CN101686951A - 治疗糖尿病的选择性蛋白酶体抑制物 - Google Patents
治疗糖尿病的选择性蛋白酶体抑制物 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供调节慢性低程度发炎的方法,尤其是治疗糖尿病,如2型糖尿病,这些方法包括给予哺乳动物有效剂量的选择性蛋白酶体抑制物,所述抑制物是单位剂量形式。
Description
相关的申请
[0001]此专利申请以申请号为60/858,838在2006年11月13日申请的美国临时专利作为优先权,并且该优先权专利申请被结合在此申请中。
发明的领域
[0002]此发明涉及在哺乳动物中治疗、预防和/或改善糖尿病的病征的方法,尤其是2型糖尿病。这些方法包括给予哺乳动物有效剂量的蛋白酶体抑制物,从而治疗、预防,和/或改善糖尿病的病征。此发明同样涉及通过给予哺乳动物蛋白酶体抑制物来调节慢性低程度发炎的方法。此蛋白酶体抑制物的单位剂量形式同样已被规定。
发明背景
[0003]糖尿病是一种身体不能制造或不能反应出一种叫胰岛素的胰腺内分泌激素,其对细胞新陈代谢和预防高血糖很重要的,此高血糖能通过时间的推移慢慢发展出血管疾病并可能最终导致破坏性的终端器官衰竭。2型糖尿病,由身体不能正确地对胰岛素作出反应而引起,大概占全球糖尿病病例的90%。
[0004]糖尿病在成年人中最常发生,但归因于痴肥得流行性(1,2),青少年中的糖尿病病例越来越受到重视。尽管血浆胰岛素浓度(在禁食和餐刺激中)通常都会升高,但对于现时胰岛素抑制和高血糖导致的程度来说仍然不足够。同时,存在越来越严重的β细胞衰竭,亦可能继而产生绝对的胰岛素缺乏。在2型糖尿病的少数病例中,在诊断中发现有严重的insulinopenia以及胰岛素敏感型是正常或接近正常的。
[0005]大部分2型糖尿病的病人都有内脏肥胖,且和胰岛素抑制紧密相关(4)。此外,这些病人的健康常常存在一系列的异常(高血压、血脂障碍、PAI-1高),导致他们诊断出“代谢综合征”(5)。因为这些异常,2性糖尿病病人存在发展如心肌梗塞或中风这样的大血管并发症的风险。
[0006]2型糖尿病有很强的遗传易感性并在某些特定的如墨西哥裔美国人、拉丁美洲人、美国印第安人和太平洋岛国居民的种族中较为普遍(6,7)。这些发生和症状的潜在的微妙特性使得将近三分之一的患有2型糖尿病的美国人不觉察到他们的受害状况(8),即一种隐性状态导致无症状的高血糖仍然可以引起血管疾病和器官损伤。
[0007]将近2千1百万的美国人,或总人口的7%患有糖尿病。纵观全球,糖尿病的流行性正在以一个值得警惕的速度上升。在2000年,世界卫生组织估算出全球共有1亿7千7百万人患有糖尿病,且这个数字被认为在2025年前翻一倍。全球在2000年因糖尿病死亡的患者大概有2百90万人,占全球死亡人数的5.2%,而且这个数字占了全球贫穷国家死亡人数的2-3%和美国、加拿大及中东国家死亡人数的8%。在35-64岁的群体中,6-27%的死亡是由糖尿病引起的。从全球角度来看,糖尿病极可能是导致死亡的第5大杀手(9)。
[0008]由于其慢性和严重性的特点,糖尿病是一种无论从个人甚至国家角度来看都非常费钱的疾病。研究显示对于拥有糖尿病儿童的低收入美国家庭来说,家庭收入的10%被花在糖尿病的治理上。在印度,这个数字则为25%。在2002年,糖尿病在美国的总花销就达到了1千3百20亿美元,其中70%属于额外的健康护理消费,30%属于由残障和提早死亡引起的生产力损失(10)。糖尿病已经导致美国人花在健康护理上面的金钱升高了3倍。
[0009]糖尿病的医学治疗仅仅限制在一些主要药物上,不幸地这些药物在药效、副作用及可及性方面并不完美。由于其惊人的流行性、治疗的花费和其并发症,糖尿病的当务之急是研究替代性和互补性的而且是安全、有效、廉价和现成的治疗方法。因此,有需要发展一种新的和有效的方法从而预防、治疗和/或改善糖尿病,尤其是2型糖尿病。所请发明就是用来直接达到这个及其他相关要求的。
发明概述
[00010]所请发明的其中一个实施方案是一种用来治疗或预防糖尿病的方法,其中所述方法包含给予哺乳动物有效剂量的蛋白酶体抑制物从而治疗或预防糖尿病。
[010]所请发明的第二种实施方案是一种治疗或预防2型糖尿病的方法,其中所述方法包含给予哺乳动物有效剂量的蛋白酶体抑制物从而治疗或预防2型糖尿病。
[011]所请发明的第三种实施方案是一种调节慢性低程度发炎的方法,此方法包含给予所需哺乳动物蛋白酶体抑制物从而调节慢性低程度发炎。
[012]所请发明的一种进一步的实施方案是用来治疗或预防2型糖尿病的单位剂量形式,其中所述的单位剂量形式包含一种有效剂量的蛋白酶体抑制物,从而治疗或预防哺乳动物的2型糖尿病。
图例的简要描述
[013]图1展示出26S蛋白酶的组织和结构。(A)20S催化核心蛋白酶(CP)的组织。苏氨酸的活性位点的位置同样被展示出。(B)19S调节粒子(RP)的组织。(C)26S蛋白酶和预测复合结构活性在泛素化蛋白降解时结合的图示。从Vierstra,TrendsPlant Sci.,8:55135-42(2003)中取得。
[014]图2展示出姜黄素拥有多效性作用,对治疗糖尿病或其并发症有潜在益处。
[015]图3展示出食用姜黄素(3%)在雄性C57BL/6J ob/ob老鼠中有显著的抗高血糖的保护性作用。N=每组5只;*通过双尾t检验的有效性p<0.05。
[016]图4展示出食用姜黄素(3%)在雄性C57BL/Ks db/db老鼠中有显著的抗高血糖的保护性作用。N=每组5只;*通过双尾t检验的有效性p<0.05。
[017]图5展示出食用姜黄素(3%)能降低HbA1在所有测试的糖尿病老鼠模型中的百分比。非糖尿病老鼠并没有被影响。N=每组5-6只;*通过双尾t检验的有效性p<0.05。
[018]图6展示一个epoxomicin腹腔注射能显著降低雄性C57BL/Ks db/db老鼠中血糖将近2日。N=每组5只;*通过双尾t检验的有效性p<0.05。
[019]图7展示一个雷公藤红素腹腔注射能显著降低雄性C57BL/Ks db/db老鼠中血糖将近2日。N=每组5只;*通过双尾t检验的有效性p<0.05。
[020]图8展示出食用姜黄素(3%)在雄性C57BL/6J DI0老鼠中能显著降低葡萄糖(A)耐药量试验中的AUC,并非胰岛素(B)耐药量试验中的的AUC。N=每组5只;*有效性p<0.05。
[021]图9展示出食用姜黄素(3%)在雄性C57BL/6J ob/ob老鼠中能显著降低胰岛素耐药量试验中的AUC。N=每组5只;*有效性p<0.05。
[022]图10展示雷公藤红素注射能显著降低雄性C57BL/Ks db/db老鼠中ITT的AUC。N=每组5只;*有效性p<0.05。
[023]图11柱状图总结出使用姜黄素治疗和不使用姜黄素治疗的ob/ob老鼠的Bruker NMR分析。值得注意的是,NMR揭示出食用姜黄素(3%)能显著地提升雄性C57BL/6J ob/ob老鼠的去脂肪体重和显著降低体重和脂肪体重。N=每组5只;*通过双尾t检验的有效性p<0.05。
[024]图12柱状图总结出使用姜黄素治疗和不使用姜黄素治疗的DIO雄性老鼠的身体脂肪百分比和肝脏重量。值得注意的是,用姜黄素治疗1个月能显著降低在雄性C57BL/6J DIO老鼠中的身体脂肪百分比和肝脏重量。N=每组5只;*通过双尾t检验的有效性p<0.05。
[025]图13柱状图总结出使用姜黄素治疗和不使用姜黄素治疗的db/db老鼠的Bruker NMR分析。值得注意的是,NMR揭示出食用姜黄素(3%)能显著地提升雄性C57BL/Ks db/db老鼠的肌肉质量和身体重量。肝脏重量也有所升高。N=每组5只;*通过双尾t检验的有效性p<0.05。
[026]图14展示出食用姜黄素在10星期后能显著降低雄性ob/ob老鼠前炎症基因的肝表达。(控制量定位1);N=每组5只;*通过双尾t检验的有效性p<0.05。
[027]图15展示出食用姜黄素在10星期后能显著降低肝脏NF-kB的活性。N=每组5只;*通过双尾t检验的有效性p<0.05。
[028]图16展示出食用姜黄素能在10星期后显著提升脂联素(Acdc)的表达并降低F480(Emr1)在雄性ob/ob老鼠中白脂肪组织中的表达。(控制量定位1);N=每组5只;*通过双尾t检验的有效性p<0.05。
