensing range too small (only 30 HB) is higher to the accuracy requirement of equipment.Example: if in scleroscopic tradition " some precision " ± 3%, promptly instrument is gone up theoretical absolute error that allows itself at certain " check point " just has ± a 10HB hardness number, is 30HB as the range of control that requires of product, so following result will occur:
1.1) if even the relative error of the too small equipment of linear working range can be controlled at ± 3% within, its absolute error is exactly ± 10HB so, and the operation interval that the hardness of this complete equipment detects is 30 HB.If between two measurement zones of bound separately after the centre is drawn close, also only a bit of hardness number between HB325-HB335 is comparatively credible for the measured value of this remaining complete equipment, this section interval only is 10 HB.And HB315-HB324 and HB336-HB345 this up and down the data within two sections be to be in the relatively low zone of confidence level.Because it is the credibility interval is less than normal, bigger to the quality control influence of product.Be subjected to the influence of hardness test block and hardness compensated curve in addition, equipment also can't be simultaneously proofreaied and correct the excessive point of hardness number gap up and down, because conventional hardness meter and bearing calibration are the methods that allows to adopt " point " correction, promptly be to allow sclerometer only near being responsible for check point or the check point than the minizone, owing in equipment, do not have memory function and storable medium, also just can't preserve the correction value data on the bound check point, only can near the check block point ± the 30HB test value is responsible for! Such as will be to HB241, the hardness number that HB340 is 2 detects simultaneously, if proofreaied and correct the high point of HB340 with test block, then low spot HB241 has not lived with regard to " pipe ", if near the hardness number HB241 in workpiece, occurred, then be that measured value after will proofreading and correct with the test block of HB241 hardness again just can be that effectively vice versa.Because tested parameter value in the workpiece dynamically, at random on production line, the operability extreme difference of this detection mode and bearing calibration, if extremely big requirement of producing in the incompatibility factory. in a single day when having the workpiece of " doubtful overproof ", will proofread and correct with the hardness test block repeatedly and detect again, in fact this way is impracticable in actual production, can't have doubtful overproof because of the hardness that takes place on the workpiece on the tinuous production, just require whole production line to stop operation, and allow sclerometer carry out the rectification building-out curve;
1.2) poor heat stability since the atmospheric temperature in area, Shanghai alter a great deal, the working condition of equipment is not good, scleroscopic thermal stability is on duty mutually, as when the hot weather, it is excessive and badly influence quality inspection that hardness equipment then can be subjected to the influence of atmospheric temperature, and this situation often is recurrent! Seriously restricted the operate as normal of hardness equipment;
1.3) no datat writes down and memory function does not have data aggregation and disposal system, can not generate the detection form, can not preserve production data, can't trace to the source to production data, the factory that requires that can not satisfy customer requirement provides the basic demand of product hardness data.
2) measuring principle of hardness and method
2.1) measuring principle of Brinell tester is: see Fig. 1, promptly under the effect of the load P that stipulates, steel ball pressing in sample surface with certain diameter D, after keeping a period of time, remove load then, measuring steel ball degree of depth that produces on specimen surface is the impression of t, diameter d, can calculate the area F of indenture according to the value of t or d, the size of the mean pressure P/F that is born on the unit area is expressed as ball hardness number, represents with HB.Its unit is kgf/square millimeter, and the relation curve between the hardness and the degree of depth as shown in Figure 2.
Brinell hardness definition HB=P/F=P/ π Dt (1)
Concern between depth of cup and the diameter
Concern between hardness number and the impression
2.2) the hardness number measuring method
Fig. 3 is a durometer hardness measuring system block scheme.Its course of work roughly is such: when the steel ball of the F=3000 kgf that is produced by the constant force generating means of electrical control by diameter 10m/m is delivered to workpiece, can extrude the degree of depth on workpiece is the indenture of t, by the hardness transducer among Fig. 3 is the degree of depth that the indenture conversion of signals of t becomes electric signal, through after the amplification of prime amplifier, with 0 ... the depth signal of 1mm becomes 0 ... the DC voltage of 10V, delivering to " non-linear/linear compensation circuit " (see figure 4) of being made up of crystal diode then compensates, after the correction, make the magnitude of voltage and the sexual intercourse of degree of depth being aligned of its output, deliver to digital watch at last and demonstrate hardness number.
