CN101479438B - 虫害防治材料 - Google Patents
虫害防治材料 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种诸如蚊帐的虫害防治材料(11),其具有表面(12),表面(12)具有磨料微凸起物/吸收性微凸起物(13)。诸如蚊子之类的虫害的表皮会受到损坏,进而导致脱水和/或微生物病原体的入侵。该材料通过用磨料和/或吸收性材料对织物进行涂敷而制得。
Description
本发明涉及虫害防治材料。
蚊帐通过提供针对吸血昆虫(例如蚊子)的物理屏障而起作用,从而防止致病病原体被传播给使用者。这种蚊帐不会杀死或驱除昆虫,由于蚊帐内的人的气味以及二氧化碳能够自如地通过其网眼,因此蚊帐一直受到用户的欢迎。
通过用非挥发性的化学杀虫剂(例如拟除虫菊酯)来处理蚊帐,可增加蚊帐的有效性。在推荐的剂量下,这些杀虫剂被认为对使用者来说是相对安全的,并且没有熏蒸作用。该蚊帐会持续地起到引诱昆虫的“食饵诱捕器”的作用,使昆虫受到刺激、昏迷并最终被杀虫剂杀死。只要昆虫接触到经过处理的织物,这种蚊帐即使破损也会持续有效。
为了避免使用者在处理期间发生中毒的危险,以及确保杀虫剂更均匀地覆盖在该材料上,当前出售的蚊帐已经将杀虫剂浸渍到网眼中。这样这些蚊帐可以洗涤20至25次,而不需要再次浸渍杀虫剂。
这些经过预浸渍的蚊帐仍然具有那些未被处理的蚊帐或由使用者进行过处理的蚊帐所具有的一些缺陷,即:(a)浸出的杀虫剂会进入到环境中,从而可对非目标生物体造成有害的影响,(b)存在有使得目标群体以及其他害虫对所用杀虫剂和其他相关化学品产生耐受性的风险,(c)长期使用可能会引发健康问题,尤其是对于怀孕妇女和五岁以下幼儿来说更是如此,怀孕妇女和五岁以下幼儿对预防疟疾或预防其他由昆虫传播的疾病具有最迫切的需要,因此他们更为可能使用这些经杀虫剂浸渍的蚊帐。
本发明提出一种虫害防治方法,该方法不引入常规的化学杀虫剂,但能杀死和/或驱除蚊子和其他虫害。该方法可用于蚊帐和其他虫害防治设备以及材料,包括防护衣、花园或农作物用网和棉网、果树保护带、鞍褥、发网以及用于粮仓或磨粉机的过滤介质。因此该方法还能用于取代或提高以下制品的性能:
(a)防蠓纱网或面纱,其需要非常细的网眼才能有效;
(b)含有二乙甲苯酰胺(DEET)、香茅或其他化学品的驱虫剂,其在有限的时间内有效,并且若长期使用,则会引发健康问题;
(c)花园或农作物用网(例如农作物覆盖物)和棉网,其网眼尺寸或孔尺寸同样需要非常细,其能够将害虫排除在外,却限制了光、热和湿气的循环;
(d)针对农业和园艺害虫所使用的化学杀虫剂(价格高、对环境和非目标生物体有害);
(e)鞍褥,其重量会引起动物的不适;
(f)含有香茅和桉树成分的驱虫喷雾剂,其功效有限,并且是马所不喜欢的;
(g)胶粘带,其放置在树周围,从而捕获爬到树干上的害虫;
(h)防虱香波,其中含有有害的杀虫剂;
(i)防蚊蝇纱网,其限制了空气流通;
(j)用于磨粉机和粮仓中的过滤介质和窗纱;
(k)电击昆虫设备;
(l)所有类型的蛞蝓防治方法,包括铜带、环状制品、毡垫制品、食饵诱捕器,其通过对动物产生刺激,从而使其不会试图穿过经处理的表面;
(m)除蛞蝓丸(slug pellet),其含有诸如硫酸铝或毒死蜱之类的活性成分;
(n)保护家畜免受昆虫叮咬并防止后续产品(例如皮革)因瑕疵而贬值的覆盖物;
(m)用于住宅和商业建筑以及运输工具中、以保护居住者免受昆虫侵扰的遮光帘、覆盖物和纱窗。
本发明包括虫害防治材料,其表面具有微凸起物。
该材料可包括纺织纱、丝或线。
该材料可包括织物。
该材料可包括网。
该材料可包括机织物、针织物或非织造织物、或者两种或多种这些织物的组合。
该材料可包括实心片材,例如橡胶或塑料片材,还可包括橡胶或塑料的树用条带(tree band)。
该表面可以为涂层。
该微凸起物可包含磨料和/或吸收性材料,并且可包含二氧化硅(其可以硅藻土形式存在)或聚碳酸酯。能使用的其他材料包括陶瓷、玻璃和聚合物组合物或它们的混合物、高岭土颗粒、合成的含水二氧化硅、膨润土、Fubasami粘土和白土、滑石、无机矿物(诸如绢云母、石英、硫磺、活性炭、碳酸钙和含水二氧化硅)、硅胶、硼酸盐、以及其它聚合物(诸如聚酰胺、PMMA和其他坚硬的、可能回收的聚合物)。
微凸起物可以由尺寸可在5μm以上的颗粒构成。
该材料是可洗的。
该材料可掺有诱虫剂。诱虫剂可包括化学信息素,例如外激素或种间激素。