[029]图17展示出食用姜黄素和雄性C57BL/6J ob/ob中的脂肪的巨噬细胞渗入的显著降低有关联。
[030]图18展示出通过腹腔给予雷公藤红素3日能显著提升脂联素(Acdc)的表达且降低Ccl2(MCP-1)在雄性ob/ob老鼠中白脂肪组织中的表达。所有数值是平均值±SEM;N=每组4-5只;*通过双尾t检验的有效性p<0.05。
[031]图19展示出食用姜黄素能显著提升雄性C57BL/6J db/db老鼠的血清胰岛素的水平比国内降低野生型C57BL/Ks老鼠的血清瘦素水平。N=每组5只;*通过双尾t检验的有效性p<0.05。
[032]图20展示出三种不同的老鼠模型的被治疗和不被治疗的胰岛的免疫组织化学。直至22周时,不被治疗的C57BL/6J ob/ob老鼠和用姜黄素治疗的C57BL/Ksdb/db老鼠(20G-I)出现明显的胰岛增生。不被治疗的C56BL/Ks db/db老鼠出现明显的胰岛枯竭(20D-F)。箭头所示的是Ks67的细胞核阳性,一种增长标尺。
[033]图21展示出通过腹腔给予一份剂量的雷公藤红素和epoxomicin能在24小时后显著提升雄性C57BL/Ks db/db老鼠的血清胰岛素。N=每组6只;*通过双尾t检验的有效性p<0.05。
[034]图22展示出在雄性C57BL/Ks db/db老鼠中的胰岛β细胞的PTEN和Foxo3a的表达在腹腔注射一份剂量的蛋白酶体抑制物的24小时后被显著提高。INGAP表达也显著提升了。所有数值是平均值±SEM;N=每组6只;*通过双尾t检验的有效性p<0.05。
[035]图23展示出蛋白酶体抑制物对老鼠β细胞系的作用。和24小时后的运送相比,所有蛋白酶体抑制物都能显著地提升可行的细胞数量。然而,在最高浓度时,雷公藤红素和epoxomicin对细胞数量有负面作用。
[036]图24展示在无血清培养12后,蛋白酶体抑制物能提升在Ins-1细胞中胰岛素的分泌。最高浓度的epoxomicin会出现如细胞毒性一样的负面作用。所有数值是平均值±标准差;n=每组重复3份。
发明的详尽描述
[037]此发明被认为能首次描述蛋白酶体抑制物作为一种潜在的体内抗糖尿病致原的物质。事实上,此发明建基于我们在蛋白酶体活性的抑制能逆转胰岛素抵抗并预防例如因预防痴肥而导致的发炎性后果的发现。
蛋白酶:一种多聚蛋白的隧道
[038]任何蛋白的合成速率和降解速率之间的平衡管理着相应的细胞丰度和其活性的时间跨度。这样的大分子的半衰期可以从基因产物的小时到只需要在瞬间有活性的细胞周期的调节因子、转录因子、生长因子或昼夜调节因子的分钟。一个较短的半衰期同样是无论是化学上还是构造学上不正常的蛋白质的特点。和脱氧核糖核酸会在受损伤时被校对脱氧核糖核酸聚合酶修理不同的是,受损伤的核糖核酸和蛋白质会被很快地被破坏。提升它们的破坏率是调节它们的细胞水平的最快方式,并且一般地能通过提升它们的可取性或易感性从而拆除酶。由于蛋白酶是在溶酶体细胞器或称为蛋白酶的大分子中被分割的(11),蛋白降解是一种被限制且是高度有组织的过程。
[039]蛋白酶状的蛋白质在所有生物界和大部分生物体中都存在。在大肠杆菌中,HsIV蛋白酶组成2个六边形的环状,并重叠成“双层甜甜圈”的形态。一个核心的“双层甜甜圈”同样是带有14个蛋白酶(β亚基)并排列成2个7环(12)(见图1A)的古菌20S蛋白酶体的特点。相比HsIV,古菌20S蛋白酶体已经提升了结构的复杂性:β亚基环被一个另外的α七边形移到侧翼位置。α和β亚基都是在结构上和HsIV蛋白酶同源,但只有β亚基是在催化上带有活性的。真核20S蛋白酶体拥有和4个7环的重叠相似的构造,但从亚基组成上年展现出更高的复杂性,从而令到这些环像由7个不同的β亚基和7个不同的α亚基组成(13)。每一个β环都由3个蛋白酶和3个分别像糜蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、和后谷氨酰蛋白酶的蛋白酶组成,从而在蛋白酶体核心形成一共6个的蛋白活性位点。由于一些活性位点能提供相似的蛋白产物,这些活性位点在某程度上是过剩的。然而,像糜蛋白酶的蛋白酶的活性的抑制能足够封锁所有蛋白酶体的催化活性。4个非活性的β亚基对维持桶状结构的复杂性是非常重要的。
[040]真核生物拥有一种标靶机制,由此泛激素标记的蛋白能被认出并被26S蛋白酶体所降解。26S蛋白酶体是由一个20S核心和一个含有ATP酶的AAA族亚基的19S合成物组成。蛋白酶体的环状结构有两端打开的中空的特点。在蛋白合成物中,亚基是按照β亚基活性位点排列在中心空间的样式的排列的。电子显微镜的重建揭示出19S活性合成物能和20S核心的外环有结合孔的地方结合(14)。19S的冠部,由“盖子”和“基座”组成(图1B),能限制通过狭窄的中央小孔进入中心空间的通道,从而令到一个延长状的多肽能穿过此催化的中心。和在没有激活因子的情况下观察到进入孔的形状一致的是,从酵母提炼出来的20S蛋白酶体呈现出体外的低活性(11)。这样的分子结构提供了选择酶解质的选择的原则,只有没有折叠的多肽而不是折叠的部分被蛋白酶体所降解。另外,19S的冠部同样能和泛激素标记的蛋白结合和并作为其deubiquitylation的位点。
泛激素/蛋白酶体蛋白质降解路径
[041]蛋白酶体和标记蛋白及泛激素一起协同工作,建立泛激素-蛋白酶体路径(UPP),是真核生物的主要蛋白路径。标靶蛋白质进入UPP路径的可行机制很有可能包括通过信号转导级联令目标蛋白质磷酸化,通过蛋白质复杂性或蛋白质变性的分类暴露疏水蛋白的表面,特定的目标蛋白的N端和在目标蛋白质中的短氨基酸序列。一旦被标靶,这些蛋白质能被聚泛激素链通过3个步骤、高度调节的酶作用的涉及泛激素激活酶(E1)的过程、泛激素共轭酶(E2)及泛激素连接酶(E3)共价地改变。
[042]泛激素激活酶(E1)是牵涉在ubiquitylation调节的第一种酶。这种酶使用由ATP释出的能量激活泛激素,从而起能和需要被降解的蛋白质结合。然而在被激活的泛激素能和目标蛋白质结合前,它必须由E1酶传送到20种特定的泛激素共轭酶(E2)的其中一种。泛激素连接酶或E3酶认出并和特定的目标蛋白质结合,并催化被激活的泛激素从E2直接地或通过高能量中介物传送至目的地。通过向在前面提及到的赖氨酸中的共轭泛激素分子加入另外的泛激素,能形成聚链状。有聚泛激素链标记的蛋白质被传送到蛋白酶体,并从而被降解。目标蛋白质然后被蛋白酶体识别出,被展开并被蛋白酶体降解成长约3至22个氨基酸的肽。和乙酰化、糖基化、甲基化和磷酸化相比,Ubiquitylation可以被认为是一种共价的后翻译期变更和信号。
现今的蛋白酶体抑制的临床应用:
[043]泛激素-蛋白酶体路径在错误折叠的、氧化或损伤的细胞的降解中有着重要的角色。泛激素-蛋白酶体路径在控制很多蛋白质,包括那些涉及细胞周期控制、转录激活、细胞凋亡和细胞信号的蛋白质的细胞内水平中担当着关键的角色。因此,细胞酶体是众多生物路径,包括那些鱼发炎和恶性疾病发展有关的路径的关键组成部分。因此,蛋白酶体的活性的操纵能潜在地影响这些疾病发展的过程。
[044]在2003年5月,当美国食品及药物管理局批准使用硼替佐米(PS-341,万珂)治疗一种血浆细胞的癌症,称为难治性多发性骨髓瘤时,人们开始意识到可逆转的蛋白酶体抑制物蛋白酶体抑制去治疗临床疾病的潜力。万珂的一个疗程的治疗意味着2周的每周注射2次的每次3.5微克的腹腔注射,并且跟随着10天的疗养期(第12至第21天)。癌细胞在正常细胞产生时被杀死。这个被假定为根据硼替佐米疗效的机制如下:
·万珂通过抑制IkBα磷酸化和降解以依赖剂量和时间来阻止NF-kB的激活(15)。提升了的IkBα导致核外螯合前炎症转录因子NF-kB的提升。因此,若干依赖NF-kB的能助长癌变,血管生成,转移的基因被关闭。虽然很重要,但NF-kB抑制很可能是众多能潜在被蛋白酶抑制物潜阻止的前炎症的唯一一种方法。事实上,有一个研究使用从用脂多糖在有或没有蛋白酶抑制物乳胞素的情况下治疗的小鼠巨噬细胞提炼出来的核糖核酸进行微阵列分析,发现大部分由脂多糖调节的基因都在蛋白酶体的控制之下(16)。这些基因产物被决定参与不少于14种独特的信号转导通路(11)
