CN100462178C - Composite Control Method of Thermal Cycle for Electron Beam Welding of TiAl/TC4 Dissimilar Materials - Google Patents
Composite Control Method of Thermal Cycle for Electron Beam Welding of TiAl/TC4 Dissimilar Materials Download PDFInfo
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- CN100462178C CN100462178C CNB2007100723693A CN200710072369A CN100462178C CN 100462178 C CN100462178 C CN 100462178C CN B2007100723693 A CNB2007100723693 A CN B2007100723693A CN 200710072369 A CN200710072369 A CN 200710072369A CN 100462178 C CN100462178 C CN 100462178C
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 54
- 229910010038 TiAl Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 48
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 14
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 175
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 229910000765 intermetallic Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910001069 Ti alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910000883 Ti6Al4V Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 claims 10
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims 2
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 16
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 15
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008642 heat stress Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008520 organization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010583 slow cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000679 solder Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005476 soldering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910006281 γ-TiAl Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
TiAl/TC4异种材料电子束焊接热循环复合控制方法，属于金属间化合物焊接领域。本发明解决了TiAl/TC4异种材料电子束焊接容易产生宏观冷裂纹问题，可获得无裂纹接头。本发明的方法为，在焊接对象和焊机夹具之间装有隔热板；然后在两个板状焊接对象与焊缝平行的方向施加夹紧力进行固定，或者在两个管状焊接对象的轴向施加夹紧力进行固定；在真空条件下分三个阶段编程连续控制整个焊接过程的热循环，采用散焦对焊缝进行往复扫描、逐级预热；预热后立即进行焊接；焊接后立即采用散焦对焊缝进行往复扫描逐级后热。本发明的焊接控制方法过程简便，无须增加设备或填充过渡材料，适用于多种接头连接形式。The invention discloses a composite control method for electron beam welding heat cycle of TiAl/TC4 dissimilar materials, which belongs to the field of intermetallic compound welding. The invention solves the problem that the electron beam welding of TiAl/TC4 dissimilar materials is easy to produce macroscopic cold cracks, and can obtain crack-free joints. The method of the present invention is that a heat shield is installed between the welding object and the welding fixture; Clamping force is applied axially for fixation; under vacuum conditions, the thermal cycle of the entire welding process is continuously controlled by programming in three stages, and the welding seam is reciprocally scanned by defocusing and preheated step by step; welding is performed immediately after preheating; welding Immediately after that, defocusing is used to reciprocate and scan the weld seam step by step and heat up step by step. The welding control method of the invention has a simple process, does not need to add equipment or fill transition materials, and is applicable to various joint connection forms.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to TiAl intermetallic compound and TC4 alloy electron beam welding method for dissimilar materials, belong to intermetallic compound jointing field.
Background technology
At present an emphasis aspect engine research is to adopt new material to substitute traditional Ti alloy and Ni based high-temperature alloy, with the thrust-weight ratio that increases engine and improve the high temperature serviceability.TiAl intermetallic compound density is low, the elastic modelling quantity height, and have good high-temperature intensity, creep resistant and oxidation resistance, TiAl intermetallic compound serviceability temperature can be brought up to 750 ℃～950 ℃ than traditional high temperature alloy, and density only is the Ni based high-temperature alloy half, be a kind of very promising high-temperature structural material, can be applicable to the high-temperature component of automobile or aero-engine, as blade, the turbine disk, the gentle family of power and influence of jet pipe etc.For in engineering reality, using the TiAl intermetallic compound, must successfully develop its interconnection technique, result of study shows both at home and abroad, solid-state connection such as soldering, diffusion welding (DW), friction welding (FW) etc. are considered to comparatively effectively interconnection technique, but often be subjected to the restriction of type of attachment and serviceability temperature, and adopt lap joint to make the Welding Structure complexity morely, be difficult to realize lightweight.Therefore be necessary the melting welding of TiAl intermetallic compound is furtherd investigate the especially exploitation of high-power electron beam solder technology under the vacuum condition.From the whole employing of cost and reliability aspect TiAl intermetallic compound is unpractical, and it is often used for significant points, thereby the foreign material connection plays a significant role inevitably.But the distinct issues of TiAl intermetallic compound are that the slip system of γ-TiAl own is less, dislocation motion and propagation difficulty, and temperature-room type plasticity is low and deformability is poor.Rapid thermal cycles during electron beam welding makes the variation of organizing of joint, and causes bigger thermic stress easily, thereby very easily forms cold crack.And the electron beam welding of TC4 alloy is good, and the joint flawless produces during himself electron beam welding, but joint TiAl one side still cracks during the electron beam welding of TiAl/TC4 foreign material, and the rational method that addresses this problem does not both at home and abroad at present appear in the newspapers as yet.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is to solve the electron beam welding of TiAl/TC4 foreign material and be easy to generate macroscopical cold crack problem.