该材料可掺有病原体,病原体可为微生物病原体,例如真菌或细菌芽孢。
本发明还包括防治虫害的方法,该方法包括使用具有上述微凸起物的任意材料。
该材料可用作针对害虫的物理屏障,并可用于(例如)住宅、工作场所、动物棚舍、贮存设备、以及交通工具(如汽车、火车和轮船)中。该材料可用作(例如)纱窗或遮光帘,或者可用作服装或用作服装的一部分,例如用作面纱。当然它可用作床帐或蚊帐。对于动物保护而言,它可(例如)用作鞍褥。
该材料可用于保护植被,例如树和植物,并可用作树用条带或植物用环带(plant ring),或者用作农作物大棚(crop tunnel)、钟形罩或保护网。
该材料可用作过滤介质,本发明包括含有该材料的过滤介质、以及含有或被设计为含有这种过滤介质的任何制品,例如空调系统或真空吸尘器。
本发明还包括制造虫害防治材料的方法,该方法包括使基材显示出微凸起物。
该微凸起物可以以涂层的方式施加到基材上。
该微凸起物可为摩擦性的和/或吸收性的。磨料微粒能磨损昆虫的外表皮,使得昆虫脱水和/或病原体入侵,这两种情况均能导致昆虫的生理状况变差并最终死亡。
涂层可为常规的织物涂层,例如胶乳或丙烯酸树脂或热塑性或热固性粘合剂,并且可按照常规方式进行涂敷,当然除此之外,可能需要混入用以提供微凸起物的微粒材料来对其进行调整。
一般而言,涂层可被涂得薄薄的,从而使得由微粒夹杂物构成的微凸起物明显地突出于涂层表面。
可通过使用任何合适类型的涂料物质(例如胶乳、丙烯酸树脂或其他粘合剂树脂)并薄薄地涂敷,从而制得本发明的表面,其中所述涂料物质含有可洗的磨料颗粒/吸收性颗粒。或者,可通过将磨料颗粒/吸收性颗粒热熔合到任何合适类型的基材上而形成本发明的表面。微凸起物可由吸收性材料/磨料构成,例如已用作防治各种虫害的硅藻土粉、或可对昆虫外表皮起到磨料作用的其他颗粒。微凸起物也可由诸如聚碳酸酯(可将其单独施加、或将其与硅藻土以不同的比例混合)的其他吸收性材料和/或磨料构成。因此本发明提出了一种使虫害暴露于脱水性微粒的更有效、更有力的方法。
通过将蚊子放到涂敷有这些微粒的网上以进行分析,结果发现与暴露于普通网孔的情况相比,这些昆虫被驱除并且存活时间明显缩短。与微凸起物的接触对昆虫表皮造成损伤,随后发生脱水从而导致死亡。此外,这些昆虫更容易受致病真菌的侵袭。
取决于其应用,本发明可掺入病原体(如真菌芽孢)以及引诱剂化学信息素(外激素或种间激素)。
下面将参考附图描述虫害防治材料、其制造方法及其使用方法,其中:
图1是经含有微粒的材料涂敷的基材的剖面,其中这些微粒凸出于涂层表面;
图2为经涂敷的蚊帐的俯视图;
图3示出树用条带;并且
图4示出了要放置在植物根基处的圆盘。
附图描绘了虫害防治材料11,其包括具有微凸起物13的表面12,该虫害防治材料尤其针对昆虫,更尤其针对蚊子。
尤其是在通过网中的孔来进行控制时,昆虫(至少处于某些姿态下的昆虫)几乎不存在触网间隙(ground clearance)。微凸起物13对胸部和/或腹部的摩擦将至少导致外层(通常为蜡质层)的损伤,这种损伤将引起快速脱水并形成真菌感染的途径。
图1示出了具有涂层15的基材14,涂层15提供了表面12,微凸起物13由硅藻土、聚碳酸酯或其他材料的颗粒构成,这些颗粒相对于涂层15的厚度具有一定的尺寸,使得这些微凸起物从表面12上凸起。这些微凸起物13对接触该表面的昆虫产生刺激,通过对蜡质的磨损和/或吸收作用来破坏其表皮,并通过脱水和/或通过环境中的真菌或其他微生物病原体对表皮的入侵而导致死亡。
为了促使真菌或细菌对昆虫的入侵,真菌或细菌芽孢与磨料颗粒和/或吸收性颗粒一同被掺入涂层中。
如图2所示,涂层15足够薄,以尽量不堵塞网21中的孔22、并确保大多数颗粒能牢固地附接到织物上。需要在颗粒尺寸和涂层重量之间达到平衡。之所以选择尺寸在5μm以上的微粒的原因是,假如经过磨耗或洗涤而导致微粒从材料上脱离下来的话,则微粒由于过大而不会进入到人体鼻咽区之下的呼吸系统中。
可通过常规方式,利用喷射器、浸轧辊或舔辊(lick roller)来进行涂敷,从而将微凸起物表面附接到织物上,所述织物例如为机织网、纬编织网或经编织网、挤出成型网或其他机织物、针织物、非织造织物或复合(多层)织物。或者,可通过热熔融涂敷、压延、粉末粘合、或在挤出加工(如熔喷或纺粘工艺)过程中将颗粒分散于丝或纤维间,从而将微凸起物表面与织物接合。其他类似的方法对涂料技术领域的技术人员来说是已知的。甚至可以将微粒掺入或涂敷到纱上和线上,从而在考虑到可能会引起的任何表面摩擦力的增加的前提下,采用织造方法将微粒引入织物中。
