CN101595205A - Compressed fuel made from renewable organic residues and/or raw materials and method for the production thereof - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a compressed fuel made of organic residues and/or raw materials, containing at least one additive for increasing the calorific value and reducing the formation of slag, consisting of a fuel mixture of: a) 72-83 wt.% combustible organic residues and/or raw materials having a moisture content of 8-20%, b) 13-25 wt.% natural organic oils and/or fats for increasing the calorific value, and c) 2-3 wt.% sodium perborate for increasing the ash melting point and as an oxygen donor. All types of cereal stalks, sugar cane, bamboo, cotton, jute, sisal, hemp, ramie, straw, rice hulls, reed grass, elephant grass, flax, coconut shells, kenaf or reed grass, which are comminuted and naturally aged or artificially aged by UV irradiation or by addition of 0.1 to 0.3 wt.% of UV additives or UV absorbers which promote aging, are used as organic residues and/or raw materials, wherein for improving the permeability 1 to 5 wt.% of surfactants, based on the oil fraction/fat fraction, are metered into the oil fraction and/or fat fraction. In addition, the fuel mixture may also contain 0.4 to 0.6 weight percent hexamethylenetetramine to facilitate accelerated ignition and accelerated burn-up and to reduce carbon black and lignin content of 1.0 to 1.5 for curing. The fuel forms little slag and has good burn-through properties and a heating value of 6.8kWh/kg, wherein the exhaust gas is free of fine dust and contains little detectable harmful substances.

Description

Compressed fuel made from renewable organic residues and/or raw materials and method for its preparation

The invention relates to a compressed fuel made from organic residues and/or raw materials, containing at least one additive for increasing the calorific value and reducing slag formation, and to a process for the production of the fuel.

Fuels made from compressed renewable organic raw materials are of increasing importance in industry as well as in the private sector for the generation of energy, especially heat, for example as by-products of cereal cultivation or of rapeseed and other seed plants stalks, as well as wood waste, rapeseed cake as a by-product in the production of oil such as canola, and other organic raw materials and residues.

A compressed fuel is known from DE 10334645 A1, which is produced from a mixture of wood in crushed form and other organic by-products and residues, wherein the wood in the crushed form is partly 20-80% and the remainder is made of binder-free Composition of organic components of other renewable raw materials. The fuel is produced by a method in which the mixture is adjusted to a feed humidity and a pressing humidity of 5% to 40% in the mixing ratio of wood in pulverized form and organic components before pressing and pressed. But the feed humidity and press humidity adjusted in this way can lead to large fluctuations in the humidity in the fuel mixture, although the fluctuations may not be significant for the binder-free pressing of the mixture itself, but especially for the fuel body. Density and fire-through characteristics are unfavorable, and thus also unfavorable for the calorific value, which is believed to be 4.8-5 kWh/kg, and will smoke when burned.

A fuel molded body is known from DE 10 2004 042 659 A1, by mixing agricultural waste, a first additive for increasing the calorific value and a second additive for reducing slag formation into a substance mixture, and then making the The mixture of substances is produced by shaping into molded bodies. Wherein primary waste from grain harvesting is used as agricultural waste and residues from the grain processing are used as the first additive and lime is used as the second additive to reduce slag formation.

The fuel body composition is mainly composed of stalks and residual products of grain processing, so that similar to the combustion of pure stalks, the combustion process is carried out in 4 stages, namely, the first stage is moisture volatilization, and the second stage is gasification , in which a combustible gas containing a certain amount of carbon, hydrogen, methane and other hydrocarbons is formed, the third stage is gas combustion, and the fourth stage is coke residue combustion. Sufficient oxygen input is always ensured during this combustion to ensure complete combustion and to prevent the formation of larger quantities of carbon monoxide instead of carbon dioxide which are released into the atmosphere with the flue gases. As is known, this sufficient oxygen input is achieved by so-called excess air over the theoretically required combustion air. This excess air therefore increases the amount of flue gas discharged into the atmosphere, which in this combustion process also contains small amounts of ash particles, fine dust and alkali metal salts, which contribute to the environment. extra burden. This required excess air also means that the fuel can only be used in combustion plants which otherwise ensure an excess air.