TiAl/TC4 foreign material electron beam welding thermal cycle composite control method, its welding object is two plate objects that thickness is 0.8mm～5.0mm, concrete steps are:
Step 1, the TiAl that will remove internal stress, the smooth cleaning of surface to be welded and TC4 sheet material are fixed a thermal insulation board respectively before fixing with anchor clamps between welding machine clamp base and each welding object;
Step 2, welding object implement is clamped, described anchor clamps only apply clamping force in the direction parallel with weld seam of welding object;
Step 3,5 * 10
-2Pa to 5 * 10
-4Under the atmospheric pressure of Pa, employing defocuses butt welded seam and peripheral part carries out the shuttle-scanning preheating, and accelerating potential is 50kV～55kV, and focus current 3370mA, line are 2mA～12mA, and sweep speed is 2mm/s～10mm/s;
Step 4, step 3 are welded after finishing immediately, and accelerating potential is identical with step 3, and focus current is 2590mA, and line is 3mA～50mA, and speed of welding is 2mm/s～15mm/s;
After step 5, step 4 were finished, employing immediately defocused butt welded seam and carries out after heat, and accelerating potential is identical with step 3, and focus current is 3370mA, and line is 12mA～1mA, and sweep speed is 2mm/s～20mm/s.
When welding object is two thickness when being the plate object of 0.8mm～2.0mm, its welding method is:
Step 1, the TiAl that will remove internal stress, the smooth cleaning of surface to be welded and TC4 sheet material are fixed a thermal insulation board respectively before fixing with anchor clamps between welding machine clamp base and each welding object;
Step 2, welding object implement is clamped, described anchor clamps only apply clamping force in the direction parallel with weld seam of welding object;
Step 3,5 * 10
-2Pa to 5 * 10
-4Under the atmospheric pressure of Pa, adopt to defocus place to be welded is carried out shuttle-scanning, two-stage preheating, every grade of line that adopts 2mA respectively scans the other end from an end of weld seam; Accelerating potential is 50kV～55kV, focus current 3370mA, and sweep speed is 2mm/s～10mm/s;
Step 4, step 3 are welded after finishing immediately, and accelerating potential is identical with step 3, and focus current is 2590mA, adopt the line of 2mA～8mA, the speed of welding of 5mm/s～15mm/s that the welding position is welded;
After step 5, step 4 are finished, adopt immediately to defocus butt welded seam and carry out the level Four after heat, every grade of line that adopts 4mA, 4mA, 2mA, 2mA respectively scans the other end from an end of weld seam, and accelerating potential is identical with step 3, focus current is 3370mA, and sweep speed is 2mm/s～20mm/s.
