CN101514547B - Technology for protecting slope of dam - Google Patents
Technology for protecting slope of dam Download PDFInfo
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- CN101514547B CN101514547B CN2009100644421A CN200910064442A CN101514547B CN 101514547 B CN101514547 B CN 101514547B CN 2009100644421 A CN2009100644421 A CN 2009100644421A CN 200910064442 A CN200910064442 A CN 200910064442A CN 101514547 B CN101514547 B CN 101514547B
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the field of a water conservancy project, in particular to technology of protecting slope of a dam. A protective facing adopts horizontal interlocking type concrete segments, wherein a segment is provided with holes with opening percentage of between 17 and 23 percent. By adopting horizontal interlocking, the dam has high stability, and high capability of wind wave downcutting and longitudinal dike cutting, so the technology is a perfect measurement of slope protection construction for protecting safety and stability of dam body or bank slope of rivers and lakes. Through determining reasonable opening rate, volume weight and thickness of the segments and design for cushion materials, stable safety of the dam under cutting of big waves can be better realized, and project investment can be saved.
Description
(1) technical field
The invention belongs to the hydraulic engineering field, particularly a kind of protecting slope of dam.
(2) background technology
The safety of protecting slope of dam such as reservoir dam bank protection or river, lake bank protection work directly relates to the flood control safety of engineering, is the major issue of national economy, is always paid much attention to.In the hydraulic engineering, particularly earth and rockfill dam reservoir upstream side slope revetment should be established special bank protection when requiring the surface, dam for materials such as soil, sand, sand gravels according to design specifications.At present, bank protection pattern commonly used both at home and abroad has jackstone, dry stone wall, stone masonry, concrete slab, bituminous concrete plate etc.No matter adopt which kind of form, the technical technical security requirement that must satisfy the bump of wave scour, longitudinal dike current scour, floating thing and ice sheet and the extruding of freezing, freeze thawing resistance.Past, there was following shortcoming in dry stone wall, stone masonry bank protection commonly used: (1) piece stone material is restricted (especially in the plains region), and investment is big; (2) construction quality is not easy control; (3) presentation quality is poor.American-European developed country adopts the slop protection material of concrete block as dykes and dams and shore protection more and more from the eighties in 20th century.Compare with traditional stone paving, concrete block have the profile rule attractive in appearance, little to environmental disruption, be easy to advantages such as mechanized construction, construction quality be easy to control.Simultaneously, concrete block also is better than concrete slab to the compliance of levee body distortion.Therefore, in building stones source scarcity or under because of the situation that the environmental protection reason can not be exploited, ground has obvious distortion, adopting concrete block is a kind of selection preferably as the bank slope ground surface protection structure.But concrete revetment the crack occurs after having the dam body sedimentation easily, must repair in case the crack produces, otherwise the dam body fine grained is taken away, dam slope unstability and then the problem that jeopardizes dam safety.Therefore develop a kind of assurance side slope both stability and safety, antiscour under the current wind wave action, easy construction again, outward appearance neat appearance and the technology for protecting slope of dam of saving construction investment are difficult problems always.
(3) summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of technology for protecting slope of dam, make large-scale rivers and canals road face side slope revetment, reservoir earth and rockfill dam upstream side slope revetment near water, lake side slope revetment both can reach under wind wave action in stability and safety, the antiscour, easy construction again, outward appearance neat appearance and save construction investment.
The technical solution used in the present invention is as follows:
A kind of technology for protecting slope of dam, mask adopt horizontal interlocking formula concrete block, and building block is provided with perforate, and percent opening is 17-23% in the building block.
Further, described percent opening is 20%.
Described concrete block comprises block body, and upper part of body and bottom are equipped with the left concaveconvex structure and the right concaveconvex structure of symmetry, and the recess of described concaveconvex structure and protuberance shape are coincide, and described recess is trapezoidal; Perforate is arranged at the body middle part, and the left and right sides of body also is symmetrically arranged with lateral opening.
Described concrete block thickness is 24-30cm.