However, the calorific value could not be significantly improved with this fuel mass compared to comparable fuels, ie it is believed to be similar to that of wood, approximately 5.0 kWh/kg.

Furthermore, the ash of fuels consisting of agricultural raw materials can also cause problems due to mineral fractions such as silicates, which are known to have a low melting point. As indicated, at temperatures ≤ 600° C. the ash is already viscous, which leads to slag formation and sticking of the grate, which is particularly detrimental for smaller boilers. Although the formation of slag can be reduced by the aforementioned additive, namely lime, it cannot be prevented in the long term.

The object of the present invention is to improve the aforementioned fuels produced from renewable organic residues and/or raw materials in such a way that they can be used in various combustion plants, have improved burn-through characteristics and High calorific value, practically no carbon black and no emission during combustion with ash softening point, long-term prevention of slag formation and thus long-term prevention of sticking of the grate, the invention also provides a preparation method, which in continuous Running is energy efficient and ensures the same fuel quality is maintained.

The object of the present invention is achieved by a compressed fuel made from renewable organic residues and/or raw materials, the fuel mixture consisting of:

- 72-83% by weight combustible organic residues and/or raw materials with a humidity of 8-20%

- 15-25% by weight of natural organic oils and/or fats for increasing caloric value, and

- 2-3% by weight of sodium perborate for raising the ash melting point and as oxygen donor.

Surprisingly, it has been found that from this fuel composition it is possible to prepare compressed fuels from organic matter, which have a calorific value of approximately 6.8 kWh/kg at significantly improved burn-through characteristics (Durchbrandverhalt), which is significantly higher than those obtained from compressed stems ; wood; the calorific value of fuels made of wood/stem, and can even approximate the calorific value range of liquid gas (flüssigkeitsgas).

The use of natural oil and/or fat fractions known to have good adhesion properties eliminates the addition of native or modified starches and inhibits ash formation during combustion so that the emitted flue gas is free of fine dust.

By the generally known sodium perborate fraction which continuously liberates its oxygen content (approx. 9.9%) upon heating, the combustion process can be carried out constantly without additional excess air and with sufficient oxygen fraction until complete combustion of the fuel body. This fuel is therefore suitable for all furnaces where additional excess air cannot be ensured. Rather, due to the continuous and sufficient oxygen released during heating of the sodium perborate, dark fires, the flue gases of which can be laden with elevated carbon monoxide, are partially completely avoided.

In addition, sodium perborate converts to oxoborate when heated and is anhydrous so that the ash softening point can be increased to about 815-1098°C. Below this ash softening point, the ash is no longer sticky, so that slag formation and its sticking to the grate can be ruled out.

Advantageously, the mixture contains 0.4-0.6% by total mass of hexamethylenetetramine. Hexamethylenetetramine is beneficial to the ignition of the fuel, and is obviously beneficial to the accelerated burnup of the fuel and the reduction of carbon black.

It is also advantageous if the mixture contains 1.0-1.5% lignin, based on the total mass. Lignin facilitates the solidification of the compressed fuel and leaves little or only slightly harmful substances in the flue gas or ash after combustion.

In order to further increase the ash softening point, up to 3% of other powdered additives or water-soluble additives with a pH value ≥ 7 can be added to the mixture based on the total mass of the fuel mixture to increase the ash softening point.

These additives are preferably borax or sodium metasilicate or trisodium octaborate or zinc borate or trisodium phosphate or ammonium sulfate or similar chemicals suitable for raising the softening point of the ash.

The organic residues and/or raw materials used are preferably all types of cereal stalks, sugar cane, bamboo, cotton, jute, sisal, hemp, ramie, straw, rice hulls, Chinese reeds, elephant grass, flax, coconut shells, Hemp or reed grass. Using such residues and raw materials in combination with the described composition of compressed fuels it is possible to achieve almost the same calorific value, but it is also possible to produce compacted and compressed fuels with good meterability.