除了蚊帐等保护性网之外,经涂敷从而具有锋利微凸起物的织物还能用于农作物保护。它们可被制成大棚、钟形罩等人工制品,并且由于它们质量轻而且是可渗透的,因此它们能允许必要的阳光和空气透过。
昆虫在幼虫或毛虫期时,它们必需进行必要的爬行,因此此时昆虫更易受到锋利的微凸起物的伤害。当然,有一些昆虫尽管可能长有翅膀,但却不会飞。如图3所示,可以使用简单的紧固装置32(例如Velcro),将织物或其他片材或带状材料(例如橡胶或塑料)制成树用条带31,该树用条带能够对这些害虫起作用。
这种材料还能对蛞蝓和蜗牛起作用,它们似乎不喜欢在粗糙的表面上爬行,这也是自古以来使用打碎的蛋壳作为芸苔的覆盖料的原因。而覆盖料自然会由于受到风、雨和蚯蚓的作用而散开。图4中示出的织物盘41价格便宜,其能保持在合适的位置上,并至少在生长季节中是有效的。
根据本发明的虫害防治材料的不同实施方案能用于应对:(a)传播人类病原体或给人和/或家畜造成叮咬伤害的吸血节肢动物(蚊子、蠓、蚋、白蛉、马蝇、厩蝇、胃蝇、舌蝇、虱、跳蚤、壁虱和螨);(b)农作物的虫害(蝇类、甲虫、蛾、蓟马、蚜虫);(c)贮存产品的害虫(甲虫、蛾和蝇类);(d)食叶虫或果树害虫(舞毒蛾和其他鳞翅目昆虫、蚁类);(e)侵袭蔬菜和水果农作物的蛞蝓和蜗牛以及以蚯蚓为食的扁形动物。
Claims (38)
1.一种允许光线和空气通过其中的具有孔的虫害防治材料,其包含纺织纱、丝或线,并且具有表面,该表面具有微凸起物,该微凸起物能有效地对与之接触的昆虫造成损伤,其中所述表面为涂层,所述微凸起物从所述涂层延伸出来;所述涂层足够薄以不堵塞所述孔。
2.根据权利要求1所述的虫害防治材料,其为网的形式。
3.根据权利要求1至2中任一项所述的虫害防治材料,其为机织物、针织物或非织造织物,或者所述织物中两种或多种的组合。
4.根据权利要求1至2中任一项所述的虫害防治材料,其中所述微凸起物包含磨料。
5.根据权利要求1至2中任一项所述的虫害防治材料,其中所述微凸起物包含吸收性材料。
6.根据权利要求5所述的虫害防治材料,其中所述吸收性材料能从昆虫外表皮上吸收蜡质。
7.根据权利要求1至2中任一项所述的虫害防治材料,其中所述微凸起物包含二氧化硅。
8.根据权利要求7所述的虫害防治材料,其中所述二氧化硅为硅藻土的形式。
9.根据权利要求1至2中任一项所述的虫害防治材料,其中所述微凸起物包含聚碳酸酯。
10.根据权利要求1至2中任一项所述的虫害防治材料,其中所述微凸起物由尺寸在5μm以上的颗粒构成。
11.根据权利要求1至2中任一项所述的虫害防治材料,其是可洗的。
12.根据权利要求1至2中任一项所述的虫害防治材料,其包括害虫引诱剂。
13.根据权利要求12所述的虫害防治材料,其中所述引诱剂包括化学信息素。
14.根据权利要求13所述的虫害防治材料,其中所述化学信息素是外激素或种间激素。
15.根据权利要求1至2中任一项所述的虫害防治材料,其掺有病原体。
16.根据权利要求15所述的虫害防治材料,其中所述病原体包括真菌和/或细菌芽孢。
17.一种防治虫害的方法,其包括使用允许光线和空气通过其中的具有孔的材料,该材料包含纺织纱、丝或线,并且具有表面,该表面具有微凸起物,所述微凸起物能有效地对与之接触的昆虫造成损伤,其中所述表面为涂层,所述微凸起物从所述涂层延伸出来;所述涂层足够薄以不堵塞孔。
18.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中所述材料包括根据权利要求1至16中任一项所述的材料。
19.根据权利要求17或18中所述的方法,其中所述材料用作针对害虫的物理屏障。
20.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中所述材料用作纱窗或遮光帘。
21.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中所述材料用作床帐或蚊帐。
22.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中所述材料用作动物的防护物。
23.根据权利要求22所述的方法,其中所述材料用作鞍褥。
24.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中所述材料用于人的服装中。