The unit weight of described concrete block is not less than 2400kg/m
3
Described concrete block vibrates extrusion modling by harsh concrete, described harsh concrete is made by following raw materials in part by weight: water 110-112 part, 42.5 class g cement 333-336 part, flyash 92-96 part, sand 810-815 part that sand coarse aggregate ratio is not less than 50%, fineness modulus satisfies 2.2-2.3,5-10mm rubble 810-815 part, compound additive 4.30-4.32 part.
Further, described raw material is composed as follows: 112 parts in water, 336 parts of 42.5 class g cements, 96 parts in flyash, 815 parts in sand, 815 parts of rubbles, 4.32 parts of compound additives.
The parameter of described vibration extruding is vibration frequency 48-50Hz, pressure 140-160Pa.
Mask underlay layered material is the sandy gravel of the thick 4-8cm of 20cm, and does not contain the silt less than 5mm.
Strength grade C25 is satisfied in described building block, and freeze proof index satisfies F100.
The main effect of ground surface protection structure is that protection bed course and basic soil are avoided the direct scour of wave and current, thereby need have certain anti-wave and current scour ability.The reservoir big for area, that stormy waves is stronger and the dykes and dams and the shore protection in lake, wave are the major control factors of ground surface protection structure design, need to consider the stability of ground surface protection structure under wave action.The shape of concrete block has tangible influence to its stability, and simultaneously, the bed course of different concrete blocks bottom and basic native condition also influence the stability of building block to a great extent.For concrete block, need carry out stability test research under the wave action, the failure mechanism of mask is analyzed, take all factors into consideration the stability of building block under different Wave powers and the bank protection gradient condition, bed course and base soil.From protective slope structure composition aspect, its unstability reason is mainly aspect four: the building block unstability that (1) wave uplift force causes; (2) bed course and loaded filter destroy the building block unstability that causes; (3) the building block unstability that causes of lower floor's soil body unstability; (4) the armour layer building block unstability of sliding and to cause.Because the not single appearance always of various failure mechanisms, they may exist simultaneously, interact, influence each other.Therefore, in the shore protection design, should adopt the theory of balanced design, take all factors into consideration wave load, its balance is distributed to mask, bed course and base soil.Too bias toward in a certain respect stable, may can not improve the resistance to overturning of shore protection, and only can increase construction costs because of the destruction of other mechanism.
The present invention is primarily aimed at the reservoir dam up stream slope and the river course is sloping near water, it adopts horizontal interlock type precast concrete segment bank protection, rational percent opening, building block unit weight and bed course grain composition have been determined by the wind and wave resistance experimental study, farthest to be implemented in stable, the antiscour requirement under the wind wave action, can well the storm resisting erosion, weathering, freezing, floating thing threatens and other biological destroys, and has characteristics such as easy construction, outward appearance neat appearance, environmental protection.
Perforate can effectively strengthen the bank protection drain function on concrete block, greatly reduces the caused suction function of stormy waves, strengthens the stability of building block bank protection and reduces engineering quantity.Single from strengthening drainage effect, reducing negative pressure under wind wave action to strengthen the stability of precast concrete segment bank protection, under the building block of same thickness and the bed course situation, percent opening is the bigger the better, because the building block water permeability that percent opening is big is better, the wave lift that it bore is also less accordingly, and this is favourable to its stability.But big percent opening must increase the perforate aperture, will make the bed course under the bank protection be damaged easily and the aperture is excessive, and the perforate aperture is limit by the bottom bedding material.Under the certain situation in aperture, percent opening is limit by the concrete structure size between the hole.According to the failure mechanism of building block under wind wave action, by hydraulic model test, general percent opening is optimum, wherein best with 20% again at 17-23%; Verify by the wind and wave resistance development test; when the building block percent opening is 20%; the grains of sand than small particle diameter can be with being drawn out under the wave action in the bed course during wave action; but increase along with the wave action time; the grains of sand of drawing out from the building block perforate are fewer and feweri; this mainly is because less relatively than the content of the small particle diameter grains of sand in the bedding material; and just bed course top is drawn out than the small particle diameter grains of sand; the upper strata bed course has stoped lower floor's fine grained sand further to be drawn out again, so dam facing bigger distortion can not take place because of being drawn out than small particle diameter sand.