The organic residue and/or raw material part of the mixture may also consist of 50-58% by weight of organic residue and/or raw material and 22-25% by weight of rapeseed cake. This mixture partly facilitates the economical production of the fuel, while the calorific value can advantageously be further increased by the cost of an energy-rich residual oil remaining in the rapeseed cake, the residual oil content of which varies depending on the method used for the production of rapeseed oil May be different levels. Furthermore, this is at the same time an economical and environmentally friendly disposal option for rapeseed cakes if they cannot be used as animal feed due to their high protein content.

组成。However, the natural organic oil and/or fat portion of the mixture in the fuel may also consist of 13-21% by weight of natural organic oil and/or fat and 2-4% by weight of fusel oil

composition.

In this case it is advantageous that the fusel oil is ethanol or a homologue of a higher alcohol such as pentanol. Since, as is known, fusel oils reduce the viscosity of oils and fats, penetration of organic feedstocks can be facilitated with mixtures consisting of oils and/or fats/fusel oils. The price of the fuel will therefore be favorable to the consumer due to the cost-effective fusel oil without detriment to the combustion process or the calorific value of the fuel or to additionally load the flue gas with harmful substances.

Fuels, especially fuels used in open hearths such as in fireplaces, the mixture for pressing the fuels may generally contain 1.5-3% by weight, based on the amount of oil, of an odor modifying agent.

或柑桔油或森林芳香油这类气味改良剂可混入油中，并表明按油量计为1.5-3重量％的含量对燃料燃烧和排放的废气无不利影响。The odor modifier is preferably an ether-containing oil soluble in oil, such as pine needle oil, clove oil

or citrus oil or forest aroma oil Such odor modifiers can be incorporated into oils and have been shown to have no adverse effect on fuel combustion and emitted exhaust gases at levels of 1.5 to 3% by weight, based on the amount of oil.

It is also advantageous if the mixture contains 1.5 to 3% by weight of air-entraining agents, based on the total mixture.

The air-entraining agent is preferably powdered sodium lauryl sulfate or sodium lauryl sulfate or sodium lauryl sulfate or sodium lauryl sulfate with a pH value ≧7 dissolved in water.

Air-entraining agents with a pH value ≥7 are non-toxic and biodegradable and on the one hand additionally increase the combustion-friendly oxygen content of the fuel and on the other hand contain blocked surfactants which improve the organic residue and / or penetration of raw materials.

The organic residues and/or raw materials used are preferably new or old raw materials, such as gray stalks, which have been stored for use due to natural aging.

In the case of such raw materials, chemically and partially corrosive substances such as silicates, chlorine, potassium, etc. Partially decomposes by weathering.

The organic residues and/or raw materials used to decompose the chemically and partly aggressive substances can also be artificially aged residues and/or raw materials.

For artificial aging, 0.1-0.3% by weight of a UV absorber preferably with a pH value ≥ 7 or an aging-promoting UV with a preferred pH value ≥ 7 is added to the organic residue and/or raw material Additives or pretreatment of the organic residue and/or raw material with UV-radiation. The duration of the aging process can thus be limited to a very short time, storage areas for prolonged aging by weathering can be saved, and the fuel production process can be operated economically.

To achieve an improved permeability of the organic residues and/or raw materials, it is advantageous if the mixture of the organic residues and/or raw materials with the metered oil fraction and/or fat fraction or the already mixed fuel mixture is subjected to a vacuum impregnation treatment of. In this way, the gas (air) present is extracted from the pores of the organic residue and/or raw material, thereby significantly increasing the receptivity of the residue and/or raw material to oil and/or fat. Therefore, the compression process and the combustion process are beneficial, and the compressed fuel has a higher density and stability.

To improve the permeability, it is particularly advantageous if the fuel mixture contains 1 to 5% by weight, based on the oil fraction and/or fat fraction, of surfactant additives with a pH value ≧7.

It is advantageous to incorporate a surfactant selected from the group consisting of amphoteric (ampholytisch) or amphoteric (amphoter) surfactants, preferably using as a basis ampholytisch or amphoteric (amphoter) fatty acids from coconut oil or palm oil or jatropha oil. or amphoteric surfactants.