·如果未能降解细胞周期调节蛋白,将抑制细胞周期的完成并因此抑制癌变细胞的有丝分裂的扩散。该药看起来在和传统化疗一起使用时能尤其有效,很有可能通过抑制癌细胞的能力从而保护其不受化疗所损害。
·Bcl-2的抑制会引起细胞凋亡(17,18)。
[045]上述提及的由蛋白酶体抑制所引起的有益的作用并不太可能特别地限制于多发性骨髓瘤的病人。事实上,蛋白酶体抑制看起来至少能潜在治疗有明显发炎或过度增生的疾病。事实上,这方面的文献在急速增长,勾画出万珂在其他一系列疾病中的有益的作用,当中很多为非恶性的发炎病情(19-22)。
蛋白酶体抑制可以改善糖尿病的道理和潜在机制
[046]大部分患有2型糖尿病的个体都是痴肥,一种被认定为在白脂肪组织中慢性低程度发炎的状态。从组织学上说,存在巨噬细胞渗透入白脂肪组织,且可以在包围在死亡脂肪细胞地方找到(23)。很多刺激炎症的“脂肪素”,如PAI-1和MCP-1(24,25),以及包括TNF-α和IL-6的特定巨噬细胞基因能显著在痴肥个体的白脂肪组织中被调节。这样的调节在流通的胰岛素水平被显著提高前发生。经过使用胰岛素增敏剂罗格列酮,这些基因在表达中回复正常。
[047]因此,痴肥是一种亚临床的发炎状态,在其中前炎症因子的制造助长了胰岛素抵抗和糖尿病的发病机制(26,27)。糖尿病的高血糖,如果不检查,会通过氧化损伤助长更多的发炎。这种现象,称为“葡萄糖毒性”(28),被认为是在没有好好控制的2型糖尿病中逐步性β细胞衰竭的原因。
[048]发炎是一种在痴肥和糖尿病发展中的主要的个体发生因素(29-33),并且由阿司匹林、脂联素、噻唑烷二酮类或他汀类药物引起的改善的糖耐量很可能和他们的抗发炎特性有关。因此蛋白酶体抑制疗法的抗发炎作用同样能调节糖尿病的发展和发病看起来也不无道理。另外,若干可以划定糖尿病发病机制的分子最近也被认为是泛激素-蛋白酶体路径的目标。
IkBα:NF-kB的封锁线
[049]蛋白酶体抑制能通过抑制其合并的另一半和灭活剂IkBα阻止NF-kB的激活。因此,若干依赖NF-kB的能助长严重发炎的基因能被向下调节。在糖尿病痴肥中,细胞因子主要通过NF-kB系统展示出他们的前炎性作用。这个路径的遗传上或药物上的操纵被认为能改变动物模型中的胰岛素感应力。
胰岛素接收物:胰岛素信号转导
[050]胰岛素信号的规模和长短必须被紧密地控制从而维持细胞的稳态。等同不同的胰岛素信号分子的蛋白质是被它们的合成速率和降解速率所调节的。泛激素-蛋白酶体系统涉及胰岛素接收器、转录因子的调节和细胞和调解胰岛素基因表达的细胞核接收器、胰岛素接收物(IRS)1和2,以及胰岛素本身的降解的的内化作用。
[051]在老鼠中IRS-2信号的失调能在外周血胰岛素抵抗中防止代偿性高胰岛素血症的发生。IRS蛋白质信号被通过丝氨酸磷酸化或蛋白酶体介导的降解所抑制,从而可能成为急性损伤和感染中的、或和年龄增长或痴肥相关的慢性应激中的胰岛素抵抗的重要机制。发炎能引起能和IRS-1和IRS-2结合的SOCS蛋白质的表达,醋精它们的ubiquitylation并从而发生蛋白酶体降解(39)。因此,SOCS介导的IRS蛋白质的降解,被假设为通过elongin BC泛激素连接酶,从而可能成为一种由发炎引起的胰岛素抵抗机制,提供了治疗的目标。
[052]IRS-2表达的调节对胰岛β细胞的存活同样重要。在老鼠胰岛β细胞系INS-1H中,通过葡萄糖和/或在β细胞中的IGF-1慢性激活的雷帕霉素(mTor)的哺乳动物目标导致IRS-2磷酸化的提升,此提升是由IRS-2表达的下降和β细胞细胞凋亡引起的一种用来为蛋白酶体降解作标靶的状态(40,41)。这可能成为β细胞是如何在2型糖尿病的发病机制中通过慢性高血糖被降低的机制。
MafA:胰岛β细胞的存活
[053]由于失去大部分为PDX-1和MafA的转录因子和胰岛素基因促进区的结合,在胰岛β细胞中的慢性高血糖严重地减少胰岛素基因的表达、含量和分泌。发炎是一种在痴肥和糖尿病发展中的主要的个体发生因素(42,43)。糖毒性的HIT-T15β细胞拥有正常的MafA信使核糖核酸的份量,但严重缺少MafA蛋白(43)。这些细胞的用一种不能逆转的蛋白酶体抑制物乳胞素的治疗,导致MafA蛋白的积聚并修正很多由“葡萄糖毒性”引起的负面作用。
KATP通道
[054]β细胞的KATP通道是一个大规模的异8边形的含有2中蛋白质亚基的合成物:4个向内的钾通道的亚基Kir6.2和4个磺脲类药物受体(SUR1)的亚基(44)。KATP通道使细胞新陈代谢和通过调节跨越细胞膜的钾离子通道的电子能力相结合。因此,KATP通道展示出显著的控制胰岛β细胞的胰岛素的分泌的能力。在细胞膜上的激活的通道的数量和他们的适当的调节对正常的β细胞功能非常重要。像家族性高胰岛素血症和其它形式的糖尿病这些疾病是直接和异常的KATP通道亚基突变和或通道调节有关的(45-51)。
[055]泛激素-蛋白酶体路径在生物发生和β细胞的KATP通道的表面表达上的角色很重要。SUR1和KATP通道的Kir6.2亚基都通过泛激素-蛋白酶体路径被降解(52)。有趣的是,蛋白酶体亚基的降解自然地并以明显的相近的速率发生,和接收器的聚集和运输的速率一样(52)。因此,当亚基被合成,它们同时和被错误折叠的亚基被降解,功能性的能聚集的亚基同样在它们有机会在一个稳定的能离开内质网的合成物里聚集前被降解。因此,蛋白酶体的抑制具有通过提升β细胞的表面的KATP通道的存在从而提升胰岛素感应力的潜力。
[056]在此发明中,3种被选择的蛋白酶体抑制物-姜黄素,epoxomicin和雷公藤红素,被展示出能在动物模型中逆转2型糖尿病。因此,我们相信被选择的蛋白酶体抑制物肯定能成为治疗糖尿病唯一的或辅助的疗法,尤其是2型糖尿病和一般性的代谢综合征。
[057]如此处所用的,一种“经选择的蛋白酶抑制物”是一种材料性的,包括自然提取物和合成的化合物,并且在没有对蛋白酶被用在正常细胞功能的活性造成负面作用的前提下选择性地防止胰岛素路径中的包括如胰岛素信号分子和IkB的媒介物的降解。在此发明中,以下蛋白酶体抑制物的种类可能被使用:(1)半胱天冬酶状的蛋白酶活性抑制物,(2)胰蛋白酶状的蛋白酶活性抑制物,(3)糜蛋白酶状的蛋白酶活性抑制物,和(4)所有蛋白酶活性抑制物。
[058]半胱天冬酶状的蛋白酶活性抑制物包括如Ac-丙氨酸-脯氨酸-正亮氨酸-天门冬氨酸-H,YU102,Calpain抑制物I(ALLN),ALLM(Calpain抑制物),Z-异白氨酸-麸氨酸(OBut)-丙氨酸-亮氨酸-H(PSI),MG115(Z-亮氨酸-亮氨酸-Nva-H),MG-132(Z-亮氨酸-亮氨酸-亮氨酸-H),MG-262(Z-亮氨酸-亮氨酸-亮氨酸-B(OH)2),Z-(亮氨酸)3-VINYL磺基,及z-脯氨酸-正亮氨酸-天门冬氨酸-H。胰蛋白酶状的蛋白酶活性抑制物包括如乳胞素,clasto-乳胞素β内酯,NIP-(亮氨酸)3-VINYL磺基,以及TLCK。糜蛋白酶状的蛋白酶活性抑制物包括如阿克拉霉素A(Aclarubicin),Calpain抑制物I(ALLN),ALLM(Calpain抑制物),表儿茶酸盐,epoxomicin,胶霉毒素,乳胞素,乳胞素β内酯,NIP-(亮氨酸)3-VINYL磺基,phepropeptin A,phepropeptin B,phepropeptin C,phepropeptin D,phepropeptin A,B,C,D抑制物组合,TPCK,Z-异白氨酸-麸氨酸(OBut)-丙氨酸-亮氨酸-H(PSI),Z-(亮氨酸)3-VINYL磺基,MG115(Z-亮氨酸-亮氨酸-Nva-H),MG-132(Z-亮氨酸-亮氨酸-亮氨酸-H),MG-262(Z-亮氨酸-亮氨酸-亮氨酸-B(OH)2),以及Z-亮氨酸-亮氨酸-COCHO。所有蛋白酶活性抑制物包括如ada-(Ahx)3-(亮氨酸)3-VINYL磺基,ada-离氨酸(biotinyl)-(Ahx)3-(亮氨酸)3-VINYL磺基,ada-酪氨酸-(Ahx)3-(亮氨酸)3-VINYL磺基,bactenecin 5前体肽(Bac5-GRR),PR11,PR26和PR39。另外没有限制的根据此发明的蛋白酶体抑制物还包括泛激素+1(Ub+1)和泛激素+5(Ub5+1)。更可取地,根据此发明的选择性的蛋白酶体抑制物是姜黄素,epoxomicin和雷公藤红素。
