CH681780A5 - Anticancer compsns. - consists of a cytotoxic agent with a agent to prevent multi:drug resistance, e.g. in liposome(s) - Google Patents
Anticancer compsns. - consists of a cytotoxic agent with a agent to prevent multi:drug resistance, e.g. in liposome(s) Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CH681780A5 CH681780A5 CH57791A CH57791A CH681780A5 CH 681780 A5 CH681780 A5 CH 681780A5 CH 57791 A CH57791 A CH 57791A CH 57791 A CH57791 A CH 57791A CH 681780 A5 CH681780 A5 CH 681780A5
- Authority
- CH
- Switzerland
- Prior art keywords
- substance
- therapeutic agent
- vehicle
- cytotoxic
- agent according
- Prior art date
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- 239000002502 liposome Substances 0.000 title claims description 30
- 230000001093 anti-cancer Effects 0.000 title abstract description 3
- 229940127089 cytotoxic agent Drugs 0.000 title description 6
- 239000002254 cytotoxic agent Substances 0.000 title description 6
- 231100000599 cytotoxic agent Toxicity 0.000 title description 4
- 206010059866 Drug resistance Diseases 0.000 title 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 title 1
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- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
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- A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
- A61K31/34—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having five-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. isosorbide
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- A61K31/275—Nitriles; Isonitriles
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
- A61K31/47—Quinolines; Isoquinolines
- A61K31/49—Cinchonan derivatives, e.g. quinine
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
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Abstract
Compsns. consist of: (a) a cpd. (I) having a cytotoxic effect, (b) a non-cytotoxic material (II) having an inhibiting effect on anti-cancer multi-drug resistance, and (c) a vehicle for both (I) and (II). Pref. the vehicle (III) may be, e.g., a microparticle, microcapsule, nanoparticle or nanocapsule. The cytotoxic material (I) may be a vinca alkaloid, an anthracyclin, an epipodophyllotoxin, or an antitumoral antibiotic, e.g., vincristine, vinblastine, doxorubicin, tetrahydropyranyl adriamycin, daunorubicin, m-amsa, bisanthrene, and ethidium bromide. The non-cytotoxic material (II) may be e.g. amiodorone, quinine, quinidine, cinchonine, verapamil, cyclosporin A, biperidene, lidocaine, chlorpromazine, pentazocine, promethazine, amitriptyline, propanolol, thioridazine, reserpine, etc.. The components (I) and (II) may both be fixed in the same part of the vehicle (III), or one may be fixed in the vacuity of the vehicle and the other fixed in the membrane of the vehicle. These are pref. formulated for parenteral administration. USE/ADVANTAGE - Treatment of various cancers, e.g. acute myeloblastic and lymphoblastic leukaemias, neuroblastoma, lung and ovarian cancers, etc.. Incorporation of (II) into the compsns. prevents the build-up of multiple drug resistance and so makes them more effective in long-term treatment
Description
L'invention a pour objet un agent thérapeutique nouveau, plus particulièrement un agent thérapeutique destiné au traitement de tumeurs cancéreuses présentant le phénomène de résistance multiple aux agents anti-cancéreux, de même qu'une composition pharmaceutique contenant le dit agent thérapeutique.
L'invention a également pour objet un procédé permettant de renforcer l'efficacité de substances cytotoxiques utilisées dans le traitement de tumeurs cancéreuses présentant le phénomène de résistance multiple aux agents anti-cancéreux (résistance multidrogue).
Le phénomène de la résistance multidrogue est connu et ne se limite pas seulement aux agents anti-cancéreux. A ce jour, diverses explications sont avancées quant à la compréhension des mécanismes ou aux sites, mis en jeu. Pour ce qui est du comportement des cellules tumorales cancéreuses, on a pu mettre en évidence plusieurs systèmes de résistance distincts: s'agissant par exemple de la perméabilité de la membrane cellulaire, l'intervention d'une glyco-protéine spécifique (P-gp) est reconnue, mais il est admis que d'autres facteurs protéiques peuvent intervenir.
L'approche de ce phénomène est donc multiple, sinon complexe, ce qui rend d'autant plus difficile la recherche de solutions appropriées.
L'application de substances ou drogues cytotoxiques, dans le traitement des tumeurs cancéreuses, se heurte à plusieurs obstacles. La plupart des drogues utilisées à cet effet présentent premièrement une toxicité intrinsèque, non distinctive, source d'effets secondaires néfastes; d'autre part, au vu de cette toxicité intrinsèque, leur administration au patient s'en trouve quantitativement limitée et, dans de nombreux cas, l'activité souhaitée au niveau des tumeurs n'est plus suffisante.