Surprisingly, it has been shown that the surface tension of the residue and/or raw material can be greatly reduced with surfactants, making the organic residue highly permeable, so that the addition of surfactants eliminates the need for a raw material-oil- Additional vacuum impregnation of mixtures or fuel mixtures. The fuel production process can thus be realized significantly more economically.

In addition, surfactants with a pH value ≥ 7 are in the alkaline range, so they are not hazardous materials, especially amphoteric or amphoteric surfactants based on coconut oil, palm oil, or jatropha oil, which can be easily and quickly passed through biological processes. Decomposition is beneficial to the combustion of the fuel and has no adverse effect on exhaust gas.

Combustion experiments have also shown that calorific values of about 6.8 kWh/kg and more can be achieved with fuel mixtures containing surfactants, which also exhibit excellent dust-free burn-through properties and smokeless combustion. Rather, experiments have even shown that almost no measurable harmful substances can be detected in the exhaust gases when the fuel is burned.

用该压力会达到该物质的高可计量性以及高密度和稳定性。It is also advantageous if the fuel mixture is pressed into molded bodies, preferably at a pressure of 200-250 bar

With this pressure a high quantifiability as well as a high density and stability of the substance is achieved.

Furthermore, it is also advantageous if all additives used are in the alkaline range (pH ≧7) and non-toxic and biodegradable. This ensures that the fuel is free of corrosive components that would cause corrosion when burned, and that the ashes of the fuel can be disposed of in an environmentally friendly manner without difficulty.

Adopt a kind of method among the present invention to prepare compressed fuel from organic residue and/or raw material, according to this method

- Purification of organic residues and/or raw materials at a humidity of 8-20%, individually or in mixtures, to remove impurities, ash and waste, and comminution,

- the pulverized residue and/or raw material is deashed through an exhaust gas filter and metered into the mixing device and the metering device in a predetermined percentage relative to the other fraction of the substances to be mixed,

- Metering of the oil fraction and/or the fat fraction at a temperature ≥ 60°C to the residue and/or raw material fraction metered into the mixing device and the metering device and in aqueous solution alone or mixed with the oil fraction and/or the fat fraction Air-entraining agents and/or fusel oils and/or the liquid portion of substances raising the melting point of ash,

- powders and/or granules of sodium perborate and/or hexamethylenetetramine and/or lignin and/or substances that increase the ash melting point and/or air-entraining agents are subsequently metered in pulverulent form as individual or premixtures shaped part, and

- the fuel components are then mixed into a homogeneous fuel mixture in a mixing device and a metering device, and this homogeneous fuel mixture is metered into a pelletizing press where it is preferably compressed with a pressure of 200-250 bar to form fuel body.

With this method, fuel can be produced in a continuous process from a fuel mixture which has a constant composition of the fuel substance and a controlled constant humidity and which is free of non-combustible components.

By means of the metered-in oil fraction and/or fatty fraction having a temperature ≧60° C., the oil fraction and/or fatty fraction has a viscosity which ensures good adhesion of the organic residue and/or raw material. More precisely, by pressing the fuel mixture at a pressure of preferably 200-250 bar, a fuel of very high density and stability is pressed, which is particularly advantageous in that the burn-through characteristics of the fuel body remain the same up to complete combustion.

The liquid and water-soluble substances can optionally be metered in separately or premixed with one another and the pulverulent or granular substances can optionally also be metered in separately or premixed with one another into the residue and/or raw material part . It is only important that first the liquid or water-soluble substance is metered in and then the pulverulent or granular substance is metered in.

According to an advantageous variant of the method, the pulverized and dedusted residue and/or raw material is intermediately stored in a metering silo and metered into the mixing device and the metering device. As a result, the method can be operated without interruption for a long period of time if there are no faults to be corrected during the processing of the residue and/or raw material or during the conveying of pulverized fuel via the air to the exhaust gas filter or during the conveying of the raw material.

It is also advantageous if the method is carried out using naturally aged organic residues and/or raw materials such as gray straw. As already mentioned, such residues and/or raw materials also contain only a small amount of chemical and partially corrosive substances such as silicates, chlorine, potassium, etc., so that the corrosive effect on combustion plants caused by these chemical substances and Adverse effects on the combustion process and flue gas formation.