[059]在此发明中,上述蛋白酶体抑制物的任何一种衍生物都是被预期的。如此处所用,选择性的蛋白酶抑制物“衍生物”包括对映体、光学异构体、非对映异构体、N-氧化物、结晶体、水合物和/或药用上可接受的盐。“衍生物”同样包括结构上相似的化合物或拥有与此发明蛋白酶体抑制物其中一种功能相同或相似的提取物。此外,此发明包含任何上述提到的蛋白酶体抑制物的使用组合。
[060]姜黄素的自然化合物,是香料姜黄提炼的多酚。姜黄素的结构为:
[061]干的多年生草本姜黄的地面根状茎(姜黄)已经在亚洲饮食和医药中(印度草医学)使用了4千年。它的使用是全球性的-根据联合国食品及农业组织报告,每年超过2400公吨的姜黄被进口到美国被消费者使用。多酚类的植物化学成分的姜黄(diferuloymethane)包含大部分姜黄制剂的2-8%,并拥有抗氧化剂、抗发炎和抗致癌的特性(53)。它是现时美国国家健康研究院赞助的几个化学预防治疗的主题。
[062]商业级的姜黄是在任何美国健康食品店都能买到的并且一般以95%标准纯度的姜黄制剂的方式出售,并且通常建议每天服用三次,每次1或2粒500毫克的胶囊从而提升总体的体质。它包含类姜黄色素姜黄素(大概80%),desmethoxycurcumin(少于5%)。临床前期致癌模型的研究已经展示出商业级姜黄拥有和纯净姜黄相同的抑制作用(54,55)。
[063]有效率的首过作用和某程度的肠道葡糖醛酸及硫化限制了口服姜黄的系统可行性。然而,口服姜黄在小便中仍然能再人类中以相对低的口服剂量检测到(56),揭示出必定有显著分量的姜黄进入了外周的循环。可能更重要的是,口服姜黄已经被展示出在身体远端到消化道中在没有公开毒性的情况下有有益的作用。此外,一些研究指出姜黄能指出仅在钠米级摩尔范围的组织水平的系统性的作用,如乳房和肝的化学预防(59,60)。这支出姜黄有在极低血浆浓度的系统性作用的潜力。
[064]一些老鼠的临床前期研究,其中一些长达15个月并使用了高剂量(2克每公斤每天),确认了姜黄作为口服药的安全性(61-63)。人类试验被受到更多的限制,但都没有报告出任何可辨别出的毒性。连续2至6个星期每天给予印度的类风湿关节炎病人1.2至2.1克的口服姜黄并没有报告出任何副作用(64)。在台湾的高剂量口服姜黄的研究中,Cheng和他的同僚给予前侵入恶性或高风险前恶性的病人3个月每天高达8克的姜黄,指出没有任何毒性被观察到(57)。在英国患有晚期大肠癌的病人中,姜黄能被容忍的剂量高达4个月每天3.6克(56)。在这个研究中,每天摄取0.45克和每天摄取3.6克的两个病人在进入治疗1个月和4个月分别出现腹泻(美国国家癌症中心(NCI)1或2级)。每天摄取0.9克姜黄的一个病人经历了恶心(NCI2级毒性),且在不需要其它延续治疗的情况下自发解决了问题。2个血液测试的非正常被检测到:4个病人中的血清中碱性磷酸酶水平的提升,和2个病人中的NCI1级毒性和2个病人中的2级毒性一致;在3个病人中血清乳酸脱氢酶升高至超过治疗前的150%,这些不正常的血液测试结果或者和疾病的发展有关而非和治疗的毒性有关。
[065]最近,一个剂量升级的研究被使用来决定能容忍的最大剂量和单一剂量姜黄的安全性(65)。健康的自愿参与者被给予从500至12000微克升级的剂量。24个受试者中的7个(30%)经历了仅仅最少程度上的毒性,且看起来并不和剂量有关。
[066]基于姜黄抑制的亲致癌路径同样在胰岛素感应力和β细胞存活性中有很重要的作用(图2),看起来应该在对在人类中治疗糖尿病有巨大的潜力。尽管如此,仍然有公布的数据指出姜黄在糖尿病中能引致死亡。没有研究公布姜黄在人类糖尿病中的作用;仅有一个案例报告描述姜黄在2型糖尿病病人上的作用(66)。临床前期研究大部分利用已被糖尿病链唑霉素治疗的老鼠,一种人类中2型糖尿病中在某程度上不太好的代表(67-78)。然而,这些研究主要在它们的发现上比较一致:口服姜黄疗法能预防、延迟或改善与糖尿病相关的高血糖或终端器官的衰竭(69,70,74,76,79-82)。
[067]雷公藤红素是一种从中国“雷公藤”植物(雷公藤多甙或雷公藤)中提取的三萜烯。雷公藤在中医中非常闻名。雷公藤红素是从该植物的根皮中提炼的主要化合物。传统上,这些皮被压碎成粉末状并放在汤中,从而被认为具有自身免疫性和抗炎的特性。雷公藤红素的化学结构如下:
[068]雷公藤红素是一种强大的蛋白酶抑制物并已经被报告出能一致人类前列腺癌在老鼠中的生长。亦有报告指出雷公藤红素能主要病优先使用2.5μM/L的IC50抑制糜蛋白酶状的纯净20S蛋白酶体的活性并一致人类前列腺癌的细胞26S蛋白酶体至1-5μM/L。另外,给予带有肿瘤的老鼠1-3mg/kg/d(i.p.)的雷公藤红素能导致抑制肿瘤的生长(83)。
[069]Epxomicin,一种从放线菌中取得的自然产物,是一种有效力的和选择性的蛋白酶体抑制物(84)。Epoxomicin的合成是广泛知道的(85)并且它是在市场上可购买到的(见如A.G.Scientific,San Diego,CA)。亦有报告指出epoxomicin是一种强大的抗肿瘤物并在日常大概0.5至3mg/kg/d(i.p.)的剂量中展示出抗炎的特性(84)。epoxomicin的结构如下:
[070]在此发明中,选择性蛋白酶体抑制物的“有效份量”是指足够有有益作用或所需结果的份量。一份甚至多份剂量的有效份量可以被给予至哺乳动物,尤其是人类。从哺乳动物的治疗的形式上说,选择性蛋白酶体抑制物的“有效份量”是指如在带有小量或不带有副作用的前提下治疗、预防和/或改善糖尿病,尤其是2型糖尿病的分量。更具体地说,“有效份量”为受试者带入从大概0.005mg/kg/day至大概150mg/kg/day的选择性蛋白酶体抑制物;更多的是,就如从大概50mg/kg/day至大概150mg/kg/day一样,从大概1mg/kg/day至大概150mg/kg/day。其他首选的剂量包括,就如从大概0.05mg/kg/day至大概4mg/kg/day一样,从大概0.005mg/kg/day至大概10mg/kg/day。因此,举例来说,选择性蛋白酶体抑制物的有效份量是从大概0.5mg/kg至大概2mg/kg。在此发明中,所有提供的数量范围都是被认为包括至少所有属于该范畴的数量。
[071]有效剂量的形式、给予的方式和剂量可以由实证决定,并从而令到该决定在该技术领域中。该技术领域的技术人员能明白剂量会因给予的途径、排泄率、治疗的长短、其他给予的药物的药性、年龄、性别、体形、哺乳动物的物种和其他载医药和兽医学重已知的因素而有所变化。总体来说,其中一种材料(选择性蛋白酶体抑制物)的一份合适的剂量已根据本发明被确认出,并且是制造所需效果的最小剂量。根据本发明的这些材料的有效剂量可以2种、3种、4种、5种、6种甚至更多亚剂量的形式分别在一天中适当的时间间隔内给予。然而,该材料仍然推荐以每天口服一次的方式给予。
[072]无限制的有效的每天一服的口服剂量的例子包括从大概1g/day至大概18g/day,如从大概5g/day至大概15g/day,包括3g/day,9g/day,和18g/day。另外一个首选的每天一服的口服剂量范围是从大概1g/day至大概1.5g/day。
[073]根据本发明的选择性蛋白酶体抑制剂可以以任何所需和有效的方式给予:如口服医药成分,或肠胃外的或其他如腹腔、皮下、外敷,真皮内的,吸入的,肺内的,直肠的、舌下,肌肉注射,静脉,动脉,鞘内注射,或淋巴管内的合适的方式。此外,选择性蛋白酶体抑制物可以和其他或与其他治疗组合给予。此发明的选择性蛋白酶抑制物如有需要可被包裹在胶囊中从而对抗胃或其他部分的分泌。
[074]当选择性蛋白酶抑制物可被单独给予时,首选将选择性蛋白酶抑制物以药用组合的方式给予。药用上可接受的组成物包含一个或多个此发明的作为活性成分的选择性蛋白酶抑制物,并和药用上可以接受的载体和,如有,一个或其他合成物、药物、成分和原料和/或材料混合而成。无论哪种给予的方式,此发明的选择性蛋白酶抑制物都被通过该领域已知的传统方法制造为药用上可以接受的剂量形式。见如Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences(Mack Publishing Co.,Easton,Pa.).
