CN101374877B - 生产开孔粘弹性软质聚氨酯泡沫的方法 - Google Patents
生产开孔粘弹性软质聚氨酯泡沫的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN101374877B CN101374877B CN2007800034951A CN200780003495A CN101374877B CN 101374877 B CN101374877 B CN 101374877B CN 2007800034951 A CN2007800034951 A CN 2007800034951A CN 200780003495 A CN200780003495 A CN 200780003495A CN 101374877 B CN101374877 B CN 101374877B
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种通过a)多异氰酸酯与b)多元醇混合物和c)发泡剂反应来生产基于可再生原料的开孔粘弹性挠性聚氨酯泡沫的方法,所述b)多元醇混合物包含bi)具有至少两个对异氰酸酯基团呈反应性的氢原子且OH值为20-100mg KOH/g的化合物和bii)具有至少两个对异氰酸酯基团呈反应性的氢原子且OH值为100-800mg KOH/g的化合物和biii)具有至少一个且最多两个对异氰酸酯基团呈反应性的氢原子且OHN为100-800mgKOH/g的化合物。本发明方法特征在于组分bi)和bii)各自包含至少一种含可再生原料或其反应产物的化合物。
Description
本发明涉及一种使用基于可再生原料,特别是蓖麻油的聚醚醇生产粘弹性挠性聚氨酯泡沫的方法。
挠性聚氨酯泡沫用于许多工业领域中,特别是用于室内装饰或隔音。它们通常通过使多异氰酸酯与具有至少两个对异氰酸酯基团呈反应性的氢原子的化合物在发泡剂以及如果合适的催化剂和常用助剂和/或添加剂存在下反应而生产。
出于生态学原因,市场日益需要包含可再生原料的泡沫。在聚氨酯的生产中,还可以将可再生原料视为石油化学来源材料的替代品。通常使用含羟基天然材料或通过向这些化合物上加成氧化烯而制备的多元醇来生产泡沫。
来自可再生原料的化合物的实例为蓖麻油、多羟基脂肪酸、蓖麻油酸、羟基改性的油如葡萄籽油、黑枯茗油、南瓜籽油、琉璃苣籽油、大豆油、小麦胚芽油、菜籽油、葵花油、花生油、杏仁油、乳香黄连木油、苦扁桃油、橄榄油、澳洲坚果油、鳄梨油、沙棘油、芝麻油、大麻油、榛子油、月见草油、野蔷薇油、大麻油、红花油、核桃油、基于肉豆蔻脑酸、棕榈油酸、油酸、11-十八碳烯酸、岩芹酸、顺-9-二十碳烯酸、芥酸、神经酸、亚油酸、α-和γ-亚麻酸、十八碳四烯酸()、花生四烯酸、二十碳五烯酸、鰶鱼酸、二十二碳六烯酸()的羟基改性脂肪酸和脂肪酸酯。在这些之中,蓖麻油和氢化蓖麻油具有最大的工业价值。
在此,来自可再生原料的化合物与氧化烯的反应可以以常规且已知的方式进行。
WO 00/44813公开了通过使用通常又称为DMC催化剂的多金属氰化物将蓖麻油烷氧基化来制备聚醚醇。
WO 04/20497公开了通过向天然产物特别是蓖麻油上加成氧化烯来制备的聚醚醇用于生产具有降低雾度的挠性聚氨酯泡沫的用途。这种泡沫特别用于机动车的内部装饰。
挠性聚氨酯泡沫中的一类特别的材料为粘弹性泡沫。
对于本发明而言,如果泡沫在根据DIN 53445的扭转振动测试中的损耗系数大于0.15,优选大于0.2,则将其认为是粘弹性的。此外,优选本发明的泡沫在宽温度范围内,即从-20℃至+50℃,但至少从0℃至+40℃范围内呈现粘弹性能。
如果泡沫具有根据DIN EN ISO 8307测量小于30%,优选2-25%,特别优选3-20%的回弹性,则同样可以将其认为是粘弹性的。