TiAl/TC4 foreign material electron beam welding thermal cycle composite control method, its welding object is the thick tubing for the TiAl of 0.8mm～3.5mm and TC4 of two endwalls, and the weld seam of welding is a circular weld, and concrete steps are:
Step 1, will remove internal stress, the smooth cleaning of surface to be welded two welding objects with anchor clamps fixing before, fixing thermal insulation board between anchor clamps and welding object;
Step 2, welding object implement is clamped, described anchor clamps adopt the mode that axially clamps to welding object;
Step 3,5 * 10
-2Pa to 5 * 10
-4Under the atmospheric pressure of Pa, adopt to defocus place to be welded and adjacent regions thereof are carried out the multiple scanning preheating, accelerating potential is 50kV～55kV, and focus current 3350mA, line are 2mA～10mA, and sweep speed is 2mm/s～8mm/s.
Step 4, step 3 are welded after finishing immediately, and accelerating potential is identical with step 3, and focus current is 2590mA, and line is 2mA～32mA, and speed of welding is 2mm/s～10mm/s;
After step 5, step 4 were finished, the weld seam that welding is finished carried out after heat immediately, and employing defocuses butt welded seam and carries out multiple scanning, accelerating potential is identical with step 3, focus current is 3350mA, and line is between 10mA～2mA, and sweep speed is 2mm/s～12mm/s.
When welding object is a pipe thickness when being the TiAl of 0.8mm～1.5mm and TC4 tubing, its concrete welding method is:
Step 1, will remove internal stress, the smooth cleaning of surface to be welded two welding objects with anchor clamps fixing before, fixing thermal insulation board between anchor clamps and welding object;
Step 2, welding object implement is clamped, described anchor clamps adopt the mode that axially clamps to welding object;
Step 3,5 * 10
-2Pa to 5 * 10
-4Under the atmospheric pressure of Pa, adopt to defocus place to be welded is carried out multiple scanning, secondary preheating, every grade of line that all adopts 2mA is around the circular weld run-down; Accelerating potential is 50kV～55kV, focus current 3350mA, and sweep speed is 2mm/s～8mm/s;
Step 4, step 3 are welded after finishing immediately, and accelerating potential is identical with step 3, and focus current is 2590mA, adopt the line of 2mA～8mA to weld; Speed of welding is 2mm/s～10mm/s;
After step 5, step 4 are finished, the weld seam that welding is finished adopts to defocus and carries out the level Four after heat immediately, every grade of line that adopts 4mA, 2mA, 2mA, 2mA respectively is around the circular weld run-down, accelerating potential is identical with step 3, focus current is 3350mA, and sweep speed is 2mm/s～12mm/s.
When welding object is a pipe thickness when being the TiAl of 2.0mm～3.5mm and TC4 tubing, its welding method is:
Step 1, will remove internal stress, the smooth cleaning of surface to be welded two welding objects with anchor clamps fixing before, fixing thermal insulation board between anchor clamps and welding object;
Step 2, welding object implement is clamped, described anchor clamps adopt the mode that axially clamps to welding object;
Step 3,5 * 10
-2Pa to 5 * 10
-4Under the atmospheric pressure of Pa, employing defocuses carries out multiple scanning, level Four preheating to place to be welded, every grade is all adopted the line of 2mA, 2mA, 4mA, 6mA is 50kV～55kV around circular weld run-down accelerating potential, focus current 3350mA, and sweep speed is 2mm/s～8mm/s;
Step 4, step 3 are welded after finishing immediately, and accelerating potential is identical with step 3, and focus current is 2590mA, adopt the line of 10mA～32mA to weld; Speed of welding is 2mm/s～10mm/s;
After step 5, step 4 are finished, the weld seam that welding is finished adopts to defocus and carries out six grades of after heat immediately, every grade of line that adopts 6mA, 5mA, 4mA, 3mA, 2mA, 2mA respectively is around the circular weld run-down, accelerating potential is identical with step 3, focus current is 3350mA, and sweep speed is 2mm/s～12mm/s.