[075]在此发明中,选择性蛋白酶抑制物可以和一种或多种治疗的糖尿病的称为第一线药物的药物协同给予。正如此处使用的,“协同给予”包括在一份单位剂量中给予两个或多个活性,并同时在不同的单位剂量中传送两个或多个活性(例如在同一时间服用两粒药丸)或在不同的单位剂量和预先订立且和临床相关的时间中传送两个或多个活性。无限制的第一线药物的等级的例子包括α葡萄糖苷酶抑制物、双胍类、胰岛素、美格列奈、磺脲类药物、thiazolidiniones、二肽酶(PPD-4)抑制物、胰高血糖素状肽(GLP-1)相似体以及上述的如磺酰脲类/双胍类或thiazolidinione/双胍类的组合。
[076]无限制的α葡萄糖苷酶抑制物的例子包括阿卡波糖和米格列醇。一个无限制的双胍类的例子是二甲双胍。无限制的美格列奈例子包括那格列奈和瑞格列奈。无限制的磺脲类药物例子包括醋磺己脲、氯磺丙脲、格列吡嗪、延长释放的格列吡嗪、格列本脲、甲磺氮草脲和甲苯磺丁脲。无限制的thiazolidinione例子包括吡格列酮和罗格列酮。无限制的PPD-4抑制物例子包括西他列汀和vildagliptin。无限制的胰高血糖素状肽(GLP-1)相似体的例子包括艾塞那肽和livaglutide。
[077]药用可接受的载体在该技术领域已被广泛知道(见如Remington;sPharmaceutical Sciences(Mack Publishing Co.,Eastong,Pa.)和(The NationalFormulary(美国药物协会,华盛顿哥伦比亚特区))并且包括糖类(如乳糖、蔗糖、甘露醇和山梨醇)、淀粉纤维素酶制剂、钙磷酸盐(如磷酸氢钙、磷酸三钙和磷酸氢钙)、柠檬酸钠、水、水溶液(如生理盐水、氯化钠注射液、林格注射液、葡萄糖注射液、葡萄糖氯化钠注射液、乳酸钠林格注射液)、酒精(如乙醇、丙醇和苯甲醇)、多元醇(如甘油、丙二醇和聚乙二醇)、有机酯(如油酸乙酯和甘油三酯)、生物可降解的聚合物(如聚乳酸-聚乙醇酸交酯、聚(酸酯)和聚(酸酐))、弹性矩阵,脂质体,微球,油(如玉米、胚芽、橄榄、蓖麻、芝麻、棉籽和花)、可可脂、蜡(栓剂蜡)、石蜡、有机硅、滑石、水杨酸盐等。每一个在此发明成分中使用的载体都必须是“可接受的”即和其他成分能相容的并且不会对受试者造成损害的。适合作为选择性剂量形式和给予形式的载体是在该技术领域广泛已知的,并且作为特定剂量形式和给予形式的可接受的载体可以由该技术领域的技术人员所决定。
[078]本发明药用可接受的组成,可选择地,可能含有另外的成分和/或一般在药物成分中使用的材料。这些成分和材料在该技术领域是一致的,并且包括(1)填料或扩展,如淀粉、乳糖、蔗糖、葡萄糖、甘露醇、和硅酸;(2)粘结剂,如羧甲基纤维素、藻酸盐、明胶、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、羟丙基甲基纤维素、蔗糖和阿拉伯胶;(3)保湿剂,如甘油;(4)分离剂,如琼脂、碳酸钙、马铃薯或木薯淀粉、褐藻酸、某些硅酸盐、乙醇酸淀粉钠、交联羧甲基纤维素钠和碳酸钠;(5)溶液延缓剂,如石蜡;(6)吸收加速器,如季铵盐化合物;(7)润湿剂,如十六醇与甘油单硬脂酸酯;(8)吸收剂,如高岭土和膨润土;(9)润滑油,如滑石粉、硬脂酸钙、硬脂酸镁、固体聚乙二醇和十二烷基硫酸钠;(10)暂停剂,如乙氧基化isostearyl醇、聚氧乙烯山梨醇和失水山梨醇酯、微晶纤维素、氢氧化铝、膨润土、琼脂和胶黄蓍;(11)缓冲剂;(12)赋形剂,如乳糖、牛奶糖、聚乙二醇、动物和植物油脂、油、蜡、石蜡、可可脂、淀粉、胶黄蓍、纤维素衍生物、聚乙二醇、有机硅、膨润土、硅酸、滑石粉、水杨酸、氧化锌、氢氧化铝、钙硅酸盐和聚酰胺粉末;(13)惰性稀释剂,如水或其他溶剂;(14)防腐剂;(15)表面活性剂;(16)分散剂;(17)控制释放或吸收延缓剂,如羟丙基甲基纤维素,其他聚合物矩阵、可生物降解的聚合物、脂质体、微球、单硬脂酸铝、明胶和蜡;(18)乳浊剂;(19)辅助剂;(20)润湿剂;(21)乳化及悬浮剂;(22)溶解剂和乳化剂,如乙醇、异丙醇、乙酸乙酯碳酸盐、乙酸乙酯、苯甲醇、苯甲酸苄酯、丙二醇、1,3丁二醇乙二醇、油(特别是棉籽、花生、玉米、胚芽、橄榄油、蓖麻油和芝麻油)、甘油、四氢呋喃甲醇、聚乙二醇和脂肪酸酯的失水山梨醇;(23)推进剂,如chlorofluorohydrocarbons和挥发性的如丁烷和丙烷的unsubstituted碳氢化合物;(24)抗氧化剂;(25)提供在预定受试者中与血液等渗的如糖和氯化钠的试剂;(26)增稠剂;(27)涂层材料,如卵磷脂;(28)甜味剂、香料、色素、香化及防腐剂。每一个成分都必须是“可接受的”即和其他成分能相容的并且不会对受试者造成损害的。适合作为选择性剂量形式和给予形式的成分和材料是在该技术领域广泛已知的,并且作为特定剂量形式和给予形式的可接受的成分和材料可以由该技术领域的技术人员所决定。
[079]适合口服的药用组合可以以胶囊、扁囊剂、丸剂、片剂、粉末、颗粒剂、水或非水液体的溶剂或悬浮液、水包油型或油包水型乳化液的药或糖浆、锭剂、大丸剂、舐剂或泥膏剂的形式给予。这些组合可以通过该技术领域已知的方法准备,例如通过传统的泛涂料、混合、造粒、或冷冻干燥过程。
[080]通过口服(胶囊、片剂、丸剂、糖衣丸、粉末、颗粒等)的固体制剂可以通过使有效成分和一个或多个药用可接受的载体混合,并和,可选择地,一个或多个填充剂、延长剂、连接济、保湿剂、分解剂、溶液阻碍剂,吸收加速器,润湿剂,吸收剂,润滑剂,和/或着色剂混合。其他相似形式的固体制剂可以通过使用赋形剂利用软和硬填充胶囊制成。药片刻印通过压缩或模压制造,可选择地,和一个或多个辅助的成分一起。压缩的药棉可以通过使用合适的连接济、润滑剂、惰性稀释剂、防腐剂、分解剂、表面活性或分散剂制得。模压可以利用适当的机器模压制得。这些药片,和其他如糖衣丸、胶囊、丸剂和颗粒的固体制剂,可选择地被涂层或包裹,如肠道涂料和其他在药用成分技术中已知的涂料。它们也可以由慢速或受控的有效活性成分释放所制得。这些组成可以可选择地含有乳浊剂和如只、或优先地在消化道中某个特定比例下释放有效活性成分的成分,或可选择地,延迟释放。这些有效活性成分同样可以以微囊化形式存在。
[081]通过口服的液体制剂包括药用可接受的乳剂,微乳剂,溶液,悬浮液,糖浆和酏剂。液体之际可以含有适当的在该技术领域被普遍使用的惰性稀释剂。除了惰性稀释剂外,口服成分同样包括佐剂、如润湿剂、乳化和悬浮剂、甜味剂、香料、色素、香化及防腐剂。悬浮液可能包括悬浮剂。
[082]作为局部或经皮肤给予的份量形式包括粉末、喷雾剂、药膏、膏、面霜、乳液、凝胶剂、溶液、胶布、滴剂和吸入剂。有效成分可以在消毒的条件下和药用可接受的载体混合。药膏、膏、面霜和乳液可以含有赋形剂。粉末和喷雾剂可以含有赋形剂和推进剂。
[083]适合肠外给予的药用组合含有和一个或多个药用可接受的可再使用前重新组合成无菌的可被注射溶液或分散液的无菌等渗水溶液或非水溶液、分散剂、悬浮或乳剂、或无菌粉末结合的一个或多个选择性蛋白酶体抑制物,从而含有适当的可以使药物组成和预定受试者血液等渗或悬浮的抗氧化物、缓冲、或增稠剂。正确的流动性可以被维持,例如,通过涂层材料、通过在分散剂的情况中维持所需颗粒的大小和通过使用表面活性剂。这些成分同样包括合适的佐剂、如润湿剂、乳化和分散剂。同样可能需要包括等渗剂。另外,延迟吸收的试剂可能带来可注射的药用形式的长期吸收。
[084]直肠给予的药物成分可以是一种栓剂,由一个或多个有效活性成分和一个或多个合适的无刺激性的在室温下为固体但体温中为液体病在直肠空间会被溶化并释放有效成分的载体混合制得。
[085]在某些情况下,为了延长选择性蛋白酶体抑制物的作用,可以通过皮下或肌肉注射减慢它的吸收。这可以通过使用结晶或低水溶性的非结晶材料的液态悬浮液来完成。