Determining with its influence factor of block thickness is closely bound up, and concrete available following zero dimension formula is represented:
D is a block thickness in the formula; H is a wave height; L is a wavelength; M is the gradient;
ρ
cBe concrete block density; ρ
wDensity for water.
Therefore, wave height under the bed course condition is determined, stablize to the gradient is the direct factor that determines the mask block thickness, and block thickness is directly proportional with wave height.Because mask is perforate interlock building block, the suffered wave uplift force of building block is less; Simultaneously, when wave height was big, pairing block thickness was bigger, and the build-in of blockhouse, interlock and frictional force effect are remarkable, and this just can effectively reduce mask and stablize required thickness.
But the stability that improves the mask building block merely can not make the bank protection resistance to overturning that by a relatively large margin raising is arranged.Under big Wave power condition, wave also can increase the effect of bed course and base soil.
The grating of choosing main consideration bedding material of bedding material is to the influence of erosion loss (stability), the compactness of bedding material also has bigger influence to the stability of building block in addition, if it is closely knit fine when construction, add between the building block stranded be connected all finely, this has just improved the resistance to overturning of building block; On the contrary, if bed course closely knit be not fine, under wave action, the dam body surface can produce distortion, can sink near the main zone of action of wave (hydrostatic level), and adjacent dam body can swell up and down, this stability to building block and dam integral body has very big influence, must note during construction.Why screen out silt less than 5mm in the bedding material as far as possible and be because the bank protection (may be filtering layer to occur to destroy in the actual engineering) of silt scour hour takes place at the bed course particle diameter, its armour layer destroys unlike stablizing the bed course situation and increases unstability because of Wave power, and shows as relevant with the wave action time.In this case, whether stable wave height be not to differentiate mask sole criterion, because armour layer may cause bed course silt to wash in a pan the erosion unstability gradually because of the long term of wave.Therefore, in actual engineering, at first should avoid the generation of this naughty erosion phenomenon, when adopting the building block of perforate mask, as far as possible fine sediment in the bedding material be screened out.
Stiff type concrete material is adopted in building block, and raw material preparation provided by the invention can guarantee its unit weight and frost resistance and intensity; The preferred first level flour coal ash of wherein said flyash; Described compound additive is meant the Admixture with bleed, diminishing function commonly used, promptly can be compound, also can add separately, and addition can convert according to conventional way or with reference to addition of the present invention.The design mask building block of this engineering has jog for four jiaos, should note quality in prefabricated process, will cause washing away of bed course if fracture takes place under wave action for it.
The present invention has following advantage with respect to prior art:
Adopt horizontal interlocking, stability is high and have high wind and wave resistance scour and longitudinal dike scouring capability, is the desirable slope protection works measure of protection dam dam body or river, lake bank slope safety and stability.By determining the rational percent opening of building block, unit weight, thickness and, can being implemented in the stability and safety of dykes and dams under the big wave cut better, save construction investment simultaneously to the design of bedding material; Technology for protecting slope of dam of the present invention is applied widely, is suitable for road, large-scale river (canal) face side slope revetment, reservoir earth and rockfill dam upstream side slope revetment near water, lake side slope revetment and high slope revetment etc.
(4) description of drawings
Fig. 1 is concrete block shape figure described in the slope protecting technique of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is the design sketch that the horizontal interlocking interlock is realized in the assembling of building block shown in Fig. 1 back.
(5) specific embodiment:
Below with specific embodiment technical scheme of the present invention is described, but protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereto:
Embodiment
Technology for protecting slope of dam, mask adopts horizontal interlocking formula concrete block (referring to Fig. 1), and building block is provided with perforate.Concrete block comprises block body 1, and upper part of body and bottom are equipped with the left concaveconvex structure 2 and the right concaveconvex structure 3 of symmetry, and the recess of described concaveconvex structure and protuberance shape are coincide, and described recess 4 is trapezoidal; Perforate 5 is arranged at the body middle part, and the left and right sides of body also is symmetrically arranged with lateral opening 6.Percent opening is 20% in the building block.
Concrete block is of a size of 460 * 340mm, adopts the perforate of 4 35 * 140mm rectangles of 2 rows, and thickness is respectively 20cm, 24cm, 30cm, and the unit weight of concrete block is 2400kg/m
3Strength grade C25 is satisfied in described building block, and freeze proof index satisfies F100.
