CN100556450C - Il-18抑制剂在治疗或预防脓毒症中的应用 - Google Patents
Il-18抑制剂在治疗或预防脓毒症中的应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN100556450C CN100556450C CNB028140605A CN02814060A CN100556450C CN 100556450 C CN100556450 C CN 100556450C CN B028140605 A CNB028140605 A CN B028140605A CN 02814060 A CN02814060 A CN 02814060A CN 100556450 C CN100556450 C CN 100556450C
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种IL-18抑制剂在制备治疗和/或预防脓毒症和其他以全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS)为特点的疾病的药物中的应用,所述的疾病选自重度脓毒症和脓毒症休克,所述的药物也用于与脓毒症相关的心功能不全。
Description
技术领域
本申请享有2001年5月16日提交的美国临时专利申请号60/291,463的权益,其公开的内容被纳入作为参考。
本发明涉及IL-18抑制剂在治疗和/或预防脓毒症(sepsis)中的应用。
发明背景
1989年有人检测到在感染小鼠的血清中用牛分枝杆菌诱导以及用脂多糖(LPS)攻击的因子。这个因子在白介素-2(IL-2)存在下能够诱导正常小鼠脾细胞培养液的干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)(Nakamura等人,1989)。该因子所起的作用不是IFN-γ的直接诱导剂,而是与IL-2、抗CD3或有丝分裂原一起作为共刺激剂。有人尝试由内毒素后处理过的小鼠血清进一步鉴定这种活性,结果揭示了一种与上述活性相关、分子量为50-55kDa表观均一的蛋白质(Nakamura等人,1993)。由于其他细胞因子可以作为产生IFN-γ的共刺激剂,所以无法通过中和抗IL-1、IL-4、IL-5、IL-6或TNF的抗体来阻断血清活性,提示它是一种截然不同的因子。同一批科学家证实了以疮疱棒状杆菌(P.acnes)预处理的小鼠肝脏提取物中含有由内毒素诱导产生IFN-γ的共刺激剂(Okamura等人,1995)。此实验模型的肝脏巨噬细胞群(Kupffer细胞)扩展,所以低剂量细菌脂多糖(LPS)是可致命的,但对未经预处理的小鼠作类似处理是不致命的。该因子被命名为IFN-γ诱导因子(IGIF),后来又被称为白细胞介素-18(IL-18),由这些经疮疱棒状杆菌处理过的小鼠肝脏提纯至均浆,获得部分氨基酸序列。采用由纯化IL-18的氨基酸序列所产生的简并寡核苷酸来克隆小鼠IL-18cDNA(Okamura等人,1995)。IL-18的人cDNA序列在1996年已有报导。
白细胞介素IL-18(Tsutsui等人,1996;Nakamura等人,1993;Okamura等人,1995;Ushio等人,1996;)具有IL-1蛋白质家族的结构特征。与其他大多数具有四螺旋束结构的细胞因子不同,IL-18全部为β-折叠结构。IL-18与IL-1β相似,被合成为一种没有生物活性的前体(proIL-18),缺少信号肽(Ushio等人,1996)。IL-1β和IL-18前体由caspase 1(IL-1β转化酶或ICE)在P1位置上天冬氨酸残基之后割开。即使没有信号肽,所得到的成熟细胞因子也可从细胞释放出来(Ghayur等人,1997和Gu等人,1997)。
众所周知,IL-18是一种通过T辅助I型(Th1)细胞产生细胞因子(IFN-γ、IL-2和粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子)的共刺激剂(Kohnoet等人,1997),也是通过小鼠天然杀伤细胞克隆由FAS配体介导的细胞毒性的共刺激剂(Tsutsui等人,1996)。
白介素-12(IL-12)是一种由单核细胞/巨噬细胞和其他抗原呈递细胞产生的免疫调节细胞因子。它是细胞介导的先天性免疫反应与后天性免疫反应和谐结合的关键(Trinchieri,1998)。它由杂二聚体组成,而杂二聚体由二个分离基因的共价连接产物构成:重链(p40)和轻链(p35)。IL-12受某些细菌、细菌产物、胞内寄生物和病毒刺激而产生。下列功能要归因于IL-12:1)它是T细胞和天然杀伤细胞的IFN-γ的强诱导剂,2)它是这些细胞的共促有丝分裂因子,3)它对大多数系统的Th1反应的发生起着关键的作用(继而增加IFN-γ和TNF的产生及增强巨噬细胞的活化等),4)它增强具有细胞毒性的T淋巴细胞和天然杀伤细胞的细胞毒性,以及5)它是迟发型超敏反应所必需的。已发现,IFN-α或IFN-β能抑制经金黄色葡萄球菌Cowan 1株处理过的分离小鼠脾白细胞中IL-12的产生(Karp等人,2000)。
最近据报,IL-12参与器官特异性自身免疫炎症疾病的致病机理,如多发性硬化症(Karp等人,2000)和炎症性肠胃疾病(IBD)(Blumberg和Strober,2001;Fiocchi,1999),所以它被认为是治疗这些疾病的潜在药靶。
IL-18和IL-12在诱导T细胞产生IFN-γ上有明显的协同作用(Okamura等人,1998)。对这种协同作用的机理的研究显示,IL-12能使产生IFN-γ的细胞上IL-18受体的两条链的表达上调(Kim等人,2001)。虽然IL-12和IL-18都能激活先天性免疫和后天性免疫,但受活化巨噬细胞刺激使它们的产生过量可诱导多种器官性疾病,包括免疫系统机能障碍(Seki等人,2000)。
细胞因子结合蛋白(可溶性细胞因子受体)通常是其各自细胞表面细胞因子受体的胞外配体结合结构域。它们或通过可变换的剪接或通过细胞表面受体蛋白裂解而产生。过去已对这些可溶性受体进行了叙述,例如,IL-6和IFN-γ的可溶性受体(Novick等人,1989)、TNF(Engelmann等人,1989;Engelmann等人,1990)、IL-1和IL-4(Maliszewski等人,1990)和IFN-α/β(Novick等人,1994;Novick等人,1992)。一种称为骨保护素(OPG,也称破骨抑制因-OCIF)的细胞因子结合蛋白是TNFR/Fas家族的成员,它似乎是仅作为分泌蛋白而存在的第一种可溶性受体(Anderson等人,1997;Simonet等人,1997;Yasuda等人,1998)。
通过在IL-18柱上进行亲和纯化从尿中得到了结合IL-18的蛋白质(IL-18BP)(Novick等人,1999)。IL-18BP在体外消除了IL-18对IFN-γ的诱导以及IL-18对NF-κB的活化。另外,IL-18BP还通过注射LPS抑制了小鼠中IFN-γ的诱导。IL-18BP基因位于人染色体11上,在包括IL-18BP基因的8.3Kb基因组序列中没发现编码跨膜结构域的外显子。迄今为止,在人身上发现通过变换剪接mRNA可产生IL-18BP的四种同种型。它们被命名为IL-18BP a、b、c和d,它们全部均共享相同的N末端,但C末端不同(Novick等人,1999)。这些同种型与IL-18的结合能力不同(Kim等人,2000)。在四种同种型中,人IL-18同种型a和c对IL-18具有中和能力已为人所知。最富含的IL-18BP同种型,即剪接变体同种型a,对IL-18具有高亲和力,结合速率快,解离速率慢,解离常数(Kd)约为0.4nM(Kim等人,2000)。IL-18BP在脾中固有地表达,属于免疫球蛋白超家族。有人利用计算机模型(Kim等人,2000)和基于类似蛋白IL-1β与IL-1R I型的相互作用(Vigers等人,1997)对参与IL-18和IL-18BP相互作用的残基进行了阐述。根据IL-18与IL-18BP结合的模型,提出将IL-18的42位上Glu残基和89位上Lys残基分别与IL-18BP的Lys-130和Glu-114结合(Kim等人,2000)。