特别地,优选本发明的泡沫满足上述损耗系数和回弹性两个标准。
具有上述阻尼系数的本发明的粘弹性泡沫是“慢”泡沫。
这种泡沫特别用于隔音和用于生产床垫或弹性垫。在这些应用中,特别是当储存在热和潮湿的条件下时,该泡沫具有良好的耐老化性同样重要。此外,应该基本上抑制了可导致形成芳胺的氨酯键的再离解。
因此本发明的目的是提供基于可再生原料生产的粘弹性挠性聚氨酯泡沫,所述泡沫具有良好的机械性能、低气味和低排放以及呈现良好的长期稳定性,特别是当储存在热和潮湿的条件下时如此。
已经令人惊奇地发现,该目的能够通过在生产挠性聚氨酯泡沫时使用至少两种基于可再生原料且具有不同羟值的多元醇实现。
因此,本发明提供了一种通过以下组分反应来生产基于可再生原料的粘弹性挠性聚氨酯泡沫的方法,
a)多异氰酸酯,与
b)具有对异氰酸酯基团呈反应性的氢原子的化合物,其包含
bi)具有至少两个对异氰酸酯基团呈反应性的氢原子且OH值为20-100mg KOH/g的化合物,和
bii)具有至少两个对异氰酸酯基团呈反应性的氢原子且OH值为100-800mg KOH/g的化合物,和
biii)具有至少一个且不超过两个对异氰酸酯基团呈反应性的氢原子且OHN为100-800mg KOH/g的化合物,
和
c)发泡剂,
其中,组分bi)和bii)各自包含至少一种含可再生原料或其反应产物的化合物。
本发明进一步提供了通过该方法制得的粘弹性挠性聚氨酯泡沫。
泡沫中的可再生原料的比例为优选至少20重量%,特别优选30重量%以上和特别是40重量%以上。
组分bi)和bii)还可以仅由来源于可再生原料的化合物组成。
组分b)优选包含5-45重量%,特别是10-25重量%的bi),30-90重量%,特别是50-80重量%的bii)和5-40重量%,特别是10-30重量%的biii),所述百分比基于bi)、bii)和biii)的总和。
作为来源于可再生原料的化合物,特别使用上述可再生或改性可再生原料,如平均OH官能度为至少2-16,优选2-8和非常优选2-4的油、脂肪酸和脂肪酸酯。
这些来源于可再生原料的化合物优选选自蓖麻油、多羟基脂肪酸、蓖麻油酸、羟基改性的油如葡萄籽油、黑枯茗油、南瓜籽油、琉璃苣籽油、大豆油、小麦胚芽油、菜籽油、葵花油、花生油、杏仁油、乳香黄连木油、苦扁桃油、橄榄油、澳洲坚果油、鳄梨油、沙棘油、芝麻油、大麻油、榛子油、月见草油、野蔷薇油、大麻油、红花油、核桃油,以及基于肉豆蔻脑酸、棕榈油酸、油酸、11-十八碳烯酸、岩芹酸、顺-9-二十碳烯酸、芥酸、神经酸、亚油酸、α-和γ-亚麻酸、十八碳四烯酸()、花生四烯酸、二十碳五烯酸、鰶鱼酸、二十二碳六烯酸()的羟基改性脂肪酸和脂肪酸酯。
优选将蓖麻油和/或氢化蓖麻油用作来源于可再生原料的化合物。
来源于可再生原料的化合物与氧化烯的反应可以以常规且已知的方式进行。通常将起始化合物与催化剂混合并使该混合物与氧化烯反应。氧化烯的加成反应通常在常规条件下进行,温度在60-180℃,优选90-140℃,特别是100-130℃范围内,压力在0-20巴,优选0-10巴和特别是0-5巴范围内。作为氧化烯,优选使用氧化乙烯、氧化丙烯或这些化合物的任意混合物。
作为催化剂,优选使用碱性化合物,其中氢氧化钾具有最大的工业价值。此外,通常又称为DMC催化剂的多金属氰化物类化合物同样可以用作催化剂,例如描述在EP 654 302、EP 862 947、WO 99/16775、WO00/74845、WO 00/74843和WO 00/74844中。
作为氧化烯,可以使用所有已知的氧化烯,例如氧化乙烯、氧化丙烯、氧化丁烯、氧化苯乙烯。特别地,将氧化乙烯、氧化丙烯和所述化合物的混合物用作氧化烯。
根据DE 10240186已知,通常又称为DMC催化剂的多金属氰化物类化合物特别适用于可再生原料如蓖麻油的烷氧基化。这些以此方式制备的多元醇具有不超过10ppm的环状脂肪酸酯含量并因此具有极低排放。