[086]的吸收速率因此取决于它的溶化速率,溶化速率亦因此反过来取决于晶体大小和结晶的形态。从另一方面说,肠外给予的选择性蛋白酶体抑制物的延迟吸收能通过选择性蛋白酶体抑制物在油性溶液中溶解或悬浮所取得。可注射的形式可以通制造在可生物降解的聚合物中的活性成份的微囊矩阵而制得。取决于活性成分和聚合物的比例,和特定的使用的聚合物的特性,活性成分的释放速率可以被控制。可注射的成分同样可以被包埋药物在脂质体或和人体组织相容的微乳液中制得。可注射的材料可以通过如细菌过滤器这样的过滤被消选择性蛋白酶体抑制物毒。
[087]此药方可以以单一剂量或多剂量的形式密封包装,如安瓿和小瓶,并可储存在只需要额外的已消毒的液体溶中的冻干条件的环境中,如在使用前需要用来注射的水。临时的注射溶液可以由已消毒的上述描述的粉末、颗粒和药片制得。
[088]在本发明中,选择性蛋白酶体抑制物和药物成分及含有其的单位剂量的形式可以被用来治疗、预防和/或改善不仅是糖尿病而且是高血糖并发症的症状,如神经、心血管疾病、肾病、视网膜病变及动脉粥样硬化。选择性蛋白酶体抑制物和药物成分及含有其的单位剂量的形式可以被用来治疗、预防和/或改善其它由高胰岛素血性/胰岛素抵抗病征,包括高血压和卵巢血症(PCOS)所产生的症状。选择性蛋白酶体抑制物和药物成分及含有其的单位剂量的形式可以被用来治疗、预防和/或改善其它由蛋白酶体直接或间接调节的例如癌症的病征。
[089]以下例子是提供来进一步说明该发明的组成和方法。这些例子只是用来说明而非在任何方面限制该发明的范围。
例子
[090]以下描述的是阐述本发明的选择性蛋白酶体抑制物的潜在和现有机制的临床前期的研究-姜黄素、epoxomicin和雷公藤红素-可以预防在患有痴肥性糖尿病的雄性老鼠中和糖尿病双关的高血糖和发炎:1)饮食性导致的痴肥(DIO)C57/BL6J;2)C57BL/6J ob/ob;和3)C57BL/Ks db/db老鼠。
[091]基于姜黄素极其安全的特性,我们以高剂量开始,在日常饮食中外加总分量3%姜黄,以此检查是否有效用。这被称为老鼠大概1.0至1.5g/kg/day的日常摄取量。野生的C57BL/6J老鼠的用来引起痴肥的含35%脂肪的饮食和仅ob/ob及db/db老鼠的含有4%低脂肪的饮食被加入姜黄(Research Diets,New Brunswick,NJ)。以上使用的姜黄素是95%的姜黄素提取物。(C3 Complex,Sabinsa Corporation,Newark,NJ)。
[092]雄性C57BL/6J老鼠当接受高脂肪饮食时逐渐发产出痴肥和中度糖尿病,和人类的情况很相似。雄性C57BL/6J ob/ob老鼠的瘦素基因被删除,从而发展出饮食过多、新陈代谢速率下降、严重痴肥和中度糖尿病,最终由胰腺β细胞增生和血胰岛素增多付出代价。雄性C57BL/6J db/db老鼠的瘦素接收器基因被删除,从而产生一种初期和ob/ob老鼠非常相似的表现型。然而,在C57BL/Ks中失去瘦素的效果并不是由胰腺β细胞增生和血胰岛素增多付出代价。在非常年轻的是这些老鼠患有严重的高血糖、饮食过度和polydipsic。当他们成熟后,他们开始体重变轻、发展出肾病并最终在糖尿病并发症后的大概40周后死亡。
蛋白酶体抑制物化学物的给予能显著改善患有和痴肥相关的糖尿病老鼠的血糖状态和胰岛素感应力
[093]在所有3中糖尿病种类的老鼠中,早在分别2-3周时,我们确定3%的饮食性姜黄能随机地引起糖水平的下降(图3,4)和引起HbA1c水平的下降(Figure 5)。
[094]另外,在一次蛋白酶体抑制物epxomicin(0.1mg/kg)或雷公藤红素(3mg/kg)的腹腔注射后大概10小时,再雄性db/db老鼠中的高血糖开始恢复正常(图6,7)。这种现象在注射后至少被注意到维持48小时。接受雷公藤红素和epoxomicin实验的老鼠喂饲和接受治疗相同的食物从而避免不同食物的糖水平的突然变化。饮食姜黄素改善了雄性DIO老鼠的糖忍耐(图8A)而非胰岛素忍耐(图8B)。胰岛素忍耐是通过在胰岛素忍耐测试(ITT)中雄性ob/ob老鼠的(AUC)曲线下方的下降区域体现出(图9)。在单次雷公藤红素腹腔注射后24小时,在雄性db/db的改善的胰岛素忍耐在ITT曲线下方的下降区域被体现出(图10)。
姜黄对身体组成有有益作用
[095]食物中含有3%姜黄素的雄性DIO和ob/ob老鼠明显地每天比控制量的老鼠吃取更过的食物,尽管在它们的含有姜黄素的食物被补充后也是如此(图中没有显示)。除了卡路里摄取的上升外,用姜黄素治疗的DIO和ob/ob老鼠体重都有所减轻但仍然比它们的控制组减轻得少(图11,12)。另一方面,C57BL/Ks db/db老鼠实际上吃得少但比控制组要重,这和它们的糖尿病比较少并且更好地调节卡路里的事实相符(图13)。有趣的是,在雄性ob/ob和db/db中,姜黄素治疗和明显较重的去脂体重(由Bruker NMR分析中决定)有关。DIO和ob/ob老鼠也明显地表明较少的身体脂肪(图11,12)。这有可能源于姜黄素能抑制NF-kB的能力,这也是预防肌肉流失所显示的结果。
蛋白酶体抑制物能显著地降低肝脏炎症
[096]在MJ Opticon2 Cycler的定量实时聚合酶链锁反应(SYBRGreenERTM qPCRReagen System,Invitrogen,Carlsbad CA)揭示出在雄性ob/ob老鼠中经过饮食姜黄素治疗10天后,发言路径中暗示的某几个基因的表达能显著地在肝脏组织中被下调节(图14)。这包含了TNF-α,Socs-3,Ccl2(MCP-1基因)和Ccr2(MCP-1接收器基因)。另外,使用特别的测量p65活性的化验(TransAMTM NFkB p65Kit,ActiveMotif,Carlsbad,CA)时,我们发现在用姜黄治疗的ob/ob老鼠中的肝脏细胞核提取物样本中,NFkB的活性相比那些从没有治疗的控制量的活性明显减少(图15)。顺理成章地,用姜黄喂饲的肝重量和脂肪肝程度都比控制量的DIO和ob/ob老鼠轻(数据没有列出)。
蛋白酶体抑制物能显著地降低脂肪炎症
[097]基于痴肥个体的脂肪组织是慢性发炎并分泌致糖尿病的脂肪素,我们调查蛋白酶体抑制物通过在痴肥性糖尿病的老鼠中降低脂肪发炎从而改善糖尿病的可能性。我们使用定量实时聚合酶链锁反应分析出用姜黄素治疗在某些能调节发炎过程的基因表达中的作用。我们确定姜黄素的治疗能明显地提升脂肪脂联素基因(Acdc)的表达(图16)。(在姜黄素治疗的ob/ob老鼠中的血清脂联素的水平同样明显比较高)(没有图表),证实了表达的数据并和它们在ITT中的发现相符)。
[098]免疫组织化学揭示出姜黄素引起的明显的在ob/ob老鼠脂肪组织中巨噬细胞的数量减少是由特定的巨噬细胞F480抗体的染色所决定的(图17)。这同样和在用姜黄喂饲的ob/ob老鼠的脂肪中的下降的特定巨噬细胞Emr1(F480)的表达的数据一致。另外,三天的每天一服的雷公藤红素注射导致了Ccl-2脂肪表达的明显下降以及在雄性db/db老鼠中脂联素表达的明显上升(图18)。
蛋白酶体抑制物能增加胰腺β细胞增生和胰岛素的释出
[099]如图19和20A-C所示,没有被治疗的ob/ob老鼠发展出胰腺β细胞增生和高胰岛素血症,一种最终令它们收回血糖量正常的现象。然而,没有被治疗的C56BL/Ks db/db老鼠的胰岛退化了(图20D-F)。当C56BL/Ks db/db老鼠被用姜黄治疗时,它们的胰岛实际上却变得具有增生性(图20G-I)并且含有一些正在增殖的β细胞,并由核Ks67免疫反应的存在证明出(见图20G-I箭头所示)。顺理成章地,和没有被治疗的ob/ob老鼠一样,用姜黄治疗的db/db老鼠同样能展示出高胰岛素血症(图19)。当我们对C56BL/Ks db/db老鼠进行雷公藤红素(3mg/kg)或epoxomicin(0.1mg/kg)腹腔注射时,我们发现在注射24小时后,血清胰岛素有明显的上升(图21),正值由这些注射引起的降血糖效应的顶峰。
蛋白酶体抑制物能改变β细胞PTEN、Foxo3a以及INGAP的表达