IL-18BP固有地存在于许多细胞中(Puren等人,1999),并在健康人体内循环(Urushihara等人,2000),这是细胞因子生物学一种独有现象。由于IL-18BP对IL-18具有高亲和力(Kd=0.4nM)以及在循环中IL-18BP的浓度较高(相对IL-18过量20倍摩尔),故可以推测,在循环中即使不是全部但大部分IL-18分子与IL-18BP结合。与IL-18的细胞表面受体竞争的循环IL-18BP可用作天然消炎和免疫抑制分子。
如上所述,IL-18诱导IFN-γ,最近又有报导,IFN-γ反过来在体外诱导产生IL-18BPa mRNA(Muhl等人,2000)。所以,IL-18BPa可用作“中断”信号,以终止炎症反应。
IL-18BP与由一些痘病毒编码的蛋白质家族高度同源(Novick等人,1999;Xiang和Moss,1999)。通过该推定病毒性IL-18BP抑制IL-18可减弱炎症抗病毒性Th1反应。
术语全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS)是脓毒症的一种常见临床综合征,与其病因无关。SIRS可由外伤、胰腺炎、药物反应、自身免疫疾病和其他疾病引起:据说受感染时出现SIRS就会引起脓毒症(Nathens和Marshall,1996)。
脓毒症休克是内科和外科深切治疗部最常见的死因(Astiz和Rackow,1998)。用术语脓毒症、重度脓毒症和脓毒症休克来区分受感染的连续临床反应。脓毒症患者呈现感染症状和炎症的临床表现。重度脓毒症患者可发展为灌注不足和器官性功能障碍。脓毒症休克表现为灌注不足和永久性血压过低。脓毒症患者的死亡率为16%,脓毒症休克患者的死亡率为40-60%。脓毒症休克最常见的诱因是细菌感染。感染多发部位是肺、腹部和尿道。一般消炎法如采用皮质类固醇疗法不能提高脓毒症和脓毒症休克的生存率。在临床试验中曾测试了三种对内毒素具有特异性的单克隆抗体,它们也不能提高生存率。采用肿瘤坏死因子拮抗剂、白介素1、缓激肽、布洛芬和血小板活化因子的疗法也显示对脓毒症休克的生存率无任何改善(Astiz和Rackow,1998)。
脓毒症特别是由革兰氏阳性菌例如表皮葡萄球菌(Staphylococcusepidermidis)引起的。脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖是葡萄球菌种细胞壁的主要成分,被认为是在此条件下释放细胞因子的诱导剂(Grupta等人,1996和Cleveland等人,1996)。然而,其他革兰氏阳性成分也被认为是细胞因子合成的刺激剂(Henderson等人,1996)。一般认为,IL-1、TNF-α和IFN-γ的产生是脓毒症休克发病的主要原因(Dinarello,1996和Okusawa等人,1988)。此外,趋化因子IL-8可由应答表皮葡萄球菌的嗜中性粒细胞诱导(Hachicha等人,1998)。调节由表皮葡萄球菌诱导产生IL-1、TNF-α和IFN-γ的主要因子是IL-18、IL-12、IL-1β和TNF-α。IL-1β和TNF-α可看成为由T淋巴细胞刺激产生IFN-γ的共刺激剂,方式与IL-18相似。这两种细胞因子对位于IL-12附近的IFN-γ的产生或细菌刺激具有共刺激活性(Skeen等人,1995和Tripp等人,1993)。
Nakamura等人(2000)最近报导,把IL-18和IL-12一起给予小鼠,所得到的毒性与内毒素诱导的脓毒症休克中发现的毒性差不多一样高。
已有证据显示,脓毒症患者的血清IL-18水平上升(Endo等人,2000),但这种与肌酸酐水平相关的上升提示IL-18水平上升可能由肾衰竭造成。在另一项研究(Grobmyer等人,2000)中,9例脓毒症患者在入院后最初96个小时期间的IL-18水平较高,但与肌酸酐水平无关。
由以上可见,IL-18是一种具有增强与减弱炎症功能的多效白介素。一方面,它能增强促炎细胞因子如TNF-α的产生,因而起到促炎的作用。另一方面,它能诱导caspase-1抑制剂氧化氮(NO)的产生,因而阻断IL-1β的成熟,从而可能减弱炎症作用。IL-18的这种双重作用使人们对IL-18抑制剂在治疗炎症疾病的功效提出一个很大的疑问。而且,因为调节炎症时涉及到很多种不同细胞因子和趋化因子,不可能期望它在这样一个复杂的相互作用网络中仅阻断一条通道就获得有益的效果。
Netea等人(2000)报导,给予抗IL-18多克隆抗体能保护小鼠免于受到由测试大肠杆菌或鼠伤寒沙门氏杆菌产生的两种LPS所造成的不良影响,这证实了IL-18是致命内毒素血症发病的重要因素的理论。然而,新治疗药物基于给予IL-18抑制剂的功效的不确定性表现为IL-18剔除(knock out)小鼠与野生型动物相比更不易患上脓毒症(Sakao等人,1999),而最新报导提示IL-18的促炎活性是抗严重感染宿主防御的必要条件(Nakanishi等人,2001和Foss等人,2001)。
所以,尽管存在上述关于IL-18抑制剂的使用问题,但有必要提供脓毒症的治疗和/预防方法。
发明内容
本发明涉及一种IL-18抑制剂在制备治疗和/或预防脓毒症和其他以全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS)为特点的疾病的药物中的应用,所述的疾病选自重度脓毒症和脓毒症休克,所述的药物也用于与脓毒症相关的心功能不全。
更具体地说,本发明涉及IL-18抑制剂的应用,所述的IL-18抑制剂选自caspase-1(ICE)抑制剂、抗IL-18抗体、抗任何一个IL-18受体亚基的抗体、IL-18信号通道抑制剂、能与IL-18竞争并阻断IL-18受体的IL-18拮抗剂、IL-18产生的抑制剂以及IL-18结合蛋白质、或其至少具有与IL-18结合蛋白质基本上相同活性的同种型、突变蛋白、融合蛋白、功能性衍生物、活性片段或循环变换衍生物。
本发明所用的IL-18结合蛋白质是它的同种型、突变蛋白、融合蛋白(例如与Ig融合)、功能性衍生物(例如与PEG结合)、活性片段或循环变换衍生物。
本发明所用的抗体可以是抗IL-18特异性抗体,选自嵌合抗体、人源化抗体和人抗体。
另外,本发明涉及一种抑制剂在制备药物中的应用,所述药物还包括IL-12抑制剂,优选为IL-12中和抗体,干扰素,优选为干扰素α或β,肿瘤坏死因子,抑制剂优选为可溶性TNFR I或TNFR II和/或IL-1抑制剂,优选为IL-1受体拮抗剂,可同时、先后或分开给予。
本发明还提供一种包括IL-18抑制剂编码序列的表达载体在制备例如通过基因疗法治疗和/或预防脓毒症的药物中的应用,所述的IL-18抑制剂选自caspase-1(ICE)抑制剂、抗IL-18抗体、抗任何一个IL-18受体亚基的抗体、IL-18信号通道抑制剂、能与IL-18竞争并阻断IL-18受体的IL-18拮抗剂、IL-18产生的抑制剂以及IL-18结合蛋白质,其至少具有与IL-18结合蛋白质基本上相同活性的同种型、突变蛋白、融合蛋白或循环变换衍生物。
本发明还提供一种能诱导和/或增强细胞中内源性产生IL-18抑制剂的载体在制备治疗和/或预防脓毒症的药物中的应用。
本发明还提供一种经过基因改造产生IL-18抑制剂的细胞在制备治疗和/或预防脓毒症的药物中的应用。
在另一实施例中,本发明涉及一种脓毒症和其他以全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS)为特点的疾病,包括与脓毒症相关的心功能不全的治疗和/或预防方法,所述方法包括给予有需要的受试者药学上有效量的IL-18抑制剂,所述的抑制剂选自caspase-1(ICE)抑制剂、抗IL-18抗体、抗任何一个IL-18受体亚基的抗体、IL-18信号通道抑制剂、能与IL-18竞争并阻断IL-18受体的IL-18拮抗剂、IL-18产生的抑制剂以及IL-18结合蛋白质、其至少具有与IL-18结合蛋白质基本上相同活性的同种型、突变蛋白、融合蛋白、功能性衍生物、活性片段或循环变换衍生物。这种方法可包括共同给予有效治疗量的细胞因子抑制剂,所述的细胞因子抑制剂选自IL-12抑制剂,优选为中和抗体,肿瘤坏死因子,优选为TNFR I或TNFRII可溶性部分,IL-1抑制剂,优选为IL-1受体拮抗剂与IL-8抑制剂,和/或干扰素,优选为干扰素-α或干扰素-β。