化合物bi)优选在400-6000mPa·s范围内的粘度下具有20-100mgKOH/g的羟值。优选使用基于蓖麻油且羟值为30-80mg KOH/g,优选45-60mg KOH/g的聚醚醇。基于聚醚醇的重量,这些化合物优选具有小于10重量%,优选小于5重量%的伯羟基含量。特别地,氧化烯的加成反应通过DMC催化进行。
化合物bii)优选具有100-800mg KOH/g的羟值。作为来源于可再生原料的化合物,特别使用上述可再生或改性可再生原料,如油、脂肪酸和脂肪酸酯。如果合适,它们可以与氧化烯如氧化乙烯、氧化丙烯或这些化合物的任意混合物通过合适的催化剂反应。非常特别优选使用蓖麻油作为化合物bii)。
如果合适,组分bi)和bii)可以不仅包含来源于可再生原料的化合物,还包含另外的多元醇,特别是聚醚醇,其通过已知方法制备,通常通过将氧化烯特别是氧化乙烯和/或氧化丙烯催化加成到H-官能的起始物质上或通过四氢呋喃的缩合制备。作为H-官能的起始物质,特别使用多官能醇和/或胺。优选使用水,二元醇例如乙二醇、丙二醇或丁二醇,三元醇例如甘油或三羟甲基丙烷,以及更高官能的醇如季戊四醇、糖醇例如蔗糖、葡萄糖或山梨糖醇。优选胺为具有至多10个碳原子的脂族胺,例如乙二胺、二亚乙基三胺、丙二胺、以及氨基醇如乙醇胺或二乙醇胺。作为氧化烯,优选使用氧化乙烯和/或氧化丙烯,在用于生产挠性聚氨酯泡沫的聚醚醇的情形下,氧化乙烯嵌段通常加成在链末端。作为氧化烯加成反应中的催化剂,特别使用碱性化合物,在此氢氧化钾具有最大的工业价值。如果聚醚醇中的不饱和成分含量低,则也可以将DMC催化剂用作制备这些聚醚醇的催化剂。
对于特定应用,特别是为了增加挠性聚氨酯泡沫硬度,还可伴以使用聚合物改性的多元醇。这种多元醇可通过例如烯属不饱和单体,优选苯乙烯和/或丙烯腈在聚醚醇中原位聚合制备。聚合物改性的聚醚醇还包括含聚脲分散体的聚醚醇,所述分散体优选通过胺与异氰酸酯在多元醇中反应制备。
合适的化合物biii)为具有100-800mg KOH/g羟值的单醇和二醇。特别优选聚烷撑二醇、苄醇、C4-C18-一元醇、C8-C18-羰基合成醇乙氧基化物,例如来自BASF AG的A..N,AO,AP,AT,F,ON,TO,XL,XP,AP品系。非常特别优选使用聚氧化丙烯如Lupranol 1000、1100和1200,和单醇如A4N,AO3 ON 30,ON 40,TO2,TO3,XA 30,XA 40,XP 30,XP 40,XL 40和苄醇。
本发明粘弹性挠性聚氨酯泡沫的制备可通过常规且已知的方法进行。
对于用于本发明方法的起始化合物,可提供下列细节:
作为多异氰酸酯a),在本发明的方法中可以使用所有在分子中具有两个或更多个异氰酸酯基团的异氰酸酯。在此可以使用脂族异氰酸酯如六亚甲基二异氰酸酯(HDI)或异氟尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI)或优选芳族异氰酸酯如甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI)、二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯(MDI)或二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯与聚亚甲基聚亚苯基多异氰酸酯的混合物(粗MDI),优选TDI和MDI,特别优选TDI。非常特别优选80重量%的甲苯2,4-二异氰酸酯和20重量%的甲苯2,6-二异氰酸酯的混合物。还可以使用已通过引入尿烷、脲二酮(Uretdion)、异氰脲酸酯、脲基甲酸酯、脲亚胺(Uretonimin)及其它基团改性的异氰酸酯,称为改性异氰酸酯。优选的预聚物为具有20到35%NCO含量的MDI预聚物或其与聚亚甲基聚亚苯基多异氰酸酯的混合物(粗MDI)。