3) influence sclerometer precision and stable several main factors
3.1) goodness of fit of compensated curve is poor
Formula HB=f (t) is a reciprocal curve.In order to make instrument energy compensation work curve, make it to match with theoretical curve, adopt the suitable compensation circuit to finish this function, in this example, because the sclerometer electric signal of the process processing and amplifying that need compensate is between the 0-10 volt, therefore can't compensate,, simulate the theoretical hardness curve (see figure 2) of Bu Shi and compensate so adopted " non-linear/linearity correction " the crystal diode array circuit among Fig. 4 to enlarge compensation range with single simple one or two diode circuits.But promptly be like this, all prove according to theoretical and use result, the linear compensation interval of this compensation way is also still quite narrow, actual effectively compensation range is at most about 60HB, can't satisfy the operation interval that requires in the production to have more than 100 HB, the linear working range of a whole set of instrument is less than normal;
3.2) temperature drift is serious
For electronic device, the most horrible no more than all kinds of interference and temperature drift, owing on instrument, adopted the former device of semiconductor in a large number as amplification, the noise zero compensation machine, and curve compensation circuit, thereby brought great temperature drift, in last Fig. 3 " noise zero compensation machine ", transistor " non-linear/converter,linear " is not owing to the transistor that all is the march-past of employing has device circuit by way of compensation, and it all is sizable being subjected to Temperature Influence.Once in time some day, write down the actual drift value of sclerometer with the hardness test block of a HB335, measure the temperature variation 8.9C in the sclerometer cabinet, when other condition is constant, scleroscopic measurement variation 10.6HB, (permissible error of a whole set of instrument is ± 3% to be close to the overproof edge of instrument, when being range 335HB, the error of nearly 10 HB is arranged), the fluctuation of temperature has some idea of to having a strong impact on of this metering system instrument.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of this invention is to provide a kind of hardness detection method, this method solves the actual needs of producing, and can enlarge the hardness sensing range.
Design of the present invention: this hardness measurement method, masterpiece is used on the sclerometer sensor, sensor produces corresponding impression in reference block, the electric signal that detects depth of cup becomes digital quantity signal through analog to digital conversion, again this digital quantity signal is carried out the non-linear conversion processing and obtain the depth of cup value, and by calculating to obtain the hardness number of reference block.
The object of the present invention is achieved like this:
A kind of hardness detection method may further comprise the steps:
Step 1, carry out the demarcation and the drafting of sclerometer working curve:
Afterburner system forces on the sclerometer probe, the sclerometer probe produces corresponding impression in reference block, after the sclerometer probe detects the electric signal process prime amplifier amplification of depth of cup, become digital quantity signal by industrial computer sampling and analog to digital conversion, again this digital quantity signal is carried out the non-linear conversion processing and obtain the depth of cup value;
Reference block to several different hardness repeats above-mentioned steps respectively, and draws the sclerometer working curve, i.e. depth of cup-hardness number curve;
Afterburner system forces on the sclerometer probe, the sclerometer probe produces corresponding impression on workpiece for measurement, after the sclerometer probe detects the electric signal process prime amplifier amplification of depth of cup, become digital quantity signal by industrial computer sampling and analog to digital conversion, again this digital quantity signal is carried out the non-linear conversion processing and obtain the depth of cup value, and, obtain the hardness number of workpiece for measurement with this depth of cup value substitution sclerometer working curve.
Preferably, also comprise step 3, will detect the data that obtain by industrial computer and generate the electronic report forms file, and output or demonstration.
Preferably, in the described step 1 and two, by the VB software program that presets in the industrial computer digital quantity signal is carried out non-linear conversion and handle.
Preferably, in the described step 2, as depth of cup value T
xWhen being between two calibration values, the formula of substitution sclerometer working curve is:
HB
x＝HB
i+(T
x-T
i)*(HB
i+1-HB
i)/(T
i+1-T
i)
Wherein: HB
x: the workpiece for measurement hardness number;
T
i: for being positioned at the degree of depth calibration value of the last pilot of workpiece for measurement on the sclerometer working curve;
T
I+1For being positioned at the degree of depth calibration value of a pilot behind the workpiece for measurement on the sclerometer working curve;
HB
i: for being positioned at the hardness of the last pilot of workpiece for measurement on the sclerometer working curve;
HB
I+1For being positioned at the hardness of a pilot behind the workpiece for measurement on the sclerometer working curve.
The present invention is owing to adopted above technical scheme, make it compared with prior art, have the following advantages and good effect: enlarge sensing range significantly, accuracy of detection, stability have been improved, and can be in the entire work process that can under dynamical state, be able to effective surveillance equipment, so that this method can satisfy the actual needs of producing.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the measuring principle synoptic diagram of Brinell tester.
Fig. 2 is depth of cup-hardness number curve HB=f (t) synoptic diagram.