此外,本发还提供一种脓毒症和其他以全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS)为特点的疾病的治疗和/或预防方法,所述的方法包括给予有需要的受试者药学上有效量的编码IL-18抑制剂序列的载体,所述的抑制剂选自caspase-1(ICE)抑制剂、抗IL-18抗体、抗任何一个IL-18受体亚基的抗体、IL-18信号通道抑制剂、能与IL-18竞争并阻断IL-18受体的IL-18拮抗剂、IL-18产生的抑制剂以及IL-18结合蛋白质、其同种型、突变蛋白、融合蛋白或循环变换衍生物。
在另一实施例中,本发明涉及一种脓毒症和其他以全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS)为特点的疾病的治疗和/或预防方法,所述的方法包括给予有需要的受试者药学上有效量的能诱导和/或增强细胞中内源性产生IL-18抑制剂的载体。
本发明还提供一种脓毒症和其他以全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS)为特点的疾病的治疗和/或预防方法,所述的方法包括给予有需要的受试者经过基因改造产生IL-18抑制剂的细胞。
附图说明
图1所示为健康个体的血清IL-18BPa的分布图。以特异性ELISA试验分析年龄为20至60岁的男女健康个体血清中所含的IL-18BPa(n=107)。
图2A所示为脓毒症患者与健康受试者的平均IL-18和IL-18BPa水平。测定健康受试者(参见图1)与从42例脓毒症患者刚住院时和住院期间采集到的198个样本的血清IL-18和IL-18BPa。
图2B所示为图2A所述健康受试者与脓毒症患者各自IL-18和IL-18BPa水平的分布图。健康受试者的平均血清IL-18和IL-18BPa水平分别以垂直虚线和水平虚线表示。
图3所示为住院后各脓毒症患者的总IL-18与游离IL-18之间的比较。根据总IL-18(空心圆)与IL-18BPa的浓度,并考虑复合物中IL-18与IL-18BPa为1∶1的化学计量比以及已算出来的Kd值400pM而计算血清中游离IL-18(实心圆)的水平。每条垂直线将单个血清样本的总IL-18与游离IL-18连接起来。
图4所示为IL-18BP对表皮葡萄球菌在全血中诱导产生IFN-γ的影响。单独用表皮葡萄球菌或用表皮葡萄球菌与重组IL-18BP按照所示浓度刺激全血。培育48小时后,溶解血培养液,测量IFN-γ。结果以表皮葡萄球菌诱导产生的IFN-γ的百分比表示。与单独用表皮葡萄球菌比较P<0.01。这些数据表示6个实验的平均值±平均值标准误差(SEM)。SEM表示一个样本平均值的范围。SEM给出平均值精确度的概念。SEM=SD/(样本大小的方根)。用配对Student’s test检验分析数据。
图5所示为IL-18BPa与抗IL-12单克隆抗体的双重活性对用表皮葡萄球菌处理过的全血产生IFN-γ的抑制效应。在IL-18BPa(125纳克/毫升)、IL-12单克隆抗体(2.5微克/毫升)及二者存在或不存在情况下用表皮葡萄球菌刺激全血。培育48小时后,溶解血培养液,测量IFN-γ。数据以诱导产生IFN-γ的百分比表示。与单独用表皮葡萄球菌比较P<0.01。这些数据表示6个实验的平均值±平均值标准误差(SEM)。SEM表示一个样本平均值的范围。SEM给出平均值精确度的概念。SEM=SD/(样本大小的方根)。用配对Student’s test检验分析数据。
图6所示为ELISA标准曲线反映的IL-18BPa定量结果。依次稀释重组人IL-18BPa,并进行实施例3所述的ELISA试验。数据以10个实验的平均吸收度±SE(标准误差)表示。壓
图7所示为IL-18对ELISA试验的IL-18BPa定量结果的抑制效应。图中示出信号被抑制的百分比。
图8所示为人IL-18BP同种型的免疫交叉反应。用IL-18BP的全部同种型(a-d)进行IL-18BP ELISA试验。依次稀释IL-18BP同种型的母液(3.2微克/毫升),并在IL-18BPa ELISA试验中测试。
图9所示为给予LPS后心肌组织IL-18的含量。给小鼠注射大肠杆菌LPS(0.5毫克/千克,腹膜内注射)。按X轴所标时间将心脏匀浆。进行ELISA试验以测定心肌IL-18的含量。(每组4-5个)。
图10所示为抗IL-18抗体对LPS诱导的心功能不全的影响。给小鼠注射介质(腹膜内注射盐水,n=8),或者注射大肠杆菌LPS(0.5毫克/千克,腹膜内注射,n=8),通过离体灌流心脏在第6小时测定左室发展压(LVDP)。在另一些实验中,在给予LPS之前30分钟用正常兔血清(n=5)或者抗IL-18抗体(抗IL-18,n=8)对小鼠进行预处理。
具体实施方式
本发明涉及给予IL-18抑制剂预防或治疗脓毒症并基于实施例中所述的研究结果。本发明得出,脓毒症患者的血清中有效(游离)循环IL-18的水平比健康个体高,抑制IL-18可导致革兰氏阳性菌表皮葡萄球菌诱导产生的IFN-γ减少。
给予IL-18抑制剂与其他可能增强其效应的细胞因子抑制剂可预防和治疗脓毒症。
本发明的脓毒症包括SIRS、重度脓毒症、脓毒症休克、内毒素性休克,可由革兰氏阳性菌或革兰氏阴性菌引起。
本发明上下文中的术语“IL-18抑制剂”,指能以减弱、降低或部分地、基本上或完全地防止或阻断IL-18产生和/或作用的方式来调节IL-18的产生和/或作用的任何分子。
IL-18产生的抑制剂可以是任何一种对IL-18的合成、加工或成熟有负面影响的分子,例如ICE抑制剂。本发明考虑的抑制剂可以是,例如,白介素IL-18基因表达的抑制剂、降低或阻止IL-18mRNA转录的反义mRNA或导致该mRNA降解的核酶、损害正确折叠或部分或基本上阻止IL-18分泌的蛋白质、能降解IL-18的蛋白酶等。
IL-18作用的抑制剂可以是IL-18拮抗剂,例如IL-18BP。拮抗剂可以以足够亲和力和特异性结合或隔离IL-18分子本身而部分或基本上中和负责IL-18与其配体结合的IL-18或IL-18结合位(例如,与其受体)。拮抗剂也可抑制在IL-18/受体结合后细胞中所激活的IL-18信号通道。
IL-18作用的抑制剂也可以是可溶性IL-18受体或仿真受体的分子,或阻断IL-18受体或仿真受体的分子的物质,或阻断IL-18受体的物质、IL-18抗体,如多克隆或单克隆抗体,或阻止IL-18与其靶结合,从而减弱或阻止由IL-18介导的细胞内外反应的触发的其它物质或分子。
本文所用的术语“IL-18结合蛋白”与“IL-18BP”同义。它包括WO 99/09063或Novick等人(1999)所限定的IL-18结合蛋白,包括Kim等人(2000)所限定的IL-18结合蛋白的剪接变体和/或同种型。具体地说,人IL-18BP同种型a和c可用在本发明中。本发明所用的蛋白质可以糖基化或非糖基化,它们可来自天然来源,如尿液,或者它们最好是重组产生。在原核生物如大肠杆菌表达系统,或真核生物优选哺乳动物表达系统中进行重组表达。
本文所用的术语“突变蛋白”指IL-18BP的同类物,或病毒性IL-18BP的同类物,其中天然IL-18BP或病毒性IL-18BP的一个或多个氨基酸残基被不同氨基酸残基所取代,或缺失,或IL-18BP、病毒性IL-18BP的天然序列中加入了一个或多个氨基酸残基,但所产生的产物的活性与野生型IL-18BP或病毒性IL-18BP相比无显著改变。这些突变蛋白由已知的合成和/或定点诱变技术,或任何适合的其它已知技术制备。