[0100]当我们选择性地通过胶原酶消化和离心从雄性db/db胰腺中抽取β细胞时,我们发现从用蛋白酶体抑制物治疗的老鼠中抽取的β细胞的PTEN和Foxo3a表达明显降低,但INGAP的表达就上升(胰岛再生相关蛋白)(图22)。但这三者的转录因子的调节的防线和在糖尿病及β细胞增生的作用上相一致(86,87)。
蛋白酶体抑制物能提升β细胞系INS-1的增生
[0101]为跟进蛋白酶体以致物的改善β细胞功能的潜在能力,我们进行了使用老鼠β细胞系Ins-1的实验。我们确定了经过和不同浓度的蛋白酶体抑制物一起的培养后的24小时的可行Ins-1细胞(CellTiter-Blue Cell Viabilllity Assay,Promega,Madison,WI)的数量都上升了,除了在雷公藤红素和epoxomicin的最高浓度时所引起的证实为细胞毒性时(图23)。当Ins-1细胞在无血清的含有不同浓度的蛋白酶体抑制物的RPMI培养基中通宵培养时,胰岛素的分泌明显地被蛋白酶体抑制物上升,除了再次在epoxomicin的最高浓度的细胞毒性时(图24)。
[0102]综上所述,我们的研究发现选择性蛋白酶体抑制物的对三种不同的糖尿病痴肥的老鼠的给予能显著地讲题它们的组织发炎并显著地改善他们的高血糖。基于选择性蛋白酶体的抑制拥有对身体每一个细胞的直接影响能力,选择性蛋白酶体抑制物能通过这个机制改善糖尿病并不奇怪;尽管最深刻的是其在胰腺β细胞上的作用。值得强调的事实是,虽然硼替佐米在市场上以作为抗癌和促凋亡药发售,在此研究中选择性蛋白酶体抑制物事实上能在细达到胞毒性浓度前一直助长β细胞的增生。因此,选择性蛋白酶体抑制物能在低于癌症所需的份量下改善人类中的糖尿病。
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该发明的范围并不限于此处的描述、例子和建议使用,并且修改可在不从本发明的中心出发的情况下被提出。因此,本发明涵盖了本发明的改良和变化,并在附加的权利要求及和它们等价的范围内。
Claims (50)
1.一种治疗或预防糖尿病的方法,此方法包含给予哺乳动物有效剂量的选择性蛋白酶体抑制物从而治疗或预防糖尿病。
2.一种治疗或预防2型糖尿病的方法,此方法包含给予哺乳动物有效剂量的选择性蛋白酶体抑制物从而治疗或预防2型糖尿病。
3.一种调节慢性低程度发炎的方法,此方法包含给予有需要的哺乳动物有效剂量的选择性蛋白酶体抑制物从而调节慢性低程度发炎。
4.权利要求1-3的任意一种方法,其中所述选择性蛋白酶体抑制物是选自半胱天冬酶状的蛋白酶活性抑制物、胰蛋白酶状的蛋白酶活性抑制物、糜蛋白酶状的蛋白酶活性抑制物、所有蛋白酶活性抑制物及它们的组合的群组。
5.权利要求4的方法,其中所述半胱天冬酶状的蛋白酶活性抑制物是选自Ac-丙氨酸-脯氨酸-正亮氨酸-天门冬氨酸-H、YU102,Calpain抑制物I(ALLN)、ALLM(Calpain抑制物)、Z-异白氨酸-麸氨酸(OBut)-丙氨酸-亮氨酸-H(PSI)、MG115(Z-亮氨酸-亮氨酸-Nva-H)、MG-132(Z-亮氨酸-亮氨酸-亮氨酸-H)、MG-262(Z-亮氨酸-亮氨酸-亮氨酸-B(OH)2)、Z-(亮氨酸)3-VINYL磺基、z-脯氨酸-正亮氨酸-天门冬氨酸-H及它们的组合的群组。
6.权利要求4的方法,其中所述胰蛋白酶状的蛋白酶活性抑制物是选自乳胞素、clasto-乳胞素β内酯、NIP-(亮氨酸)3-VINYL磺基、TLCK以及它们的组合的群组。
7.权利要求4的方法,其中所述糜蛋白酶状的蛋白酶活性抑制物是选自阿克拉霉素A(Aclarubicin)、Calpain抑制物I(ALLN)、ALLM(Calpain抑制物)、表儿茶酸盐、epoxomicin、胶霉毒素、乳胞素、乳胞素β内酯、NIP-(亮氨酸)3-VINYL磺基、phepropeptin A、phepropeptin B、phepropeptin C、phepropeptin D、phepropeptin A,B,C,D抑制物组合、TPCK、Z-异白氨酸-麸氨酸(OBut)-丙氨酸-亮氨酸-H(PSI)、Z-(亮氨酸)3-VINYL磺基、MG115(Z-亮氨酸-亮氨酸-Nva-H)、MG-132(Z-亮氨酸-亮氨酸-亮氨酸-H)、MG-262(Z-亮氨酸-亮氨酸-亮氨酸-B(OH)2)、Z-亮氨酸-亮氨酸-COCHO以及它们的组合的群组。
8.权利要求4的方法,其中所述所有蛋白酶活性抑制物是选自ada-(Ahx)3-(亮氨酸)3-VINYL磺基、ada-离氨酸(biotinyl)-(Ahx)3-(亮氨酸)3-VINYL磺基,、ada-酪氨酸-(Ahx)3-(亮氨酸)3-VINYL磺基、bactenecin 5前体肽(Bac5-GRR)、PR11,PR26、PR39以及它们的组合的群组。
9.权利要求1-3的任意一种方法,其中所述选择性蛋白酶体抑制物是选自泛激素+1(Ub+1)、泛激素+5(Ub5+1)以及含有它们的组合的群组。
10.权利要求1-3的任意一种方法,其中所述选择性蛋白酶体抑制物是选自姜黄素,epoxomicin、雷公藤红素以及它们的衍生物和组合的群组。
11.权利要求10的方法,其中所述选择性蛋白酶体抑制物是姜黄素。
12.权利要求10的方法,其中所述选择性蛋白酶体抑制物是epoxomicin。
13.权利要求10的方法,其中所述选择性蛋白酶体抑制物是雷公藤红素。
14.权利要求1的方法,其中所述糖尿病是2型糖尿病。
15.权利要求1-3的任意一种方法,其中所述哺乳动物是人类。
16.权利要求1-3的任意一种方法,其中所述有效剂量是大概1mg/kg/day至大概150mg/kg/day。
17.权利要求16的方法,其中所述有效剂量其中所述有效剂量是大概50mg/kg/day至大概150mg/kg/day。
18.权利要求1-3的任意一种方法,其中所述有效剂量是大概1g/day至大概18g/day。
19.权利要求18的方法,其中所述有效剂量其中所述有效剂量是大概1g/day至大概1.5g/day。
20.权利要求18的方法,其中所述有效剂量其中所述有效剂量是大概3g/day。
21.权利要求18的方法,其中所述有效剂量其中所述有效剂量是大概9g/day。
22.权利要求18的方法,其中所述有效剂量其中所述有效剂量是大概18g/day。
23.权利要求1-3的任意一种方法,其中所述有效剂量是以一份单位剂量形式给予的。
24.权利要求23的方法,其中所述单位剂量是一种含有大概0.1%-wt至0.3%-wt的选择性蛋白酶体抑制物和药用可接受的药物组成。
25.权利要求23的方法,其中所述单位剂量是一种适合口服的每天一服的药物组成。
26.权利要求1-3的任意一种方法进一步包含最少一种适合治疗或预防2型糖尿病的额外化合物或组合的协同给予。
27.权利要求26的方法,其中所述最少一种的额外化合物或组合是選自α葡萄糖苷酶抑制物、双胍类、胰岛素、美格列奈、磺脲类药物、thiazolidiniones、二肽酶(PPD-4)抑制物、胰高血糖素状肽(GLP-1)相似体以及它们的组合的群组中。
28.一份治疗或预防2型糖尿病的单位剂量形式,其中所述单位剂量含有在哺乳动物中能治疗或预防2型糖尿病的选择性蛋白酶体抑制物的有效份量。
29.权利要求28中的单位剂量形式,其中所述选择性蛋白酶体抑制物时含有药用可接受的载体的药物组合的一部分。
30.权利要求29中的单位剂量形式,其中所述剂量能为哺乳动物传送大概1mg/kg/day至大概150mg/kg/day的选择性蛋白酶体抑制物。
31.权利要求30中的单位剂量形式,其中所述剂量能为哺乳动物传送大概50mg/kg/day至大概150mg/kg/day的选择性蛋白酶体抑制物。
32.权利要求29中的单位剂量形式,其中所述剂量能为哺乳动物传送大概1g/day至大概18g/day的选择性蛋白酶体抑制物。
33.权利要求32中的单位剂量形式,其中所述剂量能为哺乳动物传送大概1g/day至大概1.5g/day的选择性蛋白酶体抑制物。
34.权利要求32中的单位剂量形式,其中所述剂量能为哺乳动物传送大概3g/day的选择性蛋白酶体抑制物。