Fig. 3 is existing durometer hardness measuring system structural representation.
Fig. 4 for existing diode array non-linear/the linear compensation circuit structural representation.
Fig. 5 is a hardness detection system structural representation of the present invention.
Fig. 6 is a sclerometer working curve synoptic diagram of the present invention.
Embodiment
The present invention is described in further detail below in conjunction with accompanying drawing.
The sclerometer that the inventive method adopts for solving sclerometer temperature drift and the too small problem in linear compensation perform region, substitutes diode simulation circuit with computing machine digital sample and software processes as shown in Figure 5.This hardness detection system comprises hardness transducer, is used for the afterburner system of power that hardness transducer is applied, and the prime amplifier that is used for the electric signal of hardness transducer output is carried out processing and amplifying, and system also comprises:
Sampling and analog-to-digital conversion module: industrial computer is to sample to the detection signal of exporting through prime amplifier and to be converted into digital quantity signal;
Data processing module: industrial computer and preset the VB software program, so that digital quantity signal is carried out non-linear conversion, and draw the sclerometer working curve;
The output display module: industrial computer is with output, data and image information after the display process;
The report generation module: industrial computer and preset Access database software program generates the electronic report forms file with the data after will handling.Industrial computer adopts and grinds magnificent A/D-813.
A kind of hardness detection method may further comprise the steps:
Carry out the demarcation and the drafting of sclerometer working curve:
Afterburner system forces on the sclerometer probe, the sclerometer probe produces corresponding impression in reference block, after the sclerometer probe detects the electric signal process prime amplifier amplification of depth of cup, become digital quantity signal by industrial computer sampling and analog to digital conversion, again this digital quantity signal is carried out the non-linear conversion processing and obtain the depth of cup value, and by calculating to obtain the hardness number of reference block;
Reference block to several different hardness repeats above-mentioned steps respectively, and draws the sclerometer working curve, i.e. depth of cup-hardness number curve;
Workpiece for measurement is detected:
Afterburner system forces on the sclerometer probe, the sclerometer probe produces corresponding impression on workpiece for measurement, after the sclerometer probe detects the electric signal process prime amplifier amplification of depth of cup, become digital quantity signal by industrial computer sampling and analog to digital conversion, again this digital quantity signal is carried out the non-linear conversion processing and obtain the depth of cup value, and, obtain the hardness number of workpiece for measurement with this depth of cup value substitution sclerometer working curve.By the VB software program that presets in the industrial computer digital quantity signal being carried out non-linear conversion handles.
To detect the data that obtain by industrial computer and generate the electronic report forms file, and output or demonstration.
As depth of cup value T
xWhen being between two calibration values, the formula of substitution sclerometer working curve is:
HB
x＝HB
i+(T
x-T
i)*(HB
i+1-HB
i)/(T
i+1-T
i)
Wherein: HB
x: the workpiece for measurement hardness number;
T
i: for being positioned at the degree of depth calibration value of the last pilot of workpiece for measurement on the sclerometer working curve;
T
I+1For being positioned at the degree of depth calibration value of a pilot behind the workpiece for measurement on the sclerometer working curve;
HB
i: for being positioned at the hardness of the last pilot of workpiece for measurement on the sclerometer working curve;
HB
I+1For being positioned at the hardness of a pilot behind the workpiece for measurement on the sclerometer working curve.
Embodiment:
At first, carrying out the sclerometer working curve (is depth of cup-hardness number curve, HB=f (t)) demarcation: after afterburner system has produced 3000 kilograms power, be added on the scleroscopic probe, the sclerometer probe is under the effect of 3000 kgfs, produced corresponding impression in tested test block, the depth of impression is according to the difference of hardness number and difference is generally formed the sclerometer working curve with the test block of eight kinds of different hardness values.The hardness number HB592 of hardness test block is to HB186 in this example, and scleroscopic working range is 406HB, and corresponding depth of cup is 0.16 millimeter-0.51 millimeter, and variable quantity is 0.35 millimeter.Corresponding parameters is listed in the following table 1.
Parameters relationship table between each parts of table 1 sclerometer
These detect from the sclerometer probe can obtain 0.156 volt of voltage after signal amplifies through prime amplifier.This voltage converts digital quantity signal to after over-sampling and analog to digital conversion (grinding magnificent A/D-813), (because this piece modulus electronic circuit board is 12, just convert 2 to
12Digital quantity, promptly be 4096 digital quantities, the conversion of this A/D plate is 1 volt, digital quantity when promptly being converted voltage and being one volt is 4096, digital quantity in above hardness test block scope is 638.2, can letter speech the hardness number of a HB that has been 1.57 digitized representations), again the intuitionistic form of these digital quantities with depth of cup is presented on the operation screen by computer software.