任何这样一种突变蛋白最好具有IL-18BP充分复制、或病毒性IL-18BP充分复制的氨基酸序列,从而具有与IL-18BP基本上相似的活性。IL-18BP的一种活性是它能结合IL-18。只要该突变蛋白对IL-18具有很大的结合活性。它就可用于纯化IL-18,如借助亲和层析法,从而认为其具有与IL-18BP基本上相似的活性。因此,可借助常规实验方法来确定任何一个给定突变蛋白是否具有与IL-18BP基本相同的活性,实验方法包括对这样一种突变蛋白进行简单的夹心竞争试验(simplesandwich competition assay),以确定它是否能与被适当标记的IL-18结合,如放射免疫试验或酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)。
本发明可用的IL-18BP多肽突变蛋白或病毒性IL-18BP突变蛋白,或编码它们的核酸,包括一组有限的基本上与取代肽或多核苷酸相应的序列,本领域普通技术人员可根据本文所述的教导和指引用常规方法获得,而无须进行过多实验。
本发明突变蛋白中的优选变化被称为“保守性”取代。IL-18BP多肽或蛋白或病毒性IL-18BP的保守性氨基酸取代可包括一组内同义氨基酸,其具有足够相似的生理化学特性,该组原子之间的取代将保留该分子的生物功能(Grantham,1974)。
显然,在上述序列中不改变其功能还可进行氨基酸的插入和缺失,特别是如果这种插入或缺失只涉及少数氨基酸时,如30个以下,最好为10个以下,而且不会移去或取代对功能性构造起关键作用的氨基酸,如半胱氨酸残基。这类缺失和/或插入所产生的蛋白质和突变蛋白属于本发明范围。
优选同义氨基酸组是表1列出的那些组;更好的同义氨基酸组是表2列出的那些组;最好的同义氨基酸组是表3列出的那些组。
表1 优选同义氨基酸组
氨基酸 同义组
Ser Ser,Thr,Gly,Asn
Arg Arg,Gln,Lys,Glu,His
Leu Ile,Phe,Tyr,Met,Val,Leu
Pro Gly,Ala,Thr,Pro
Thr Pro,Ser,Ala,Gly,His,Gln,Thr
Ala Gly,Thr,Pro,Ala
Val Met,Tyr,Phe,Ile,Leu,Val
Gly Ala,Thr,Pro,Ser,Gly
Ile Met,Tyr,Phe,Val,Leu,Ile
Phe Trp,Met,Tyr,Ile,Val,Leu,Phe
Tyr Trp,Met,Phe,Ile,Val,Leu,Tyr
Cys Ser,Thr,Cys
His Glu,Lys,Gln,Thr,Arg,His
Gln Glu,Lys,Asn,His,Thr,Arg,Gln
Asn Gln,Asp,Ser,Asn
Lys Glu,Gln,His,Arg,Lys
Asp Glu,Asn,Asp
Glu Asp,Lys,Asn,Gln,His,Arg,Glu
Met Phe,Ile,Val,Leu,Met
Trp Trp
表2 更好的同义氨基酸组
氨基酸 同义组
Ser Ser
Arg His,Lys,Arg
Leu Leu,Ile,Phe,Met
Pro Ala,Pro
Thr Thr
Ala Pro,Ala
Val Val,Met,Ile
Gly Gly
Ile Ile,Met,Phe,Val,Leu
Phe Met,Tyr,Ile,Leu,Phe
Tyr Phe,Tyr
Cys Cys,Ser
His His,Gln,Arg
Gln Glu,Gln,His
Asn Asp,Asn
Lys Lys,Arg
Asp Asp,Asn
Glu Glu,Gln
Met Met,Phe,Ile,Val,Leu
Trp Trp
表3 最好的同义氨基酸组
氨基酸 同义组
Ser Ser
Arg Arg
Leu Leu,Ile,Met
Pro Pro
Thr Thr
Ala Ala
Val Val
Gly Gly
Ile Ile,Met,Leu
Phe Phe
Tyr Tyr
Cys Cys,Ser
His His
Gln Gln
Asn Asn
Lys Lys
Asp Asp
Glu Glu
Met Met,Ile,Leu
Trp Met
在蛋白质中产生氨基酸取代的实施例可用来获得本发明中所用的IL-18BP多肽或蛋白质的突变蛋白,或病毒性IL-18BP的突变蛋白,其包括任何已知的方法步骤,如Mark等人的美国专利4,959,314、4,588,585和4,737,462;Koths等人的5,116,943;Namen等人的4,965,195;Chong等人的4,879,111和Lee等人的5,017,691专利中提出的方法,以及美国专利4,904,584(Shaw等人)中提出的赖氨酸取代蛋白质。
术语“融合蛋白”指一多肽包含IL-18BP或病毒性IL-18BP或其突变蛋白或片段与另一蛋白质,如在体液中停留时间延长的蛋白质,融合。故IL-18BP或病毒性IL-18BP可与另一蛋白质、多肽等,如免疫球蛋白或其片段,融合。
本文使用的“功能性衍生物”,包括IL-18BP或病毒性IL-18BP衍生物及其突变蛋白和融合蛋白,它们可用本领域已知方法从残基或N端或C端基团上以侧链存在的功能性基团制备。只要它们仍然在药学上可接受,即它们没有破坏与IL-18BP或病毒性IL-18BP活性基本上相似的蛋白质活性,并且不会使含它的组合物具有毒性,均包括在本发明中。
这些衍生物例如可以包括聚乙二醇侧链(与PEG结合),其可遮蔽抗原位并延长IL-18BP或病毒性IL-18BP在体液中的停留时间。其它衍生物包括羧基脂肪酯,羧基与氨或伯胺或仲胺反应产生的酰胺、氨基酸残基的游离氨基与酰基部分分子(如烷酰基或碳环芳酰基)形成的N-酰基衍生物、或游离羟基(如丝氨酰或苏氨酰残基的游离羟基)与酰基部分分子形成的O-酰基衍生物。
本发明的IL-18BP或病毒性IL-18BP、突变蛋白和融合蛋白的“活性部分”包括单独蛋白分子多肽链的任何片段或前体,或蛋白分子与相关分子或与其相连的残基,如糖或磷酸根残基一起,或蛋白分子或糖残基自身的聚集物,只要所述部分具有与IL-18BP基本上相似的活性。
可将IL-18BP的功能性衍生物与聚合物结合以改进该蛋白质的性能,如稳定性、半衰期、生物利用性、人体耐受性、或免疫原性。为达到此目的,可将IL-18BP与聚乙二醇(PEG)联接。例如,按WO92/13095所述的已知方法进行聚乙二醇化。
因此,在本发明的一优选实施例中,IL-18BP与聚乙二醇结合。
在本发明另一优选实施例中,IL-18抑制剂是融合蛋白,包含IL-18结合蛋白的全部或一部分,其与免疫球蛋白全部或一部分融合。本领域技术人员知道本发明所产生的融合蛋白保留了IL-18BP的生物活性,特别是结合IL-18的活性。这种融合可以是直接的,或通过一个短交联肽相融合,长度短至1-3个氨基酸残基或较长,如13个氨基酸残基的长度。例如,所述交联剂可以是序列E-F-M(Glu-Phe-Met)的三肽;或者是13个氨基酸的交联剂序列的三肽,所述序列包括位于IL-18BP序列和免疫球蛋白序列之间的Glu-Phe-Gly-Ala-Gly-Leu-Val-Leu-Gly-Gly-Gln-Phe-Met。所产生的融合蛋白具有改进的性能,如在体液的停留期(半衰期)延长,比活性提高,表达水平增加或有利于融合蛋白的纯化。
IL-18BP融合于Ig分子的稳定区。优选融合于重链区,例如,人IgG1的CH2和CH3区。产生的特异性融合蛋白包括WO 99/09063的实施例11所述的IL-18BP和免疫球蛋白的一部分。Ig分子的其它同种型也适合用来产生本发明的融合蛋白,例如,同种型IgG2或IgG4,或其它Ig类,如IgM或IgA。融合蛋白可以是单体或多聚体,异质或同质多聚体。
IL-18抑制剂可以是一种拮抗剂,例如是一种分子,其能与IL-18受体结合但不能触发细胞因子与所述受体结合后所激活的信号通道(例如IL1-Ra,Dinarello,1996)。所有各组的拮抗剂都可单独或与IL-18抑制剂结合用于治疗脓毒症。