35.权利要求32中的单位剂量形式,其中所述剂量能为哺乳动物传送大概9g/day的选择性蛋白酶体抑制物。
36.权利要求32中的单位剂量形式,其中所述剂量能为哺乳动物传送大概18g/day的选择性蛋白酶体抑制物。
37.权利要求28-36中任意一种的单位剂量形式,其中所述剂量是以通过含有口服、肠胃外、腹膜内、皮下、外敷、真皮内、吸入的、肺内的、肌肉注射和静脉注射的群组给予的。
38.权利要求29中的单位剂量形式,其中所述单位剂量形式是一种适合口服的每天一服的药物组合。
39.权利要求29中的单位剂量形式,其中所述择性蛋白酶体抑制物是选自半胱天冬酶状的蛋白酶活性抑制物、胰蛋白酶状的蛋白酶活性抑制物、糜蛋白酶状的蛋白酶活性抑制物和所有蛋白酶活性抑制物及它們的組合的群组。
40.权利要求39中的单位剂量形式,其中所述半胱天冬酶状的蛋白酶活性抑制物是选自Ac-丙氨酸-脯氨酸-正亮氨酸-天门冬氨酸-H、YU102,Calpain抑制物I(ALLN)、ALLM(Calpain抑制物)、Z-异白氨酸-麸氨酸(OBut)-丙氨酸-亮氨酸-H(PSI)、MG115(Z-亮氨酸-亮氨酸-Nva-H)、MG-132(Z-亮氨酸-亮氨酸-亮氨酸-H)、MG-262(Z-亮氨酸-亮氨酸-亮氨酸-B(OH)2)、Z-(亮氨酸)3-VINYL磺基、z-脯氨酸-正亮氨酸-天门冬氨酸-H及它们的组合的群组。
41.权利要求39中的单位剂量形式,其中所述胰蛋白酶状的蛋白酶活性抑制物是选自乳胞素、clasto-乳胞素β内酯、NIP-(亮氨酸)3-VINYL磺基、TLCK以及它们的组合的群组。
42.权利要求39中的单位剂量形式,其中所述糜蛋白酶状的蛋白酶活性抑制物是选自阿克拉霉素A(Aclarubicin)、Calpain抑制物I(ALLN)、ALLM(Calpai制物)、表儿茶酸盐、epoxomicin、胶霉毒素、乳胞素、乳胞素β内酯、NIP-(亮氨酸)3-VINYL磺基、phepropeptin A、phepropeptin B、phepropeptin C、phepropeptin D、phepropeptin A,B,C,D抑制物组合、TPCK、Z-异白氨酸-麸氨酸(OBut)-丙氨酸-亮氨酸-H(PSI)、Z-(亮氨酸)3-VINYL磺基、MG115(Z-亮氨酸-亮氨酸-Nva-H)、MG-132(Z-亮氨酸-亮氨酸-亮氨酸-H)、MG-262(Z-亮氨酸-亮氨酸-亮氨酸-B(OH)2)、Z-亮氨酸-亮氨酸-COCHO以及它们的组合的群组。
43.权利要求39中的单位剂量形式,其中所述所有蛋白酶活性抑制物是选自ada-(Ahx)3-(亮氨酸)3-VINYL磺基、ada-离氨酸(biotinyl)-(Ahx)3-(亮氨酸)3-VINYL磺基,、ada-酪氨酸-(Ahx)3-(亮氨酸)3-VINYL磺基、bactenecin 5前体肽(Bac5-GRR)、PR11,PR26、PR39以及它们的组合的群组。
44.权利要求29中的单位剂量形式,其中所述选择性蛋白酶体抑制物是选自泛激素+1(Ub+1)、泛激素+5(Ub5+1)以及含有它们的组合的群组。
45.权利要求29中的单位剂量形式,其中所述选择性蛋白酶体抑制物是选自姜黄素,epoxomicin、雷公藤红素以及它们的衍生物和组合的群组。
46.权利要求29中的单位剂量形式,其中所述选择性蛋白酶体抑制物为姜黄素。
47.权利要求29中的单位剂量形式,其中所述选择性蛋白酶体抑制物为epoxomicin。
48.权利要求29中的单位剂量形式,其中所述选择性蛋白酶体抑制物为雷公藤红素。
49.权利要求29中的单位剂量形式进一步包含最少一种适合治疗或预防2型糖尿病的额外化合物或组合。
50.权利要求49中的单位剂量形式,其中所述最少一种的额外化合物或组合是选自α葡萄糖苷酶抑制物、双胍类、胰岛素、美格列奈、磺脲类药物、thiazolidiniones、二肽酶(PPD-4)抑制物、胰高血糖素状肽(GLP-1)相似体以及它们的组合的群组。
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CA2219867A1 (en) * | 1997-10-31 | 1999-04-30 | Jiangping Wu | The use of proteasome inhibitors for treating cancer, inflammation, autoimmune disease, graft rejection and septic shock |
EP0943624A1 (en) * | 1998-03-12 | 1999-09-22 | Universiteit Utrecht | Peptidic inhibitors of down-regulation of growth hormone receptor |
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EP1463719A2 (en) * | 2002-01-08 | 2004-10-06 | Eisai Co., Ltd | Eponemycin and epoxomicin analogs and uses thereof |
US7060733B2 (en) * | 2002-08-15 | 2006-06-13 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Methods for treating pancreatitis with curcumin compounds and inhibitors of reactive oxygen species |
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WO2004073624A2 (en) * | 2003-02-14 | 2004-09-02 | The Curators Of The University Of Missouri | Contraceptive methods and compositions related to proteasomal interference |
CA2560826C (en) * | 2004-03-23 | 2014-05-13 | Lifeline Nutraceuticals Corporation | Antioxidant-promoting herbal extract compositions for alleviating oxidative stress in a mammal |
WO2006031471A2 (en) * | 2004-09-01 | 2006-03-23 | University Of Pittsburgh Of The Commonwealth System Of Higher Education | Liposomal vectors |
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- 2007-11-13 US US12/514,682 patent/US20100240581A1/en not_active Abandoned
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US20100240581A1 (en) | 2010-09-23 |
EP2152252A4 (en) | 2010-06-02 |
EP2152252A2 (en) | 2010-02-17 |
WO2008063513A3 (en) | 2008-08-28 |
WO2008063513A2 (en) | 2008-05-29 |
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