根据本发明使用的聚醚醇bi)、bii)和biii)可以单独使用或者与其它具有至少两个对异氰酸酯基团呈反应性的氢原子的化合物组合使用。
可以与聚醚醇bi)、bii)和biii)一起使用的具有至少两个活性氢原子的可能化合物b)特别为聚酯醇,优选官能度为2-16,特别是2-8,优选2-4,和平均分子量Mw在400-20000g/mol,优选1000-8000g/mol范围内的聚醚醇。
具有至少两个活性氢原子的化合物b)还包括增链剂和交联剂。作为增链剂和交联剂,优选使用分子量为62-800g/mol,特别是60-200g/mol的2-和3-官能醇。实例为乙二醇、丙二醇、二甘醇、三甘醇、二丙二醇、三丙二醇、低分子量聚氧化丙烯和聚氧化乙烯例如1200、1,4-丁二醇、甘油和三羟甲基丙烷。作为交联剂,还可以使用二胺、山梨糖醇、甘油、链烷醇胺。如果使用增链剂和交联剂,它们的量基于具有至少两个活性氢原子的化合物的重量,优选为至多5重量%。
本发明的方法通常在活化剂的存在下进行,所述活化剂例如是叔胺或有机金属化合物,特别是锡化合物。作为锡化合物,优选使用脂肪酸的二价锡盐例如二辛酸锡,和有机锡化合物如二月桂酸二丁锡。
作为生产聚氨酯泡沫的发泡剂c),优选使用水,其与异氰酸酯基团反应释放二氧化碳。基于组分b)的重量,水的用量优选为0.5-6重量%,特别优选1.5-5.0重量%。与水一起或代替水,还可以使用物理方式作用的发泡剂,例如二氧化碳,烃如正戊烷、异戊烷或环戊烷、环己烷,或卤代烃如四氟乙烷、五氟丙烷、七氟丙烷、五氟丁烷、六氟丁烷或二氯一氟乙烷。物理发泡剂的量优选在1-15重量%范围内,特别1-10重量%,水的量优选在0.5-10重量%范围内,特别是1-5重量%。优选将二氧化碳用作物理发泡剂,特别优选将其与水组合使用。
为了生产本发明的挠性聚氨酯泡沫,通常还可以使用稳定剂以及助剂和/或添加剂。
可能的稳定剂首要地为聚醚硅氧烷,优选水溶性的聚醚硅氧烷。这些化合物通常具有如下结构,其中氧化乙烯和氧化丙烯的长链共聚物结合到聚二甲基硅氧烷基团上。另外的泡沫稳定剂描述在US-A-2,834,748、2 917480和描述在US-A-3,629,308中。
如果合适,反应在助剂和/或添加剂,例如填料、孔调节剂、表面活性化合物和/或阻燃剂的存在下进行。优选的阻燃剂是以卤素-磷为基础的阻燃剂例如磷酸三氯丙酯、磷酸三氯乙酯,以及无卤阻燃剂如OP 560(Clariant International Ltd)。
使用的起始材料、催化剂以及助剂和添加剂的更多细节例如可参见Kunststoff-Handbuch,第7卷,Polyurethane(聚氨酯),Carl-Hanser-Verlag Munich,1966年第1版,1983年第二版和1993年第三版中。
为了生产本发明的聚氨酯,有机多异氰酸酯与具有至少两个活性氢原子的化合物在上述发泡剂以及如果合适的催化剂和助剂和/或添加剂的存在下反应。
在生产本发明的聚氨酯时,异氰酸酯和多元醇组分通常以使异氰酸酯基团与活性氢原子总和的当量比为0.7-1.25,优选0.8-1.2的量结合。
对于生产模塑的挠性泡沫,使用其中生成多元醇组分和异氰酸酯组分并将其发泡的二组分方法是特别有利的。优选将所述组分在15-90℃,优选20-60℃和特别优选20-35℃范围内的温度下混合,并将其引入到模中或施加到传送带上。模中的温度通常在20-110℃范围内,优选30-60℃和特别优选35-55℃。
挠性块状泡沫可以在不连续或连续的装置中,例如通过Planiblock(平块)法、Maxfoam(马克斯泡沫)法、Draka-Petzetakis法和Vertifoam法进行发泡。