IL-18抑制剂可以是抗IL-18特异性抗体。抗IL-18抗体可以是多克隆或单克隆抗体、嵌合抗体、人源化抗体或甚至完全人抗体。重组抗体及其片段的特征是在体内能与IL-18高亲和力结合,而且毒性低。可用于本发明的抗体应具有的特征是对病人进行足够时间的治疗,它们能良好至优异地减退或缓解病情或与病情相关的任何一种症状或一组症状,并且毒性低。
IL-18已显示能延长由脓毒症引起的心功能不全的病程。共同给予LPS与IL-18抑制剂如中和抗IL-18多克隆抗体可免于患上LPS诱导的心肌功能不全。
通过以IL-18免疫,易在兔、山羊或小鼠等动物中产生中和抗体。免疫小鼠特别适用于提供B细胞来源以制备杂交瘤细胞,进而培养杂交瘤细胞产生大量抗IL-18单克隆抗体。
嵌合抗体是具有来自不同动物物种的二个或多个节段或部分的免疫球蛋白分子。通常嵌合抗体的可变区来自非人哺乳动物抗体,如小鼠单克隆抗体,而该免疫球蛋白的稳定区来自人免疫球蛋白分子。这两个区及其组合最好如常规方法测定那样有低免疫原性(Elliott等人,1994)。人源化抗体是用基因工程技术构建的免疫球蛋白分子,其中用人对比物置换小鼠稳定区,而保留小鼠抗原结合区。所产生的小鼠-人嵌合抗体更好地降低了免疫原性,并改善了在人体中的药物动力学(Knight等人,1993)。
因此,在另一优选实施例中,IL-18抗体是人源化IL-18抗体,例如,欧洲专利申请EP0974600叙述了人源化抗IL-18抗体的优选例子。
在另一优选实施例中,IL-18抗体是全人抗体。在WO 00/76310,WO 99/53049,US6,162,963或AU5336100中详细叙述了产生人抗体的技术。全人抗体优选是转基因动物,例如包括全部或部分功能性人Ig基因座的异种小鼠中产生的重组抗体。
多肽抑制剂可在原核生物或真核生物重组系统中产生,或者可在为基因靶向(gene targeting)而设计的载体中编码。
其他细胞因子抑制剂可与IL-18抑制剂一起用于治疗脓毒症。IL-18抑制剂可与IL-12抑制联合使用。
本发明上下文中的术语“IL-12抑制剂”,指能以减弱、降低或部分地、基本上或完全地防止或阻断IL-12产生和/或作用的方式来调节IL-12的产生和/或作用的任何分子。
IL-12产生的抑制剂可以是任何一种对IL-12合成例如干扰素α/β(Karp等人,2000)有负面影响的分子,或者对IL-12加工或成熟有负面影响的分子。本发明考虑的抑制剂可以是,例如,白介素IL-12基因表达的抑制剂、降低或阻止IL-12mRNA转录的反义mRNA或导致该IL-12mRNA降解的核酶、损害正确折叠或部分或基本上阻止IL-12分泌的蛋白质、能降解IL-12的蛋白酶。
IL-12拮抗剂以几种方式发挥其活性。拮抗剂能以足够亲和力和特异性结合或隔离IL-12分子本身,以致部分或基本上中和了IL-12表位或负责与IL-12受体结合的表位(下文称为“遮蔽性拮抗剂”)。例如,一种遮蔽性拮抗剂可以是抗IL-12的抗体,它是IL-12受体的截短形式,包括受体或其功能性部分的胞外结构域。一种拮抗剂也能抑制IL-12/受体结合后细胞中激活的IL-12信号通道(以下称为“信号拮抗剂”)。所有各组拮抗剂可单独或与IL-18抑制剂联用治疗脓毒症。IL-12拮抗剂易于鉴定并通过常规方法筛选评价,即在体外敏感细胞系,如用佛波醇酯和IL-12能引起其增殖的小鼠脾细胞中用候选拮抗剂对天然IL-12活性的影响作评价。该试验包括不同稀释度,例如,试验所用IL-12摩尔量的0.1倍到100倍,候选拮抗剂的IL-12制剂,对照组不用IL-12、或只用拮抗剂或佛波醇酯和IL-2(Tucci等人,1992)。
封蔽拮抗剂是本发明使用的优选IL-12拮抗剂。在封蔽拮抗剂中,优选使用中和IL-12活性的抗体。根据本发明,IL-18抑制剂与IL-12拮抗剂最好同时、先后或分开使用。抗IL-12是与IL-18抑制剂以及抗体衍生物、抗体的片段、区段和生物活性部分联用的优选IL-12拮抗剂。IL-18抑制剂可与IL-12抑制剂同时、先后或分开使用。
此外,IL-18抑制剂可与已知对脓毒症休克起重要作用的其他细胞因子如IL-1、TNF、IL-8等的抑制剂联用(Dinarello,1996和Okusawa等人,1998)。IL-1抑制剂的一个例子是IL-1受体拮抗剂,TNF抑制剂的一个例子是受体TNFR1和TNFR2的可溶性部分。
本发明上下文中的术语“细胞因子抑制剂”,指能以减弱、降低或部分地、基本上或完全地防止或阻断所指细胞因子产生和/或作用的方式来调节细胞因子的产生(例如对IL-1来说是ICE抑制剂)和/或作用的任何分子。
细胞因子产生的抑制剂可以是任何一种对所述细胞因子的合成、加工或成熟有负面影响的分子。本发明考虑的抑制剂可以是,例如,所述细胞因子基因表达的抑制剂、降低或阻止所述细胞因子mRNA转录的反义mRNA或导致mRNA降解的核酶、损害正确折叠或部分或基本上阻止所述细胞因子分泌的蛋白质、能降解所述细胞因子等的蛋白酶。
细胞因子拮抗剂以几种方式发挥其活性。拮抗剂能以足够亲和力和特异性结合或隔离细胞因子分子本身,以致部分或基本上中和了细胞因子表位或负责与细胞因子受体结合的表位(下文称为“遮蔽性拮抗剂”)。一种遮蔽性拮抗剂例如可以是抗细胞因子的抗体,它是细胞因子受体的截短形式(例如对TNF来说是可溶性受体TNFRI和TNFRII),包括受体或其功能性部分的胞外结构域。另一方面,细胞因子拮抗剂也能抑制细胞因子结合后由细胞表面受体激活的细胞因子信号通道(以下称为“信号拮抗剂”)。抑制剂还可以是一种分子,其能与受体结合但不能触发细胞因子与所述受体结合后所激活的信号通道(例如IL1-Ra,Dinarello,1996)。所有各组的拮抗剂都可单独或与IL-18抑制剂结合用于治疗脓毒症。
IL-18抑制剂可与上述细胞因子抑制剂同时、先后或分开使用。
本发明还涉及包括IL-18抑制剂编码序列的表达载体在制备预防和/或治疗脓毒症的药物中的应用。所以,采用基因疗法治疗和/或预防该疾病。IL-18抑制剂的表达最好在原位置,以有效地直接阻断该疾病感染的组织或细胞中的IL-18。
本发明还考虑在正常不表达IL-18抑制剂或表达抑制剂的量不充分的细胞中,使用能诱导和/或增强内源性产生IL-18抑制剂的载体。该载体可包括在所需表达IL-18抑制剂的细胞中起作用的调控序列。例如,这类调控序列可以是启动子或增强子。然后,可通过同源重组将该调控序列导入基因组的正确基因座中,使调控序列与基因作可操作性相连,所需要的表达即被诱导或被增强。该技术通常称为“内源性基因激活”(EGA),在WO9I/09955中有所叙述。
本发明还包括给予经基因改造能够产生IL-18抑制剂的细胞治疗或预防脓毒症。
本领域技术人员知道,也可用同一技术关闭IL-18的表达,即导入一个负调节元件如沉默元件到IL-18的基因座中,从而导致下调或防止IL-18的表达。本领域技术人员懂得,IL-18表达的这种下调或沉默与使用IL-18抑制剂的效果相同,用于预防和/或治疗疾病。
定义“药学上可接受的”指包含不会干扰活性成分的生物活性效果,并对给予的宿主无毒性的任何载体。例如,为了在肠胃外给药(如静脉内、皮下、肌肉内),可将这些活性蛋白以注射用单位剂量形式配制在载体中,如盐水,葡萄糖液,血清白蛋白和林格(Ringer)溶液。
本发明药物组合物的活性成分可以以各种途径给予个体。给药途径包括皮内、透皮(如缓释制剂)、肌肉内、腹膜内、静脉内、皮下、口服、硬膜外、局部和鼻内等途径。也可采用其它有效治疗途径给药,例如通过上皮或内皮组织吸收或通过基因疗法将编码活性药物的DNA分子给予病人(如通过载体),导致该活性药物在体内表达和分泌。此外,可将本发明的蛋白质与生物活性药物的其它组分,如药学上可接受的表面活性剂、赋形剂、载体、稀释剂和介质等,一起给予。
对于肠胃外(如静脉内、皮下、肌肉内)给药,可将活性蛋白质配制成溶液、悬浮液、乳液或与药学上可接受的肠胃外载体(如水、盐水、葡萄糖液)以及能维持等渗性(如甘露糖醇)或化学稳定性(如防腐剂和缓冲液)的添加剂一起制成冻干粉末。以常规技术给制剂灭菌。
本发明的活性蛋白质也可用共轭方法增加分子在人体内的半衰期而改善其生物利用性。例如,如PCT专利申请WO 92/13095所述那样,使分子与聚乙二醇结合。