Carrying out the sclerometer working curve then draws: after grinding magnificent A/D-813 modulus plank and converting digital quantity to by A/D, below just handle and form the sclerometer working curve by VB software, the roughly process of the formation of working curve is such:
From the graph obtain data aggregation in the computing machine in the electrical form;
2. in program, form a calibrated working curve according to data in the electrical form, as shown in Figure 6;
3. eight of the test block of reasonable selection hardness calibration points (in the possibility according to test block) by obtaining the depth data right with hardness number after preposition amplification and the A/D conversion, are given by computing machine then and are made working curve.
Behind the working curve above having finished, just can the hardness number of workpiece for measurement be detected: because the hardness number of workpiece (product) is can just in time not drop on the sampled point of test block, therefore to be inserted between the corresponding sampled point by the method for mathematical computations, try to achieve the actual hardness value of workpiece (product), concrete way is: when system obtains the hardness signal from the sclerometer probe, through after a series of conversion, obtain representing the depth value of actual workpiece hardness value.If obtain the depth value that a 0.335mm represents hardness for example, with this depth of cup value substitution sclerometer working curve, promptly obtain the hardness number HB=286.5 of workpiece, (t=0.335mm) by the VB software program.For example sclerometer table of merit rating of table 2 expression as can be seen from Table 2, adopts the error of the hardness number that technical scheme obtained of patented claim of the present invention can reach very little.
Table 2 accessory sclerometer computer measurement system examination record sheet
As long as corresponding hardness check block is arranged, just can form scleroscopic working curve with these test blocks, it is big arbitrarily that this method can make scleroscopic working range accomplish.Thereby fundamentally changed the restriction that in the past scleroscopic sensing range is subjected to the gamma correction network that is made of transistor.This is a breakthrough on the hardness detection method.
Detect the data that obtain and can generate the electronic report forms file by Access database software program, and the output demonstration, or, also can export other databases to by network by printer output.
Those of ordinary skill in the art will be appreciated that, above embodiment is used for illustrating the present invention, and be not to be used as limitation of the invention, as long as in connotation scope of the present invention, all will drop in claims scope of the present invention variation, the modification of the above embodiment.
Claims (4)
1. hardness detection method is characterized in that may further comprise the steps:
Step 1, carry out the demarcation and the drafting of sclerometer working curve:
Afterburner system forces on the sclerometer probe, the sclerometer probe produces corresponding impression in reference block, after the sclerometer probe detects the electric signal process prime amplifier amplification of depth of cup, become digital quantity signal by industrial computer sampling and analog to digital conversion, again this digital quantity signal is carried out the non-linear conversion processing and obtain the depth of cup value;
Reference block to several different hardness repeats above-mentioned steps respectively, and draws the sclerometer working curve, i.e. depth of cup-hardness number curve;
Step 2, detect workpiece for measurement:
Afterburner system forces on the sclerometer probe, the sclerometer probe produces corresponding impression on workpiece for measurement, after the sclerometer probe detects the electric signal process prime amplifier amplification of depth of cup, become digital quantity signal by industrial computer sampling and analog to digital conversion, again this digital quantity signal is carried out the non-linear conversion processing and obtain the depth of cup value, and, obtain the hardness number of workpiece for measurement with this depth of cup value substitution sclerometer working curve.
2. hardness detection method as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that further comprising the steps of: step 3, and will detect the data that obtain by industrial computer and generate the electronic report forms file, and output or demonstration.
3. hardness detection method as claimed in claim 2 is characterized in that: by the VB software program that presets in the industrial computer digital quantity signal is carried out non-linear conversion in the described step 1 and two and handle.
4. hardness detection method as claimed in claim 3 is characterized in that: work as depth of cup value T in the step 2
xWhen being between two calibration values, the formula of substitution sclerometer working curve is:
HB
x＝HB
i+(T
x-T
i)*(HB
i+1-HB
i)/(T
i+1-T
i)
Wherein: HB
x: the workpiece for measurement hardness number;
T
i: for being positioned at the degree of depth calibration value of the last pilot of workpiece for measurement on the sclerometer working curve;
T
I+1For being positioned at the degree of depth calibration value of a pilot behind the workpiece for measurement on the sclerometer working curve;
HB
i: for being positioned at the hardness of the last pilot of workpiece for measurement on the sclerometer working curve;
HB
I+1For being positioned at the hardness of a pilot behind the workpiece for measurement on the sclerometer working curve.