25.根据权利要求24所述的方法,其中所述材料用作面纱。
26.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中所述材料用于保护植被。
27.根据权利要求26所述的方法,其中所述材料用作树用条带或植物的保护性环带。
28.根据权利要求26所述的方法,其中所述材料用作农作物大棚、钟形罩或保护网。
29.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中所述材料用作过滤介质。
30.一种过滤介质,其包括权利要求1所述的材料。
31.一种空调系统或真空吸尘器,其包括或被设计为含有根据权利要求30所述的过滤介质。
32.一种制造虫害防治材料的方法,其包括使允许光线和空气通过其中、具有孔并且包含纺织纱、丝或线的材料具有这样的表面,该表面具有微凸起物,该微凸起物能有效地对与之接触的昆虫造成损伤,其中所述表面为涂层,所述微凸起物从所述涂层延伸出来,所述涂层足够薄以不堵塞所述孔。
33.根据权利要求32所述的方法,其包括涂敷包含含有磨料和/或吸收性微粒的材料的涂层,从而得到凸出于其表面的微凸起物。
34.根据权利要求33所述的方法,其中所述包含纺织纱、丝或线的材料是天然或合成的网、或机织物、或针织物、或非织造织物、或它们的组合。
35.根据权利要求33所述的方法,其中所述包含纺织纱、丝或线的材料是复合织物。
36.根据权利要求33所述的方法,其中所述涂层为乳胶、或丙烯酸树脂。
37.根据权利要求33所述的方法,其中所述涂层为热塑性粘合剂、或热固性粘合剂。
38.根据权利要求32至37中任一项所述的方法,其中所述涂层被涂得薄薄的,从而得到直立于该涂层的表面的微凸起物。
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- 2007-06-14 WO PCT/GB2007/002230 patent/WO2008001044A1/en active Application Filing
- 2007-06-14 BR BRPI0713016-3A patent/BRPI0713016A2/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2007-06-14 US US12/306,688 patent/US8215051B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2007-06-14 JP JP2009517375A patent/JP2010503612A/ja active Pending
- 2007-06-14 CN CN200780024309.2A patent/CN101479438B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2007-06-14 AP AP2009004888A patent/AP2009004888A0/xx unknown
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2009
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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WO2008001044A1 (en) | 2008-01-03 |
US20090288334A1 (en) | 2009-11-26 |
CN101479438A (zh) | 2009-07-08 |
AP2009004888A0 (en) | 2009-06-30 |
GB0612788D0 (en) | 2006-08-09 |
CO6160272A2 (es) | 2010-05-20 |
BRPI0713016A2 (pt) | 2012-04-03 |
EP2038501A1 (en) | 2009-03-25 |
US8215051B2 (en) | 2012-07-10 |
JP2010503612A (ja) | 2010-02-04 |
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