活性蛋白的有效治疗量是很多变量的函数,包括拮抗剂类型、拮抗剂对IL-18的亲和力、拮抗剂显示的残留毒性、给药途径、病人的临床状态(包括维持内源性IL-18活性的非毒性水平是否合乎需要)。
“有效治疗量”是给药时IL-18抑制剂抑制IL-18生物活性的量。给予个体单剂或多剂的剂量取决于各种因素,包括IL-18抑制剂的药物动力学性能、给药途径、病人的病情和特征(性别、年龄、体重、健康状况和身型大小)、症状轻重程度、并行治疗、治疗频度和所要求的效果。本领域技术人员都掌握了调整和操作已确定的剂量范围以及在体内外测定个体中IL-18被抑制的方法。
按照本发明,IL-18抑制剂可以以有效治疗量先于、同时或依次与其它治疗方案或药物(如多种药物方案)预防性或治疗性地给予有需要的个体,特别是与IL-12抑制剂和/或IL-1抑制剂、干扰素和TNF拮抗剂结合。活性药物可在相同或不同的组合物中与其它治疗剂同时给予。
本发明还涉及一种药物组合物的制备方法,所述的药物组合物包括将有效量的IL-18抑制剂和/或IL-12拮抗剂和/或IL-1抑制剂、干扰素和/或TNF拮抗剂与药学上可接受的载体混合。
现在对本发明进行叙述,结合下面实施例将会更容易理解本发明,但这些实施例只用于举例说明,而对本发明没有任何限制作用。
实施例
实施例1健康个体和脓毒症患者的血清IL-18BPa和IL-18水平
测量健康个体与患者的特异性循环细胞因子及其天然抑制剂可以获得关于它们参与疾病的进展程度和病情的轻重程度等方面的信息。如背景技术部分所述,脓毒症的一个关键调节剂是IFN-γ。因为IL-18是IFN-γ的共诱导剂,所以监测脓毒症患者的IL-18及其天然抑制剂、IL-18BP剪接变体a的水平,并用特异性ELISA试验与健康受试者中发现的水平作比较(实施例3)。
健康受试者的IL-18和IL-18BPa水平
用电化学发光法(ECL,Pomerantz等人,2001)测到107名健康受试者的平均IL-18水平是64±17皮克/毫升。用ECL法测试了相关蛋白质的干扰程度。结果发现,在成熟IL-1β或proIL-1β存在下它未受到任何影响,但pro-IL-18具交叉反应性。故本项研究的人血清样本中20%被检测的成熟IL-18可能是pro-IL-18。浓度小于等于160纳克/毫升的IL-18BPa不会影响用ECL法对IL-18进行的分析。
用ELISA试验测试了107名健康个体血清中的IL-18BPa水平(实施例3)。IL-18BPa水平从0.5纳克/毫升至最高7纳克/毫升,平均水平为2.15±0.15纳克/毫升(图1)
因为IL-18和IL-18BPa共存于血清中,一种复合物可以含有一些IL-18与IL-18BPa。基于总IL-18的平均水平计算游离IL-18的水平(2.15纳克/毫升)。根据质量作用定律测定游离IL-18。计算基于以下参数:由ECL法测定的总IL-18浓度;由ELISA试验测定的总IL-18BPa浓度;IL-18BPa和IL-18复合物的化学计量比1∶1以及解离常数(Kd)0.4nM(Novick等人,1999和Kim等人,2000)。下列公式适用平衡系统L+R←→LR,其中L表示IL-18,R表示IL-18BP:
Kd=[LR]/[Lfree][Rfree]
Lfree=Ltotal-LR
Rfree=Rtotal-LR
用数值Ltotal=64±17皮克/毫升(平均水平)、Rtotal=2.15±0.15纳克/毫升(平均水平)和Kd=0.4nM代入上面公式,结果发现健康受试者中约51.2皮克/毫升(约占总数80%)IL-18是游离形式。
脓毒症患者的IL-18和IL-18BPa水平
从42例脓毒症患者刚入院和住院期间取198个血清样本,测试IL-18和IL-18BPa水平。脓毒症患者的IL-18和IL-18BPa水平明显较健康受试者高(图2),数值的分布范围也较宽(图2)。而且,这些患者入院那天的水平还更高,IL-18水平比健康个体高22倍(1.5±0.4纳克/毫升对0.064±0.17纳克/毫升),IL-18BPa水平比健康个体高13倍(28.6±4.5纳克/毫升对2.15±0.15纳克/毫升,图2A)。未发现血清中肌酸酐水平与IL-18或IL-18BPa的浓度的相关性具有统计学意义(以APACHEII score评估,Knaus等人,1993),提示这些患者的IL-18和IL-18BPa水平并非由肾衰竭造成。
因为脓毒症患者的血清IL-18和IL-18BPa水平变化很大(图2B),所以计算各个样本的血清游离IL-18的水平。计算方法如前所述,用Kd、实验所得的Ltotal和Rtotal值代入该三个公式。计算结果显示IL-18BPa使大多数患者的游离IL-18水平降低(图3)。值得注意的是,当总IL-18水平很高时这种作用特别强烈。例如,有2名患者的血清IL-18高达0.5nM(10纳克/毫升),比健康个体高150倍。不过,考虑到与循环IL-18BPa(27纳克/毫升和41.2纳克/毫升)结合,这两名患者的游离IL-18水平分别降低78%和84%(图3)。所以,循环IL-18BPa阻断了大部分血清IL-18。然而,根据这些计算,剩余的游离IL-18仍较健康个体高。因此,给予脓毒症患者外源性IL-18BPa可使循环IL-18水平进一步下降,从而缓解了病情。
实施例2IL-18BPa对健康受试者全血样本所含细胞中表皮葡萄球菌诱导产生IFN-γ的影响
如背景技术部分所述,已知革兰氏阳性菌表皮葡萄球菌能引起脓毒症。这种疾病发病的主要原因是诱导诸如IL-1、IFN-γ和TNF-α等细胞因子。因为IL-18是IFN-γ的共诱导剂,故测试IL-18的抑制对表皮葡萄球菌诱导产生IFN-γ的影响。IL-18BPa用作IL-18抑制剂,它是在中国仓鼠卵巢细胞中产生的一种带组氨酸标记的重组型式。
取0.5毫升血液与0.5毫升含表皮葡萄球菌(来自ATCC)与IL-18BP或仅含表皮葡萄球菌的RPMI生长培养液(Cellgro Mediatech,Hendon.VA,补充10mM L-谷氨酰胺、100U/毫升盘尼西林、100微克/毫升链霉素和10%FBS[Gibco BRL,GrandIsland,NY])在5毫升12x75毫米的圆底聚丙烯试管中混合。样本在37℃(5%二氧化碳)培养48小时,再以终浓度为0.5%的triton X-100(Bio-Rad Labortories,Richmond,CA)处理用以溶解全血样本中所含的细胞。多次倒转装有样本的试管,直到这些血样本变得澄清。按照Pomerantz等人(2001)所述的电化学发光法测定溶解后血样本中IFN-γ的浓度,这一浓度表示细胞内与分泌的细胞因子。
此项研究采用不吸烟健康志愿者的全血。静脉穿刺抽取血液,保存于肝素化试管中。如Aiura等人(1993)所述,将表皮葡萄球菌在脑心浸液培养基中培育24小时,用不含盐水的热原洗涤,并煮沸。将热杀死细菌的浓度调至每个白血细胞10个细菌。
图4所示的结果表明IL-18BPa能够抑制表皮葡萄球菌诱导产生IFN-γ。
因为公知IL-18和IL-12共刺激可诱导IFN-γ,故测试IL-18BPa和抗IL-12特异性抗体(抗人IL-12单克隆抗体11.5.14,Preprotech,Rocky Hill,NJ)组合对表皮葡萄球菌诱导产生IFN-γ的影响。在125纳克/毫升IL-18BPa(在中国仓鼠卵巢细胞中产生的带组氨酸标记的IL-18BPa,并经过talon层析柱纯化,如Novick等人所述,1999)和2.5微克/毫升抗人IL-12特异性抗体存在下测试这种诱导。图5所示的结果提示抗IL-12特异性抗体加强了IL-18BPa对表皮葡萄球菌诱导产生IFN-γ的抑制效应。
实施例3IL-18BP特异性ELISA试验的建立