According to a particularly advantageous embodiment of the invention, the comminuted organic residues and/or raw materials are subjected to UV-irradiation after dedusting, followed by aging in a silo for a period of time, or after dedusting the comminuted Organic residues and/or raw materials are added with 0.1-0.3% by weight of aging-promoting UV additives or UV absorbers based on the residues and/or raw materials, and then stay in the silo for aging for a period of time. As a result, the residues and/or raw materials can be artificially aged in the shortest possible time, so that prolonged aging by weathering can be avoided, and thus no additional storage space is required for the weathering of organic residues and/or raw materials. It is thus also ensured that a homogeneous aged raw material for the production of the fuel mixture is always available without additional control of the aging state. Variations in the quality of the fuel can thus be ruled out.

The artificial aging time preferably utilizes a metering silo for residues and/or raw materials present in the process sequence, the storage capacity of which is designed to allow the process to continue while maintaining the aging time.

According to a further particularly advantageous embodiment of the invention, the oil fraction and/or the fat fraction admixed with 1 to 5% by weight of surfactant, based on the oil fraction and/or the fat fraction, is fed to the mixing device and the metering device.

In this way the surface tension of the organic residue and/or raw material is reduced and the permeability of the residue and/or raw material is greatly improved and the metered oil fraction and/or fat fraction already penetrates into the residue fraction and/or raw material section. Examination of the compressed fuel body showed that the oil fraction and/or the fat fraction were fully and homogeneously incorporated in the fuel mixture after compression of the fuel mixture. A homogeneous burn-through of the compressed fuel is ensured by the homogeneous distribution of the substance in the fuel mixture.

However, a similar effect is also achieved if, instead of the surfactant, the metered oil and/or fat fraction is vacuum impregnated with the comminuted residue and/or the raw material or the homogeneously mixed fuel mixture is vacuum impregnated before granulation.

It is also advantageous if, during the implementation of the method, the comminuted residue and/or raw material is air-conveyed with hot air to the exhaust air filter for equalizing the humidity. This ensures that the comminuted organic residues and/or raw materials metered into the mixing device and metering device always have an almost constant humidity.

According to another advantageous embodiment of the invention, in order to maintain the percentage composition of the fuel mixture, the quantity units of the oil and/or fat, the liquid and the pulverulent or granular substances metered into the mixing device and the metering device are in increments The metered mass of residue and/or raw material into the mixing device and metering device is adjusted in volume or weight. This ensures that, in the event of fluctuations in the dosing quality of the residue and/or feedstock, a predetermined percentage of substances for the fuel mixture is always ensured.

Possible compositions of fuel mixtures for the preparation of compressed fuels according to the process of the invention will be given by way of example below.

The fuel mixture (1) consists of the following recipes:

75% moisture for about 12% straw pretreated with UV-radiation for artificial aging,

20.5% palm oil,

3% sodium perborate,

1.5% of a surfactant selected from the group consisting of amphoteric or amphoteric surfactants having a pH value > 7.

For the preparation of this fuel mixture, UV-irradiated comminuted straw was used, whereby it was artificially aged. After aging, the palm oil fraction containing the surfactant mixed in and the sodium perborate fraction heated to ≧60° C. is metered in.

The fuel mixture (2) consists of the following recipes:

77.8% bagasse from homogeneously extracted sugar cane,

17.4% soybean oil,

2% sodium perborate,

0.5% of hexamethylenetetramine as ignition aid,

2.1% of surfactants selected from the group consisting of amphoteric or amphoteric surfactants with a pH value ≥ 7, and

0.2% of aging-promoting UV additives with pH ≥ 7 or UV absorbers with pH ≥ 7.

For the preparation of this fuel mixture, comminuted bagasse is used, to which is added UV additives or UV absorber fractions that promote aging, whereby it is artificially aged. To the bagasse after aging, the soybean oil fraction containing the surfactant component mixed in and the sodium perborate fraction heated to ≧60° C. is metered.