Described concrete block vibrates extrusion modling by harsh concrete, described harsh concrete is made by following raw materials in part by weight: 112 parts in water, 42.5 336 parts of class g cements, 96 parts of first level flour coal ash, 815 parts in the sand that sand coarse aggregate ratio is not less than 50%, fineness modulus satisfies 2.2-2.3,815 parts of 5-10mm rubbles, efficient compound water reducing agent ASD-54.32 part.The parameter of described vibration extruding is vibration frequency 48-50HZ, pressure 140-160pa.Mask underlay layered material is the thick 4-8cm sandy gravel of 20cm, does not wherein contain the silt less than 5mm.
Set up the wind and wave resistance experimental model, rough-water test carries out in river port research institute of Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute wave flume, and this tank can produce wave, current and wind simultaneously.The long 64m of tank, wide 1.8m, dark 1.8m.The active section of tank is divided into 0.6m and 1.2m two parts, and the wide part of 0.6m is used for laying the model section and carries out model testing, and another part of tank is used to spread the secondary reflection ripple of wave paddle.One end of tank is furnished with the unrestrained gentle slope that disappears, and the other end is furnished with the push-plate type irregular wave wave maker that Denmark water conservancy project research institute produces, and is produced the element of wave of the simulation that requires by computer controlled automatic.This makes the wave system system irregular wave of generation rule ripple and different spectral patterns as required.
Element of wave adopts Denmark to produce the resistance-type wave-height gauge and measures, by computer-automatic collection and processing.
The former condition situation of this model correspondence is as follows:
With the maximum wind velocity of average year for many years of approaching vertical (with 10.89 ° in the axis of dam normal direction angle of cut) direction of the big axis of dam is 7.82m/s, with the maximum wind velocity of the average year for many years 8.70m/s of 33.39 ° of directions of the big axis of dam normal direction angle of cut, above-mentioned two wind directions are major control in summer wind direction.Be converted into the above 10m of storehouse face place wind speed and be respectively 12.60m/s and 13.80m/s.When bank protection calculated, calculation of wind speed was got 2.0 times of average year maximum wind velocity for many years to normal utilization condition.Corresponding normal pool level 106m (107.4m clashes the following bank protection of platform) and design water level 114.6m (107.4m clashes the above bank protection of platform) wave calculating parameter see Table 1.
Table 1 stormy waves calculating parameter table (average for many years maximum wind velocity * 2.0)
Annotate: the wave height under the different cumulative frequencies is calculated by " shallow water distribution ".
Result of calculation shows that the 107.4m elevation is clashed the following bank protection of platform by controlling with 10.89 ° of waves of axis of dam normal direction angle, and the 107.4m elevation is clashed the above bank protection of platform by controlling with 33.39 ° of waves of axis of dam normal direction angle.
" wave model test rules " relevant regulations is abideed by in test, adopts normal model, counts law of similitude design according to Froude.According to factors such as design water level, element of wave, test section and testing equipment conditions, the model geometric guide is taken as 10.
Each physical quantity guide is as follows:
How much guide: LB
RB=10
Time scale ratio: TB
RB=LB
RPB 1/2P
Weight guide: WB
RB=LB
RPB 3P
The test section comprises concrete block etc. except that guaranteeing to guarantee that also weight is similar the geometric similarity with prototype in the model.
Test adopts regular wave and irregular wave to carry out respectively, and based on irregular wave tests, regular wave is tested as a comparison.Regular wave adopts H
5%BWave height and average period, the wave spectrum of irregular wave adopts the wind wave spectra of harbour hydrology specification recommends.It is definite that physical quantitys such as the wave height in the model, period of wave are pressed the gravity similarity criterion, produces needed ripple key element by computer control.Be guarantee test result's reliability, test triplicate at least for every group, each ripple condition accumulative total duration of test runs was not less than prototype 2 hours, and final selected building block pattern accumulative total test period was not less than prototype 8 hours.
About the stability criterion of mask building block, by building block slope test in the past, when the mask building block under a certain storm wave element effect, takes place perk and perk highly greater than block thickness 1/3rd, the obvious irregular state of dam facing is called unstability.In the stability test of dam bank protection wind and wave resistance, adopt this standard, be called standard one in the campaign.