ELISA试验比较了两种抗IL-18BPa抗体:小鼠单克隆抗体582.10,它是实施例4所述的单克隆抗体582的亚克隆,用作捕获抗体,以及检测用的兔多克隆抗体(实施例4)。将具有微滴定96孔的ELISA孔板(Maxisorb;Nunc A/S,Roskilde,Denmark)涂覆抗IL-18BPa单克隆抗体582.10(单克隆抗体582的亚克隆,在PBS中4微克/毫升),在4℃下过夜。孔板用含0.05%Tween 20的PBS(洗涤液)洗涤,用1∶10BSA母液/水的稀释液(KPL,Geithesburg,MD)阻断(2小时,37℃)。用水将BSA母液稀释至1∶15(稀释剂),用来稀释所有测试样本和检测抗体。血清样本用稀释剂稀释至少1∶5,向孔加入100微升等分试样。以7个连续2倍稀释的稀释液(4至0.062纳克/毫升)稀释高度纯化的人IL-18BPa(在中国仓鼠卵巢细胞中制备,并用蛋白质G纯化的对IL-18BP具有特异性的单克隆抗体N 430免疫亲和纯化,见实施例4表1),并加入到每块ELISA孔板中,制成标准曲线。孔板在37℃下培养2小时,用洗涤液洗3次。加入兔抗IL-18BPa血清(稀释至1∶5000,100微升/孔),孔板在37℃下再培养多2小时。将孔板洗3次,加入山羊抗兔辣根过氧化物酶共轭物(HRP,Jackson ImmunoResearch Labs,用PBS稀释至1∶10,000,100皮升/孔),孔板在37℃下培养1小时。将这些孔板洗3次,加入邻苯二胺过氧化物酶底物(邻苯二胺二盐酸化物小片,Sigma)在室温下培育30分钟。加入3N盐酸(100微升)中止反应。用ELISA读数器测定492nm处的吸收度。以光密度(OD值)与IL-18BPa浓度的函数关系作曲线,发现线性度在0.12-2.00纳克/毫升IL-18BPa之间(图6)。
IL-18BPa的标准曲线在无血清或在高达20%人血清存在下是一样的。因为IL-18BPa与IL-18以很高的亲和力结合,所以有必要确定ELISA试验是否能区分游离IL-18BPa与结合IL-18BPa。结果发现,IL-18会干扰IL-18的ELISA试验,然而,这种干扰在血清样本中并不明显。90%脓毒症患者的血清IL-18水平在4纳克/毫升以下(见下文)。这些血清样本所含的IL-18BPa较高,因而需要在测定IL-18BPa之前稀释5至20倍。在这样一些稀释溶液中,IL-18对IL-18BPa ELISA试验的干扰程度不到10%(图7)。所用的其他相关细胞因子包括proIL-18相对IL-18BPa的摩尔量过量10倍,以及成熟IL-1β过量200倍就不会干扰ELISA试验。
人IL-18BP数量最多的同种型是IL-18BPa,其他同种型b,c和d都是数量很少的剪接变体(Novick等人,1999和Kim等人,2000)。IL-18BPa对IL-18的亲和力最高(Kim等人,2000)。IL-18BPc对IL-18的亲和力低10倍,而同种型b和d不能结合或中和IL-18。所以,确定ELISA试验中IL-18BPa与IL-18BP的其他同种型的交叉反应性非常重要。如图8所示,与人IL-18BPa比较并以重计,人IL-18BPc产生的信号減弱10倍,而人同种型b和d在ELISA试验中产生的信号不明显。
实施例4抗IL-18BP特异性抗体的产生
给兔注射rIL-18BPa-His6,以产生多克隆抗体。
为了产生单克隆抗体,给雌性Balb/C小鼠注射5次10微克以组氨酸标记的重组IL-18BPa(rIL-18BPa-His6)。通过逆放射免疫试验(IRIA,实施例5)或者固相放射免疫试验(sRIA,实施例5)测定小鼠的滴定度,选取显示最高滴定度的小鼠,在融合前3和4天腹膜内给予最后强化注射。准备肾淋巴细胞,与NSO/1骨髓瘤细胞融合。以限度稀释亚克隆能产生抗IL-18BPa抗体的杂交瘤细胞。用IRIA试验(实施例5)分析所产生的克隆。表1列出有代表性的杂交瘤细胞。
表1产生抗IL-18BPa的有代表性杂交瘤细胞
单克隆抗体编号 | IRIA<sub>1</sub>(cpm) | sRIA<sub>2</sub>(cpm) |
148 | 23912 | 7941 |
297 | 1652 | 6483 |
369 | 316 | 12762 |
430 | 6887 | 3254 |
433 | 1009 | 15300 |
460 | 3199 | 4326 |
485 | 400 | 13010 |
582 | 15000 | 17897 |
601 | 1046 | 1928 |
1涂覆山羊抗小鼠抗体的孔板,杂交瘤细胞用1251IL-18BPa检测
2涂覆尿IL-18BP的孔板,杂交瘤细胞用1251山羊抗小鼠抗体检测
弃掉分泌抗组氨酸标记抗体的杂交瘤细胞。用sRIA对抗体作进一步特性分析,以测定它们识别天然存在的IL-18BP(自尿中纯化而来)的能力。表1列出的是一些阳性杂交瘤细胞的结合特性。杂交瘤细胞148、430、460和582对重组IL-18BP和尿IL-18BP均呈阳性。获取适合蛋白质印迹、免疫沉淀、免疫亲和纯化以及适合建立特异性ELISA试验的抗体。用姥鲛烷预引发Balb/C小鼠产生腹水,再向这些小鼠注射产生抗IL-18BP特异性抗体的阳性克隆。以抗小鼠IgG ELISA试验(Amersham-Pharmacia Biotech)确定抗体的同种型。单克隆抗体582与重组和天然IL-18BP的反应性最高(表1),用它装配IL-18BP特异性ELISA试验(实施例3)。
在IL-18存在下通过sRIA试验(实施例5)测试抗体识别IL-18BPa与IL-18复合物的能力。当IL-18BP与IL-18组成复合物时,大多数抗体不能识别IL-18BP。所以,这些抗体似乎针对IL-18BPa的配体结合结构域。
实施例5检测产生细胞克隆的抗IL-18BP抗体的放射免疫试验逆放射免疫试验(IRIA)
将PVC微滴定板(Dynatech Laboratories,Alexandria,VA)涂覆经亲和纯化的山羊抗小鼠F(ab)2抗体(10微克/毫升,100微升/孔;Jackson ImmunoResearchLabs),在4℃下过夜。孔板再用含0.05%Tween 20的PBS(洗涤液)洗2次,在37℃下用BSA(洗涤液中含0.5%BSA)阻断2小时。加入杂交瘤细胞培养上清液(100微升/孔),孔板在室温下培育2小时。孔板洗3次,每个孔加入125I-rIL-18BPa-His6(100微升中105cpm),孔板在22℃下培养5小时。再将孔板洗3次,用γ计数器计算各个孔。将结合放射反应性比负对照高至少5倍、且产生上清液的杂交瘤细胞认为呈阳性。
固相放射免疫试验(sRIA)。
以rIL-18BPa(5微克/毫升)为捕获抗原,用125I-山羊抗小鼠抗体(100微升,105cpm)作检测。按以上所述程序进行阻断和洗涤。通过sRIA试验进一步筛选阳性克隆,以测定其识别由浓缩人尿分离而来的IL-18BP的能力(Novick等人,1999)。使微滴定板涂覆经配体亲和纯化的尿IL-18BP(1微克/毫升),按以上所述程序进行阻断和洗涤。加入杂交瘤细胞上清液(100微升),用125I-山羊抗小鼠抗体(100微升中105cpm)检测。
对IL-18BP配体结合位具有特异性的抗体的sRIA试验
使微滴定板涂覆尿IL-18BP(0.5微克/毫升)或者重组IL-18BPa(5微克/毫升),如sRIA那样进行阻断和洗涤程序。加入重组人IL-18(50微升)至终浓度1.5微克/毫升(室温下15分钟),然后加入杂交瘤细胞上清液(50微升),用125I-山羊抗小鼠抗体(100微升中105cpm,室温下2小时)检测。
实施例6给予LPS后心肌IL-18的含量
脓毒症期间的心功能不全涉及TNFα和IL-1β。因为IL-18是公知能介导TNFα和IL-1β的产生的一种促炎细胞因子,因此测试IL-18的浓度对LPS诱导的心功能不全的影响。
小鼠以介质(盐水)或LPS处理。给予LPS后2、4和6小时收获心脏,均质,通过ELISA试验(购自R&D Systems(Minneapolis MN)的试剂盒)测定心肌IL-18的含量。图9的结果显示给予LPS后4小时心肌IL-18的含量增加2倍,这表示IL-18参与了脓毒症期间的心功能不全。
实施例7 IL-18中和作用对LPS诱导的心肌功能不全的影响
前一个实施例发现,LPS诱导的心功能不全中IL-18的含量增加了。所以本实施例评估IL-18中和作用对LPS诱导的心功能不全的影响。