The composition of described TiAl intermetallic compound comprises: Ti:48～65at.%, Al:35～51at.%, also comprise V:1.0～9.0at.% or Cr:1.5～2.5at.% or Nb:1.5～5.0at.%, described TC4 is the alpha-beta Type Titanium Alloy, and nominal composition is Ti-6Al-4V.
TiAl/TC4 foreign material electron beam welding thermal cycle composite control method of the present invention, do not need to increase special installation or add the transition zone metal, just can avoid weld seam to produce macroscopic cracking fully, reach the purpose of flawless welding, be applicable to the welding of TiAl/TC4 foreign material various terminal form.
Description of drawings:
Fig. 1 is the relative position structural representation between sheet material test specimen to be welded, heat insulation backing plate, chucking power and the electron beam.Fig. 2 is the relative position structural representation between tubing test specimen to be welded, heat insulation backing plate, chucking power and the electron beam.
The specific embodiment
The specific embodiment one: TiAl/TC4 foreign material electron beam welding thermal cycle composite control method, its welding object is two plate objects that thickness is 0.8mm～5.0mm, concrete steps are:
Step 1, the TiAl that will remove internal stress, the smooth cleaning of surface to be welded and TC4 sheet material are fixed a thermal insulation board respectively before fixing with anchor clamps between welding machine clamp base and each welding object;
Step 2, welding object implement is clamped, described anchor clamps only apply clamping force in the welding object direction parallel with weld seam;
Step 3,5 * 10
-2Pa to 5 * 10
-4Under the atmospheric pressure of Pa, employing defocuses carries out shuttle-scanning, classification preheating to place to be welded, each grade adopts the line that increases progressively successively from small to large among 2mA～12mA to scan the other end from an end of weld seam respectively, accelerating potential is 50kV～55kV, focus current 3370mA, sweep speed is 2mm/s～10mm/s;
Step 4, step 3 are welded after finishing immediately, and accelerating potential is identical with step 3, and focus current is 2590mA, and line is 3mA～50mA, and speed of welding is 2mm/s～15mm/s;
After step 5, step 4 are finished, employing immediately defocuses butt welded seam and carries out the classification after heat, each grade adopts the line that successively decreases successively from big to small among 12mA～1mA to scan the other end from an end of weld seam respectively, accelerating potential is identical with step 3, focus current is 3370mA, and sweep speed is 2mm/s～20mm/s.
The composition of the described TiAl intermetallic compound of present embodiment comprises: Ti:48～65at.%, Al:35～51at.%, can also comprise V:1.0～9.0at.% or Cr:1.5～2.5at.% or Nb:1.5～5.0at.%, described TC4 is the alpha-beta Type Titanium Alloy, and nominal composition is Ti-6Al-4V.
In the step 1 in the present embodiment, before clamping, between welding machine clamp base and each welding object, fix a thermal insulation board respectively,, reduce the cooling velocity of postwelding joint in order to the conduction of the heat between restriction welding object and the anchor clamps.
In the step 2 of present embodiment, only adopt the mode that applies clamping force in the welding object direction parallel to be fixedly clamped with weld seam, in order to of the thermal expansion of constraint thermal cycle heating period welding object along bead direction, reduce the thermic stress that welding object produces at the thermal cycle cooling stage, and do not apply contained in other directions, avoided the thermal cycle cooling stage to produce bigger constraint stress effectively, the generation that prevents macroscopic cracking has been had certain effect.
The step 3 to five of present embodiment, the thermal cycle that divides three phases programming continuous control whole welding process, in the warm of step 2, adopt the classification preheating, increase line step by step, can make that the temperature at position rises gradually around the weld seam, after the step 5 after welding in the thermal process, employing classification after heat, the line that successively decreases step by step can make weld seam after the welding and temperature on every side thereof descend gradually.Adopt the welding method of present embodiment, weld metal alloying element in slow cooling procedure is more fully spread,, can obtain seam organization relatively uniformly for changing mutually and separating out the time limit that provides sufficient; Distortional stress and crystalline stress are slowly discharged, help heat stress value is reduced to the tensile strength that is lower than weld seam, thereby avoided the generation of welding cold cracking effectively.