The fuel mixture (3) consists of the following recipes:

49.75% hemp fiber,

25% oil-pressed rapeseed fritters,

20.9% sunflower oil,

2% sodium perborate,

1.2% powdered lignin,

1.0% of a surfactant selected from the group consisting of amphoteric or amphoteric surfactants having a pH value ≥ 7, and

0.15% of aging-promoting UV additives with pH ≥ 7 or UV absorbers with pH ≥ 7.

For the preparation of this fuel mixture, comminuted hemp fibers are used, to which are added UV additives or UV absorber fractions that promote aging, whereby they are artificially aged. After aging, the sunflower oil fraction containing the incorporated surfactant fraction and the sodium perborate fraction heated to ≧60° C., and subsequently the pulverulent lignin fraction, are metered into the hemp fibers.

The fuel mixture (4) consists of the following recipes:

75.75% Straw,

12.9% lettuce and/or tall oil,

2% sodium perborate,

4% fusel oil,

1.8% zinc borate,

3. 3% of surfactants selected from the group consisting of amphoteric or amphoteric surfactants with a pH value ≥ 7, and

0.25% of aging-promoting UV additives with pH ≥ 7 or UV absorbers with pH ≥ 7.

For the preparation of this fuel mixture, comminuted rice straw is used, to which UV additives or UV absorber fractions are added to promote aging, whereby it is artificially aged. After aging, a portion of lettuce oil containing admixed surfactant portion and fusel oil portion and a portion of sodium perborate and a portion of zinc borate heated to ≧60° C. is metered in.

The fuel mixture (5) consists of the following recipes:

71.6% Chinese Phragmites,

20.9% olive oil,

3% sodium perborate with trisodium octaborate (polyboron),

4.2% of surfactants selected from the group consisting of amphoteric or amphoteric surfactants with a pH value ≥ 7, and

0.3% of aging-promoting UV additives with pH ≥ 7 or UV absorbers with pH ≥ 7.

For the preparation of this fuel mixture, pulverized Chinese reed was used, to which was added UV additives or UV absorber fractions to promote aging, whereby it was artificially aged. After aging, the portion of olive oil heated to ≧60° C. containing the portion of surfactant mixed in and the portion of sodium perborate is metered in.

The fuel mixture (6) consists of the following recipes:

80.4% gray rye straw,

11% flaxseed oil,

2.5% sodium perborate with 2% added by total mass of a mixture consisting of about 0.6% borax, about 0.6% trisodium phosphate and 0.8% ammonium sulfate,

2.8% of surfactants selected from the group consisting of amphoteric or amphoteric surfactants having a pH value ≥ 7,

1.2% odor modifier, and

2.1% air-entraining agent.

For the preparation of this fuel mixture, naturally aged crushed gray rye stalks are used, to which the linseed oil fraction with the incorporated surfactant fraction and perboric acid with the borax mixture, heated to ≥ 60° C., are metered Sodium portion, Trisodium Phosphate and Odor Modifier portion.

Of course, the addition of odor modifiers and/or air-entraining agents may be included in fuel mixtures designed according to the teachings of the present invention, and are not limited to the use of naturally aged residues and/or raw materials.

It should be noted that, in the case of adding 1.5-3% percentage of odor modifying agent, each oil fraction and/or fat fraction in the fuel mixture subtracts the amount of odor modifying agent added on the percentage, and on the contrary, in In the case of adding an air-entraining agent in a percentage of 1.5-3%, it is preferred to subtract the amount of the added air-entraining agent from the percentage of each organic residue and/or raw material.

Each of the described fuel mixtures 2-6, as well as additionally selected fuel mixtures, can also be prepared using a technical process in which the organic residues and/or raw materials are aged by UV-irradiation, as in fuel mixture 1 stated.

In these cases, the age-promoting UV additive or UV absorber can be dispensed with and the percentage of organic residue and/or raw material is added to the percentage of the age-promoting UV additive or UV absorber.

Of course, instead of pre-treating the straw with UV-irradiation, in the example of fuel 1 an aging-promoting UV additive with a pH ≥ 7 or a UV absorber with a pH ≥ 7 could also be used, in which case the straw is partially reduced. Go to the percentage of UV additives or UV absorbers.