In series model test, for the ease of with the contrast of former studies achievement, increased by one group of more serious criterion of failure, be about to a building block and deviate from promptly to be considered as destroying, or be called unstability.In test the mask building block is beated under a certain wave condition, displacement and closing on tumbles the state that damages and also be not damaged and is called neutrality, the effect wave height of this moment becomes critical wave height, this standard is called standard two.
During the steadiness of each position of viewing test section under wave action, the test section is all laid in each test again.
Laying of building block satisfied when building block on every side fixedly the time in the model, and single building block easily is pulled out.In the test, under different water levels and corresponding ripple key element effect, the stability of observing building block, the record building block is loosening to the overall process that comes off.
Because the test guide got is bigger, the model depth of water is bigger, and the test section is divided into 107.4m and clashes the upper and lower two parts of platform and carry out respectively.
The above block thickness of platform employing 30cm is earlier being clashed in the stability test of key dam ground surface protection structure, in an opposite direction the employing 24cm of the following block thickness of platform elder generation.
Test combinations comprises:
1) the dam slope gradient was got respectively 1: 2.5,1: 3,1: 3.5
2) adopt 3.0s, 3.9s, 4.5s, 6.0s period of wave respectively
3) bed course adopts prototype gradation respectively, and top layer increase 20cm is thick, particle diameter 4～8cm does not contain the sandy gravel less than 5mm silt.
The campaign section adopts single sloping structure, because the depth of water just exerts an influence to wavelength, the depth of water of this test is only chosen a kind of 11m (former offset).Previous investigation shows, water level may exert an influence to the mask building block is stable near platform in an opposite direction the time, has therefore increased in test one group of water level in the building block stability test of the following 40cm of platform in an opposite direction.Building block neutrality discrimination standard is respectively standard one and standard two.Concrete test group is inferior to see Table 2.
Table 2 campaign group is inferior
* carried out the regular wave test simultaneously.
Equal H by irregular wave and wave height respectively
5%Regular wave test.
The result shows that 107.4m clashes more than the platform, under irregular wave effect, adopt the dam body areal deformation of 30cm thickness building block less, have only indivedual building block generation perks, along with the increase (being equivalent to prototype 8 hours) of wave action time, maximum perk 4cm is in stable state.At H
5%Under the regular waves, the dam body areal deformation is less, and phenomenon is similar when near building block the hydrostatic level and irregular wave action, and maximum perk 3cm is in stable state.
The thick building block of 24cm is under irregular wave effect, and indivedual building block perks are along with the increase (being equivalent to prototype 3 hours) of wave action time, maximum perk 11cm, the very out-of-flatness of mask block surfaces, unstability.
At H
5%Under the regular waves, the dam body areal deformation is less, and phenomenon is similar when near building block the hydrostatic level and irregular wave action, and maximum perk 7cm is in critical stable state.
107.4m in an opposite direction below the platform, for the thick building block of 24cm, under irregular wave effect, the dam body surface produces distortion near the hydrostatic level, there are indivedual building blocks under the effect of big ripple, to shake, along with the increase (being equivalent to prototype 8 hours) of wave action time, indivedual building block perks, maximum perk 7cm is in critical stable state.
At H
5%Under the regular waves, the dam body areal deformation is less, and phenomenon is similar when near building block the hydrostatic level and irregular wave action, and maximum perk 6cm is in stable state.
For the thick building block of 20cm, when irregular wave effect once (was equivalent to prototype 10 minutes), dam body surface building block had indivedual protuberances; Make ripple 3 times when (being equivalent to prototype 30 minutes), obviously distortion appears in the dam body surface, and building block perk amplitude strengthens, along with the increase (being equivalent to prototype 2 hours) of wave action time, and maximum perk 10cm, block surfaces is out-of-flatness very, unstability.
As seen, 2 times for many years under the wave condition of average year maximum wind velocity, 107.4m clashes more than the platform, and percent opening is that stability requirement is satisfied in 20% the thick mask building block of 30cm.2 times for many years under the wave condition of average year maximum wind velocity, 107.4m clashes below the platform, and under normal pool level (106.0m) situation, percent opening is that 20% the thick mask building block of 24cm can be satisfied the neutrality requirement.