使用来源于可再生材料且通过DMC催化制备的聚醚醇生产的挠性聚氨酯泡沫与使用了通过碱性催化剂从可再生原料制备的根据本发明使用的聚醚醇的产物相比,具有显著降低的气味、显著降低的雾度值以及显著降低的龟裂形成以及改善的老化前后的压缩变定。此外,本发明的泡沫具有较高比例的开孔,例如其显示为增加的透气性。
挠性聚氨酯块状泡沫的压缩变定不大于10%,在根据DIN EN ISO2440老化以后不大于20%。
本发明粘弹性挠性聚氨酯泡沫的透气性优选为至少10dm3/min,特别地优选大于30dm3/min和特别大于50dm3/min。
本发明粘弹性挠性聚氨酯泡沫具有非常好的耐老化性,特别是在热和潮湿的条件下。它们是疏水且耐溶胀的。泡沫中的芳族胺,特别是2,4-和2,6-甲苯二胺或MDA的比例小于1ppm并且即使在长期使用后也不增加。
本发明的挠性聚氨酯泡沫优选用于机动车内部和用于家具与床垫中。
本发明通过下列实施例进行说明。
生产开孔的粘弹性挠性聚氨酯泡沫
实施例1-4
将表1中所列的起始材料按照表1中所示的比例反应。
首先通过强烈混合使除异氰酸酯之外的所有组分混合,从而产生多元醇组分。然后在搅拌的同时添加异氰酸酯并将反应混合物倾入开口模中,在所述模中使反应混合物发泡从而产生聚氨酯泡沫。获得的泡沫的性能如表1所示。
按照以下所述的标准、操作方法和测试方法对下列性能进行测定:
泡沫密度,kg/m3 DIN EN ISO 845
VOC蓖麻油酸周期,ppm PB VWL 709
FOG蓖麻油酸周期,ppm PB VWL 709
透气性,dm3/min DIN EN ISO 7231
压缩强度,40%形变,kPa DIN EN ISO 2439
抗压陷力,25%形变 DIN EN ISO 2439
抗压陷力,40%形变 DIN EN ISO 2439
抗压陷力,65%形变 DIN EN ISO 2439
伸长率,% DIN EN ISO 1798
拉伸强度,kPa DIN EN ISO 1798
回弹性,% DIN EN ISO 8307
压缩变定,% DIN EN ISO 3386
湿压缩变定 2002年2月6日的操作方法AA
U10-131-041
湿压缩变定根据2002年2月6日的操作方法AA U10-131-041测定:通过游标卡尺或测量卡钳测定在大小为50mm×50mm×25mm的泡沫试样上的预先标记处的高度。随后将试样放在两个压力板之间并通过使用7.5mm间隔物的夹紧器件将其压缩至该高度。
在夹紧后将其立即储存在50℃和95%相对大气湿度的温度和湿度控制室中。在22小时后,将泡沫试样迅速从夹紧器件上移开,并在低导热表面(托盘)上于标准大气中临时储存30分钟,从而使它们松弛。随后使用同样的测量装置测定标记位的剩余高度。
湿压缩变定以形变为基础并如下计算:
湿压缩变定=h0-hR*100/(h0-7.5mm),以%为单位
h0初始高度,以mm为单位
hR试样的剩余高度,以mm为单位
表1
表的注解
50mg KOH/g羟值和725mPa·s粘度的聚醚
醇(BASF Aktiengesellschaft)
1000 具有55mg KOH/g羟值和325mPa·s粘度的
聚丙二醇(BASF Aktiengesellschaft)
蓖麻油,DAB品系 Alberdingk-Boley
[2.2.2]辛烷(33%)(Air Products and
Chemicals,Inc.)
醚(70%),(Crompton Corporation)
Chemicals,Inc.)
BF 2270 聚硅氧烷稳定剂(Degussa AG)
和BF 2370
198 聚硅氧烷稳定剂(Air Products and
Chemicals,Inc.)