The specific embodiment two: the thickness of the welding object of present embodiment is 2.0mm～3.0mm, and the difference of the welding method and the specific embodiment one is,
In the warm of step 3, adopt the level Four preheating, every grade of line that adopts 2mA, 4mA, 6mA and 8mA respectively scans the other end from an end of weld seam;
In step 4, adopt the line of 16mA～32mA, the speed of welding of 5mm/s～10mm/s to weld;
In the back thermal process of step 5, adopt the level Four after heat, every grade of line that adopts 8mA, 6mA, 4mA, 2mA respectively scans the other end from an end of weld seam.
The specific embodiment three: the difference of the present embodiment and the specific embodiment one is that the thickness of institute's welding object is 0.8mm～2.0mm, and the difference of the welding method and the specific embodiment one is,
In the warm of step 3, adopt the two-stage preheating, every grade of line that adopts 2mA respectively scans the other end from an end of weld seam;
In step 4, adopt the line of 2mA～8mA, the speed of welding of 5mm/s～15mm/s that the welding position is welded;
In the back thermal process of step 5, adopt the level Four after heat, every grade of line that adopts 4mA, 4mA, 2mA, 2mA respectively scans the other end from an end of weld seam.
The specific embodiment four: the difference of the present embodiment and the specific embodiment one is that the thickness of institute's welding object is 3.0mm～5.0mm, and the difference of the welding method and the specific embodiment one is,
In the warm of step 3, adopt six grades of preheatings, every grade of line that adopts 2mA, 4mA, 6mA, 8mA, 9mA, 10mA respectively scans the other end from an end of weld seam;
In step 4, adopt the line of 24mA～50mA that the welding position is welded, speed of welding is 2mm/s～10mm/s;
In the back thermal process of step 5, adopt six grades of after heat, every grade of line that adopts 10mA, 9mA, 8mA, 6mA, 4mA, 2mA respectively scans the other end from an end of weld seam.
The specific embodiment five: the material composition of the heat insulation backing plate described in the specific embodiment one described step 1 is silica and silicate.
The good heat-insulation effect of the heat insulation backing plate of present embodiment, can prevent effectively that the heat that produces owing to welding on the soldered object is transmitted on the welding machine clamp base, reduced the loss of energy on the one hand, also prevented on the other hand because the heat of welding machine clamp base causes the joint cooling velocity to increase.
The specific embodiment six: the difference of the present embodiment and the specific embodiment one to five is, after step 5 is finished, carries out the technology of step 6, stress relief annealing, and welding object is heated to 900 ℃, and insulation 10h cools off with stove then.
The specific embodiment seven: to be that two endwalls are thick be the TiAl of 0.8mm～3.5mm and TC4 tubing for TiAl/TC4 foreign material electron beam welding thermal cycle composite control method, its welding object, and the weld seam of welding is a circular weld, and concrete steps are:
Step 1, will remove internal stress, the smooth cleaning of surface to be welded two welding objects with anchor clamps fixing before, fixing thermal insulation board between anchor clamps and welding object;
Step 2, welding object implement is clamped, described anchor clamps adopt the mode that axially clamps to welding object;
Step 3,5 * 10
-2Pa to 5 * 10
-4Under the atmospheric pressure of Pa, adopt to defocus and treat weld seam and carry out multiple scanning, classification preheating, each grade adopts the line that increases progressively successively from small to large among 2mA～10mA around the circular weld run-down respectively; Accelerating potential is 50kV～55kV, focus current 3350mA, and sweep speed is 2mm/s～8mm/s;
Step 4, step 3 are welded after finishing immediately, and accelerating potential is identical with step 3, and focus current is 2590mA, and line is 2mA～32mA, and speed of welding is 2mm/s～10mm/s;
After step 5, step 4 are finished, the weld seam that welding is finished adopts to defocus and carries out the classification after heat immediately, each grade adopts the line that successively decreases successively from big to small among 10mA～2mA around the circular weld run-down respectively, accelerating potential is identical with step 3, focus current is 3350mA, and sweep speed is 2mm/s～12mm/s.