Experiment is proof also, and 1.5 times for many years under the wave condition of average year maximum wind velocity, 107.4m clashes more than the platform, and adopting percent opening is 20% the thick mask building block of 30cm, and the dam facing planeness is better; 107.4m in an opposite direction platform is following for percent opening is 20% the thick mask building block of 24cm, the dam facing planeness is better.
Claims (9)
1. protecting slope of dam, mask adopts horizontal interlocking formula concrete block, building block is provided with perforate, percent opening is 17-23% in the building block, it is characterized in that, described concrete block vibrates extrusion modling by harsh concrete, described harsh concrete is made by following raw materials in part by weight: water 110-112 part, 42.5 class g cement 333-336 part, flyash 92-96 part, sand 810-815 part that sand coarse aggregate ratio is not less than 50%, fineness modulus satisfies 2.2-2.3,5-10mm rubble 810-815 part, compound additive 4.30-4.32 part.
2. protecting slope of dam as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, described percent opening is 20%.
3. protecting slope of dam as claimed in claim 1 or 2, it is characterized in that concrete block comprises block body, upper part of body and bottom are equipped with the left concaveconvex structure and the right concaveconvex structure of symmetry, the recess of described concaveconvex structure and protuberance shape are coincide, and described recess is trapezoidal; Perforate is arranged at the body middle part, and the left and right sides of body also is symmetrically arranged with lateral opening.
4. protecting slope of dam as claimed in claim 3 is characterized in that, described concrete block thickness is 24-30cm.
5. protecting slope of dam as claimed in claim 4 is characterized in that the unit weight of described concrete block is not less than 2400kg/m
3
6. protecting slope of dam as claimed in claim 5 is characterized in that, described raw material is composed as follows: 112 parts in water, 336 parts of 42.5 class g cements, 96 parts in flyash, 815 parts in sand, 815 parts of rubbles, 4.32 parts of compound additives.
7. protecting slope of dam as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, the parameter of described vibration extruding is vibration frequency 48-50Hz, pressure 140-160Pa.
8. protecting slope of dam as claimed in claim 3 is characterized in that, mask underlay layered material is the sandy gravel of the thick 4-8cm of 20cm, and does not contain the silt less than 5mm.
9. protecting slope of dam as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that strength grade C25 is satisfied in described building block, and freeze proof index satisfies F100; Mask underlay layered material is the sandy gravel of 4-8cm, and does not contain the silt less than 5mm.
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| CN2009100644421A CN101514547B (en) | 2009-03-23 | 2009-03-23 | Technology for protecting slope of dam |
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|---|---|---|---|
| CN2009100644421A CN101514547B (en) | 2009-03-23 | 2009-03-23 | Technology for protecting slope of dam |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| EP3088610B1 (en) * | 2015-04-29 | 2018-11-14 | Dredging International N.V. | Scour protection for an underwater bottom alongside a quay wall, and method for providing the same |
| CN107032705A (en) * | 2017-04-26 | 2017-08-11 | 中交天航港湾建设工程有限公司 | A kind of concrete mix for improving prefabricated locking plate early strength |
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| CN117107709B (en) * | 2023-10-13 | 2024-02-02 | 水利部交通运输部国家能源局南京水利科学研究院 | An anti-ice, ice-pushing, and slope protection structure for earth-rock dams and a method for calculating dynamic and static ice pressures |
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| GB2068434A (en) * | 1980-01-23 | 1981-08-12 | Giken Kogyo Kk | Concrete block |
| CN1800504A (en) * | 2006-01-13 | 2006-07-12 | 同济大学 | Ecological concrete bank slope and its making method |
| CN200985498Y (en) * | 2006-10-16 | 2007-12-05 | 浙江长三角建材有限公司 | Chain type slope protection building block |
| CN101117796A (en) * | 2007-09-03 | 2008-02-06 | 程卫国 | Inter-embedding type slope protection block and construction method therefor |
| CN101200894A (en) * | 2007-12-14 | 2008-06-18 | 天津市水利科学研究所 | Ecological slope protection vegetation building blocks as well as making method and construction process |
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