The use of aging-promoting UV additives or UV absorbers is related to the geographical location of the fuel production plant or the raw materials used and is a case-by-case basis at the start of the fuel production.

Residues and/or raw materials aged naturally by weathering can also be used instead of the artificial aging described in the examples with UV-irradiation or with aging-promoting UV additives or UV absorbers. In this case, the residue and/or raw material fraction increases the fraction of UV additives or UV absorbers.

The foregoing composition of the fuel mixture is an exemplary composition and thus varies within the range of percentages depending on the organic residue and/or feedstock properties. The percentage composition of the fuel mixture and the choice of additives or combinations thereof (except for odor modifiers) are related to the type and properties of the organic residue and/or raw material and possibly also the properties of the organic residue that has been treated, the residue Organic residues that are waste from other processes should be included.

Claims (34)

1. A compressed fuel made from organic residues and/or raw materials containing at least one additive for increasing the calorific value and reducing slag formation, characterized in that the fuel mixture consists of: - 72-83% by weight combustible organic residues and/or raw materials with a humidity of 8-20%, - 15-25% by weight of natural organic oils and/or fats for increasing caloric value, and - 2-3% by weight of sodium perborate for raising the ash melting point and as oxygen donor. 2. Compressed fuel according to claim 1, characterized in that the fuel mixture contains 0.4 to 0.6 hexamethylenetetramine by total mass. 3. Compressed fuel according to one of claims 1-2, characterized in that the fuel mixture contains 1.0-1.5% lignin by total mass. 4. Compressed fuel according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the fuel mixture contains up to 3% by total mass of other pulverulent additives or additives dissolved in water with a pH value ≥ 7 to increase ash softening point. 5. Compressed fuel according to claim 4, characterized in that the additive is borax or sodium metasilicate or trisodium octaborate or zinc borate or trisodium phosphate or ammonium sulfate. 6. Compressed fuel according to any one of claims 1-5, characterized in that said organic residues and/or raw materials are all types of cereal stalks, sugar cane, bamboo, cotton, jute, sisal, hemp, ramie, straw , rice husk, Chinese reed, elephant grass, flax, coconut shell, kenaf or reed grass. 7. Compressed fuel according to any one of claims 1-6, characterized in that the organic residue and/or raw material part of the fuel mixture contains 50-58% by weight of organic residue and/or raw material and 22-25% by weight of rapeseed Seed Cake. 8. Compressed fuel according to any one of claims 1-7, characterized in that the natural organic oil and/or fat portion of the fuel mixture contains 3-21% by weight of natural organic oil and/or fat and 2-4% by weight of impurities alcohol oil. 9. Compressed fuel according to claim 9, characterized in that the fusel oil is ethanol or a homologue of a higher alcohol such as pentanol. 10. Compressed fuel as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the fuel mixture contains 1.5 to 3% by weight, based on the oil fraction, of odor modifiers. 11. The compressed fuel of claim 10, wherein the odor modifying agent is an oil-soluble ether-containing oil. 12. Compressed fuel according to claim 11, characterized in that the ether-containing oil is pine needle oil or clove oil or citrus oil or forest aromatic oil. 13. Compressed fuel according to any one of claims 1-12, characterized in that the fuel mixture contains 1.5-3% by weight of air-entraining agent, based on the total mass of the fuel mixture. 14. The compressed fuel according to claim 13, characterized in that the air-entraining agent is powdered sodium lauryl sulfate or sodium lauryl sulfate or sodium lauryl sulfate or sodium lauryl sulfate dissolved in water with a pH value ≥ 7 sodium sulfate. 15. Compressed fuel according to one of claims 1 to 14, characterized in that the organic residue and/or raw material is naturally aged and application-specific stored new or old raw material, such as gray stalks. 16. Compressed fuel according to one of claims 1 to 14, characterized in that the organic residues and/or raw materials are artificially aged for the application. 17. The compressed fuel according to claim 16, characterized in that, for artificial aging, 0.1-0.3% by weight of UV absorbers or aging-promoting UV additives are added to the organic residue and/or raw material by weight . 18. Compressed fuel according to claim 16, characterized in that, for artificial aging, the organic residues and/or raw materials used are pretreated with UV-radiation. 