The composition of the described TiAl intermetallic compound of present embodiment comprises: Ti:48～65at.%, Al:35～51at.%, can also comprise V:1.0～9.0at.% or Cr:1.5～2.5at.% or Nb:1.5～5.0at.%, described TC4 is the alpha-beta Type Titanium Alloy, and nominal composition is Ti-6Al-4V.
In the step 1 of present embodiment, between anchor clamps and each welding object, fix a thermal insulation board respectively,, reduced the cooling velocity of postwelding joint effectively in order to the conduction of the heat between restriction welding object and the anchor clamps.
In the step 2 of present embodiment, only fix, and do not apply containedly in other directions, avoided the thermal cycle cooling stage to produce bigger constraint stress effectively in the clamping force that axially applies of welding object.
Present embodiment makes the slow transition of heat balance of welding process from the thermal cycle of step 3 to five minute three phases programming continuous control whole welding process, prevents the sudden change of welding process temperature, has prevented the generation of macroscopic cracking effectively.
The specific embodiment eight: the pipe thickness of the welding object of present embodiment is 0.8mm～1.5mm, is with the difference of the specific embodiment seven described methods,
In the warm of step 3, adopt the secondary preheating, every grade of line that all adopts 2mA is around the circular weld run-down;
In step 4, adopt the line of 2mA～8mA to weld;
In the back thermal process of step 5, adopt the level Four after heat, every grade of line that adopts 4mA, 2mA, 2mA, 2mA respectively is around the circular weld run-down.
The specific embodiment nine: the pipe thickness of the welding object of present embodiment is 2.0mm～3.5mm, is with the difference of the specific embodiment eight described methods,
In the warm of step 3, adopt the level Four preheating, every grade of line that all adopts 2mA, 2mA, 4mA, 6mA is around the circular weld run-down;
In step 4, adopt the line of 10mA～32mA to weld;
In the back thermal process of step 5, adopt six grades of after heat, every grade of line that adopts 6mA, 5mA, 4mA, 3mA, 2mA, 2mA respectively is around the circular weld run-down.
The specific embodiment ten: in the specific embodiment seven to nine, after step 5, increase step 6, stress relief annealing technology, welding object is heated to 900 ℃, insulation 10h cools off with stove then.
Claims (8)
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| CN101934424B (en) * | 2010-09-10 | 2012-05-02 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | A vacuum electron beam welding method for TB5 titanium alloy and copper alloy |
| CN102310291A (en) * | 2011-08-31 | 2012-01-11 | 上海锅炉厂有限公司 | Dissimilar steel cold crack sensitivity test method |
| CN104907657B (en) * | 2015-05-28 | 2017-03-15 | 航天材料及工艺研究所 | A kind of TiAl/TC4 electron beam melt-brazing methods for adding alloy interlayer |
| CN109202079A (en) * | 2018-10-15 | 2019-01-15 | 浙江海洋大学 | A kind of method that selective laser fusing prepares TiAl/TC4 microlaminate composites |
| CN110788465B (en) * | 2019-10-17 | 2022-03-08 | 北京航星机器制造有限公司 | Electron beam welding method of TA15 and TC31 dissimilar titanium alloy materials |
| CN110883416B (en) * | 2019-12-18 | 2021-09-28 | 西安西工大超晶科技发展有限责任公司 | Electron beam welding method for cast high-temperature alloy and martensitic stainless steel |
| CN111761192B (en) * | 2020-06-10 | 2021-11-30 | 中国船舶重工集团公司第七二五研究所 | Vacuum preheating electron beam welding method for annular welding line of pressure-resistant shell |
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