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ID=43102795
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| CN102778406A (en) * | 2012-08-01 | 2012-11-14 | 东莞市恒宇仪器有限公司 | Calibration method of paint film pendulum hardness tester |
| CN103454122A (en) * | 2012-05-30 | 2013-12-18 | 黑龙江华安精益计量技术研究院有限公司 | Preparation method of ultra-low hardness value standard Brielle hardness block |
| CN103454123A (en) * | 2012-05-31 | 2013-12-18 | 黑龙江华安精益计量技术研究院有限公司 | Preparation method for high-hardness standard Brinell hardness block |
| CN103575607A (en) * | 2012-08-09 | 2014-02-12 | 株式会社岛津制作所 | Hardness tester and hardness testing method of hardness tester |
| CN103616305A (en) * | 2013-12-18 | 2014-03-05 | 湖州市特种设备检测中心 | Rapid self-correction indentation testing method of material testing machine |
| CN105300302A (en) * | 2015-09-21 | 2016-02-03 | 湖北航天技术研究院计量测试技术研究所 | Diameter measurement method for Brinell hardness indent circle |
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| CN105954132A (en) * | 2016-04-28 | 2016-09-21 | 启东雷泰精密仪器有限公司 | Vickers hardometer and hardness measurement and correction method |
| CN106950132A (en) * | 2017-03-28 | 2017-07-14 | 广西大学 | A kind of method for obtaining topsoil elastic modelling quantity |
| CN108195697A (en) * | 2017-12-25 | 2018-06-22 | 国电锅炉压力容器检验中心 | A kind of method for obtaining metal material Brinell hardness |
| CN108267374A (en) * | 2016-12-31 | 2018-07-10 | 绩溪县徽洋车桥有限责任公司 | A kind of universal hardness meter measures the detection instrument of workpiece inner wall hardness |
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| CN103454123A (en) * | 2012-05-31 | 2013-12-18 | 黑龙江华安精益计量技术研究院有限公司 | Preparation method for high-hardness standard Brinell hardness block |
| CN102778406A (en) * | 2012-08-01 | 2012-11-14 | 东莞市恒宇仪器有限公司 | Calibration method of paint film pendulum hardness tester |
| CN103575607A (en) * | 2012-08-09 | 2014-02-12 | 株式会社岛津制作所 | Hardness tester and hardness testing method of hardness tester |
| CN103575607B (en) * | 2012-08-09 | 2015-08-12 | 株式会社岛津制作所 | The hardness test method of hardness tester and hardness tester |
| CN103616305A (en) * | 2013-12-18 | 2014-03-05 | 湖州市特种设备检测中心 | Rapid self-correction indentation testing method of material testing machine |
| CN103616305B (en) * | 2013-12-18 | 2015-09-23 | 湖州市特种设备检测中心 | The quick indentation test of self-correction of Material Testing Machine |
| CN105823699A (en) * | 2015-01-07 | 2016-08-03 | 哈尔滨飞机工业集团有限责任公司 | Method for detecting hardness of tubular parts |
| CN105300302B (en) * | 2015-09-21 | 2017-10-27 | 湖北航天技术研究院计量测试技术研究所 | The measuring method of Brinell circular diameter |
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| CN105300821A (en) * | 2015-11-27 | 2016-02-03 | 贵州大学 | Method and device for simply, conveniently and quickly identifying off-the-road tyre hardness |
| CN105954132A (en) * | 2016-04-28 | 2016-09-21 | 启东雷泰精密仪器有限公司 | Vickers hardometer and hardness measurement and correction method |
| CN105954132B (en) * | 2016-04-28 | 2019-01-29 | 广州众诚电科检测技术有限公司 | Vickers and hardness measurement modification method |
| CN108267374A (en) * | 2016-12-31 | 2018-07-10 | 绩溪县徽洋车桥有限责任公司 | A kind of universal hardness meter measures the detection instrument of workpiece inner wall hardness |
| CN106950132A (en) * | 2017-03-28 | 2017-07-14 | 广西大学 | A kind of method for obtaining topsoil elastic modelling quantity |
| CN108195697A (en) * | 2017-12-25 | 2018-06-22 | 国电锅炉压力容器检验中心 | A kind of method for obtaining metal material Brinell hardness |
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| CN115356219A (en) * | 2022-07-29 | 2022-11-18 | 天能电池集团股份有限公司 | A device and method for detecting softening degree of lead paste on positive plate of lead storage battery |
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Open date: 20101124 |