19. Compressed fuel according to one of claims 1 to 18, characterized in that the pulverized and dedusted residue and/or raw material fraction is vacuum impregnated with the metered oil fraction and/or fat fraction or the fuel mixture which has been blended in Vacuum impregnation before granulation. 20. Compressed fuel as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the fuel mixture contains 1 to 5% by weight, based on the oil fraction, of surfactant additives with a pH value ≧7. 21. The compressed fuel of claim 20, wherein the incorporated surfactant is selected from the group consisting of amphoteric or amphoteric surfactants. 22. Compressed fuel according to claim 21, characterized in that, as amphoteric or amphoteric surfactant, a fatty acid base is preferably selected from the group consisting of coconut oil or palm oil or jatropha oil. 23. Compressed fuel according to any one of claims 1-22, characterized in that the temperature of the added oil fraction and/or fat fraction is ≧60°C. 24. Compressed fuel as claimed in one of claims 1 to 23, characterized in that the fuel is compressed into a fuel body, preferably at a pressure of 200-250 bar. 25. Compressed fuel according to any one of claims 1-20, characterized in that all additives are in the alkaline range (pH ≧7), non-toxic and biodegradable. 26. A process for the production of compressed fuel according to one of claims 1-23 from organic residues and/or raw materials, characterized in that - Purification of organic residues and raw materials with a humidity of 8-20%, individually or in mixtures, to remove impurities, dust and waste, and comminution, - the pulverized residue and raw materials are deashed through an exhaust gas filter and metered into the mixing device and the metering device in a predetermined percentage relative to the other fraction of the substances to be mixed, - Metering of oil fractions and/or fat fractions at a temperature ≥ 60°C into residue and raw material fractions metered into mixing devices and metering devices, as well as addition in the form of aqueous solutions alone or mixed with oil fractions and/or fat fractions Aerosols and/or fusel oils and/or the liquid portion of substances that raise the melting point of ash, - subsequent metering of sodium perborate and/or hexamethylenetetramine and/or lignin and/or ash melting point-increasing substances and/or air-entraining agents in pulverulent form and/or as a premix the granular fraction, and - the fuel components are then mixed into a homogeneous fuel mixture in a mixing device and a metering device, and the homogeneous fuel mixture is metered into a pelletizing press where it is preferably compressed with a pressure of 200-250 bar to fuel body. 27. The method according to claim 26, characterized in that the pulverized and dedusted residue and/or raw material is intermediately stored in a metering silo and metered into the mixing device and the metering device. 28. The method as claimed in one of claims 26-27, characterized in that naturally aged organic residues and/or raw materials are used for the production of fuel. 29. The method according to one of claims 26-27, characterized in that the comminuted organic residues and/or raw materials are irradiated with UV-irradiation after dedusting, followed by aging in a silo, or alternatively Specifically, 0.1-0.3% by weight of aging-promoting UV additives or UV absorbers are added to the pulverized organic residue and/or raw material after dedusting, and then stay in the silo Aging for a while. 30. Method according to any one of claims 26-29, characterized in that a metering silo is used for the artificial aging time, the storage capacity of which is designed to allow the process to continue while maintaining the aging time. 31. The method according to any one of claims 26-28, characterized in that the oil fraction and/or the fat fraction mixed with 1-5 wt. and metering equipment. 32. The method as claimed in one of claims 26 to 28, characterized in that the comminuted residue and/or raw material is vacuum impregnated with the metered oil fraction and/or fat fraction or the homogeneously mixed fuel mixture is pre-granulated Vacuum impregnated. 33. The method as claimed in one of claims 26-32, characterized in that the pulverized residue and/or raw material is air-conveyed to the exhaust air filter by means of hot air to equalize the humidity. 34. The method according to any one of claims 26-33, characterized in that, in order to maintain the percentage composition of the fuel mixture, the metering quantity units of liquid and pulverulent or granular substances metered into the mixing device and metering device are according to The mass of residue and/or raw material metered into the mixing device and the metering device is adjusted by volume or weight.