按Meng等人(1998)所述的等容nonrecirculating Langendorff技术确定心肌功能。用含11.0毫摩尔/升葡萄糖、1.2毫摩尔/升氯化钙、4.7毫摩尔/升氯化钾、25毫摩尔/升碳酸氢钠、119毫摩尔/升氯化钠、1.17毫摩尔/升硫酸镁和1.18毫摩尔/升磷酸二氢钾的常温Krebs-Henseleit溶液灌流离体心脏。在与左心房相通的左心室插入乳胶球,充水达到10mmHg左室舒张末压(LVEDP)。将测搏线(pacingwires)缚于右心房上,每分钟测到心跳300拍。收集肺动脉的血液定量计算冠状动脉血流。心肌温度维持在37℃。用计算机化的压力放大器数字转换器(Maclab 8,AD Instrument Cupertino,CA)连续记录左室发展压(LVDP)、它的正负变化速率(+dp/dt,-dp/dt)和左室舒张末压(LVEDP)。经过20分钟平衡期后,在不同LVEDP(10、15和20mmHg)水平下测定LVDP和+/-dp/dt。
给予LPS后,左室发展压(LVDP)与盐水对照组相比下降38%(36.3±1.9mmHg对59.1±mmHg,P<0.001,图10)。小鼠在给予LPS之前30分钟用正常兔血清预处理,这样对LPS诱导的心功能不全的影响最小,然而,以IL-18中和抗体预处理消除了心功能不全(图10)。两组之间的冠状动脉血流并没有不同(未示出)。
实验结果显示,IL-18中和作用免于患上LPS诱导的心功能不全。
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Claims (7)
1.一种IL-18抑制剂在制备治疗和/或预防与脓毒症相关的心功能不全的药物中的应用,其中所述的IL-18抑制剂选自抗IL-18抗体、IL-18结合蛋白质IL-18BPa和IL-18BPc。
2.如权利要求1所述的应用,其特征在于:所述的IL-18结合蛋白质与聚二乙醇结合。
3.如权利要求1所述的应用,其特征在于:所述的IL-18抑制剂是抗IL-18特异性抗体,选自嵌合抗体、人源化抗体和人抗体。
4.如前述任一项权利要求所述的应用,其中所述药物还包含细胞因子抑制剂,其中所述细胞因子选自肿瘤坏死因子α和IL-1β,所述肿瘤坏死因子α抑制剂是TNFRI或TNFRII的可溶性部分,所述IL-1β抑制剂是IL-1受体拮抗剂。
5.表达载体在制备治疗和/或预防与脓毒症相关的心功能不全的药物中的应用,其中所述表达载体包含IL-18抑制剂的编码序列,所述IL-18抑制剂选自抗IL-18抗体、IL-18结合蛋白质IL-18BPa和IL-18BPc。
6.表达载体在制备通过基因疗法来治疗和/或预防与脓毒症相关的心功能不全的药物中的应用,其中所述表达载体包含IL-18抑制剂的编码序列,所述IL-18抑制剂选自抗IL-18抗体、IL-18结合蛋白质IL-18BPa和IL-18BPc。
7.细胞在制备治疗和/或预防与脓毒症相关的心功能不全的药物中的应用,其中所述细胞经基因改造而产生IL-18抑制剂,所述IL-18抑制剂选自抗IL-18抗体、IL-18结合蛋白质IL-18BPa和IL-18BPc。
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- 2002-05-16 US US10/147,341 patent/US20030008822A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2002-05-16 BR BR0210904-2A patent/BR0210904A/pt active Pending
- 2002-05-16 DE DE60234778T patent/DE60234778D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-05-16 ES ES02736912T patent/ES2334773T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-05-16 JP JP2002588927A patent/JP4502580B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-05-16 MX MXPA03010575A patent/MXPA03010575A/es active IP Right Grant
- 2002-05-16 WO PCT/US2002/015556 patent/WO2002092008A2/en active Search and Examination
- 2002-05-16 DK DK02736912.3T patent/DK1425028T3/da active
- 2002-05-16 UA UA20031211613A patent/UA85531C2/uk unknown
-
2003
- 2003-11-13 IL IL158866A patent/IL158866A/en unknown
-
2004
- 2004-12-07 HK HK04109655.3A patent/HK1066723A1/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
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2010
- 2010-01-11 CY CY20101100029T patent/CY1109713T1/el unknown
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20030008822A1 (en) | 2003-01-09 |
EA200301248A1 (ru) | 2005-06-30 |
EA009125B1 (ru) | 2007-10-26 |
CA2446942C (en) | 2010-07-20 |
JP2004531546A (ja) | 2004-10-14 |
WO2002092008A3 (en) | 2004-04-08 |
DE60234778D1 (de) | 2010-01-28 |
MXPA03010575A (es) | 2005-03-07 |
KR100877033B1 (ko) | 2009-01-07 |
IL158866A0 (en) | 2004-05-12 |
DK1425028T3 (da) | 2010-03-01 |
ES2334773T3 (es) | 2010-03-16 |
BR0210904A (pt) | 2005-08-16 |
CA2446942A1 (en) | 2002-11-21 |
KR20040045400A (ko) | 2004-06-01 |
EP1425028A4 (en) | 2006-03-01 |
CY1109713T1 (el) | 2014-08-13 |
SI1425028T1 (sl) | 2010-02-26 |
ATE451930T1 (de) | 2010-01-15 |
JP4502580B2 (ja) | 2010-07-14 |
HK1066723A1 (en) | 2005-04-01 |
CN1529611A (zh) | 2004-09-15 |
EP1425028A2 (en) | 2004-06-09 |
UA85531C2 (uk) | 2009-02-10 |
WO2002092008A2 (en) | 2002-11-21 |
EP1425028B1 (en) | 2009-12-16 |
PT1425028E (pt) | 2010-01-06 |
IL158866A (en) | 2011-01-31 |
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