T 80 A: 以80∶20比例的甲苯2,4-/2,6-二异氰酸酯混
合物(BASF Aktien gesellschaft)
异氰酸酯的混合物
4,4′-二异氰酸酯的1∶1混合物(BASF
Aktiengesellschaft)
TDA 甲苯二胺
MDA 亚甲基二(苯基胺)
Claims (15)
1.一种通过以下组分反应来生产基于可再生原料的开孔粘弹性挠性聚氨酯泡沫的方法,
a)多异氰酸酯,与
b)多元醇混合物,其包含
bi)具有至少两个对异氰酸酯基团呈反应性的氢原子且OH值为20-100mg KOH/g的化合物,和
bii)具有至少两个对异氰酸酯基团呈反应性的氢原子且OH值为100-800mg KOH/g的化合物,和
biii)具有至少一个且不超过两个对异氰酸酯基团呈反应性的氢原子且OHN为100-800mg KOH/g的化合物,
和
c)发泡剂,
其中组分bi)和bii)各自包含至少一种含可再生原料或其反应产物的化合物。
2.根据权利要求1的方法,其中所述组分b)包含5-45重量%的bi),30-90重量%的bii)和5-40重量%的biii),在每种情形下基于bi)、bii)和biii)的总和。
3.根据权利要求1的方法,其中将蓖麻油与氧化烯的反应产物用作组分bi)。
4.根据权利要求1的方法,其中将蓖麻油用作组分bii)。
5.根据权利要求1的方法,其中所述组分b)包含10-25重量%的bi),50-80重量%的bii)和10-30重量%的biii),在每种情形下基于bi)、bii)和biii)的总和。
6.根据权利要求1的方法,其中将羟值为100-800mg KOH/g的单醇和/或二醇用作化合物biii)。
7.根据权利要求1的方法,其中优选将80重量%的甲苯2,4-二异氰酸酯和20重量%的甲苯2,6-二异氰酸酯的混合物用作多异氰酸酯。
8.根据权利要求1的方法,其中优选将水用作发泡剂。
9.根据权利要求1的方法,其中所述粘弹性挠性聚氨酯泡沫的透气性为至少10dm3/min。
10.根据权利要求1的方法,其中所述挠性聚氨酯泡沫的压缩变定不超过7%。
11.根据权利要求1的方法,其中所述挠性聚氨酯泡沫在根据DIN ENISO 2440老化后的压缩变定不超过15%。
12.根据权利要求1的方法,其中基于聚氨酯泡沫,可再生原料的比例为至少20重量%。
13.一种可以根据权利要求1-11中任一项生产的开孔粘弹性挠性聚氨酯块状泡沫。
14.根据权利要求13的挠性聚氨酯泡沫在家具和床垫以及弹性垫中的用途。
15.根据权利要求13的挠性聚氨酯泡沫在机动车内部中的用途。
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- 2007-01-16 KR KR1020087018631A patent/KR20080099252A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2007-01-16 PT PT07703882T patent/PT1981926E/pt unknown
- 2007-01-16 DK DK07703882T patent/DK1981926T3/da active
- 2007-01-16 WO PCT/EP2007/050367 patent/WO2007085548A1/de active Application Filing
- 2007-01-16 DE DE502007000788T patent/DE502007000788D1/de active Active
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- 2007-01-16 RU RU2008134511/04A patent/RU2435795C9/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2007-01-16 CN CN2007800034951A patent/CN101374877B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2007-01-25 AR ARP070100327A patent/AR059472A1/es active IP Right Grant
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US20100227938A1 (en) | 2010-09-09 |
EP1981926B1 (de) | 2009-05-27 |
CN101374877A (zh) | 2009-02-25 |
AR059472A1 (es) | 2008-04-09 |
PL1981926T3 (pl) | 2009-10-30 |
RU2435795C9 (ru) | 2013-02-27 |
PT1981926E (pt) | 2009-06-05 |
TW200730552A (en) | 2007-08-16 |
WO2007085548A1 (de) | 2007-08-02 |
EP1981926A1 (de) | 2008-10-22 |
DK1981926T3 (da) | 2009-08-31 |
RU2008134511A (ru) | 2010-03-10 |
RU2435795C2 (ru) | 2011-12-10 |
JP2009524718A (ja) | 2009-07-02 |
KR20080099252A (ko) | 2008-11-12 |
ES2324319T3 (es) | 2009-08-04 |
ATE432304T1 (de) | 2009-06-15 |
DE502007000788D1 (de) | 2009-07-09 |
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