Divers moyens ont été déjà proposés en vue de surmonter de tels obstacles, comme la vectorisation de la substance cytotoxique, par exemple sous forme de son incorporation dans un liposome. Dans un tel cas cependant, si la toxicité intrinsèque de la substance cytotoxique est temporairement occultée et donc avec des effet secondaire limités pour le patient, son activité sur le site tumoral n'est pas forcément rétablie.
En outre, pour peu que les cellules tumorales soumises à ce traitement présentent le phénomène de résistance multidrogue ("Multiple Drug Resistance": MDR), innée ou acquise, la substance cytotoxique perd quasiment toute efficacité.
On connaît à ce jour plusieurs substances développant in vitro une activité inhibitrice de la MDR: ce sont pour l'essentiel des substances polycycliques non cytotoxiques, généralement de caractère hydrophobe, tels les alcaloïdes. Leur utilisation conjointe à une drogue cytotoxique apparaît dans plusieurs cas comme satisfaisante, le phénomène dit MDR étant significativement inhibé au niveau cellulaire pour que la dite drogue joue pleinement son rôle.
Il en est tout autrement, cependant, lorsque l'on tente une transposition de telles observations sur un organisme vivant. Les substances inhibitrices de la MDR, alcaloïdes ou autres, présentent également une toxicité intrinsèque qui limite leur administration en-deçà d'un seuil (taux sérique) où l'activité recherchée (inhibition de la MDR) est également perdue. De plus, que la substance cytotoxique soit administrée sous forme libre ou sous forme vectorisée, par exemple en liposome, on a observé comme facteur limitatif important l'augmentation concommittante de la toxicité intrinsèque de la drogue cytotoxique due à un changement significatif de sa distribution pharmacologique dans l'organisme, précisément sous l'influence de la substance inhibitrice utilisée.
De fait, face à de tels inconvénients, l'homme du métier se trouve particulièrement démuni de moyens, s'agissant du traitement in vivo de tumeurs cancéreuses présentant le phénomène de résistance multidrogue (MDR).
L'invention a le mérite d'apporter une solution originale et particulièrement efficace au problème exposé ci-dessus. Elle a pour objet un agent thérapeutique comprenant, associées au sein d'un même véhicule particulaire, une substance à effet cytotoxique et au moins une substance non cytotoxique exerçant une activité inhibitrice de la résistance multidrogue (MDR). Par ce moyen nouveau, l'invention permet d'agir efficacement selon deux axes distincts. On réduit ainsi de façon notable la toxicité des agents actifs utilisés, c'est-à-dire agent anti-cancéreux (cytotoxique) et substance inhibitrice; d'autre part, grâce aux choix d'un véhicule particulaire approprié, on est en mesure de garantir un meilleur ciblage de l'agent thérapeutique sur le site traité, les cellules cancéreuses en l'occurence.
Selon les cas en outre, le véhicule particulaire peut exercer un rôle purement passif et constituer ainsi une formulation retard.
Selon l'invention, à titre de vecteur ou véhicule particulaire, on peut utiliser une microparticule ou microcapsule, une nanoparticule ou une nanocapsule, une nanosphère par exemple. Un tel véhicule se présente avantageusement sous forme de liposome, par exemple un liposome dit furtif.
Selon l'invention également, à titre de substance cytotoxique, on utilise une série de substances qui ont en commun d'être sensibles au phénomène de la MDR: ce sont pour l'essentiel des substances hydrophobes, ayant en commun un résidu azoté chargé positivement. A titre de substances cytotoxiques au sens de la présente invention, on peut utiliser les alcaloïdes de la vinca, les anthracyclines ou produits analogues, les épipodophyllotoxines ou les antibiotiques antitumoraux par exemple.
De préférence, la substance cytotoxique sera choisie parmi la vincristine, la vinblastine, la vindésine, la vinorelbine, la doxorubicine, la déoxydoxorubicine, la tétrahydropyranyl-adriamycine, l'épidoxorubicine, l'aclacinomycine, la déméthoxydaunorubicine, la daunorubicine, le m-amsa, la mitoxantrone, le bisanthrène, la mithramycine, l'actinomycine D, la puromycine, l'étoposide, le ténoposide, l'émétine, l'éthidium bromide, la cytochalasine, la colchicine et le taxol. On peut encore citer les dérivés acylés ou esters des composés sus-mentionnes.
Conformément à la présente invention, au sein d'un même véhicule particulaire tel un liposome on utilise une substance cytotoxique telle que mentionnée ci-dessus, associée à une substance non cytotoxique, exerçant une activité inhibitrice de la MDR et dont l'effet a été préalablement observé in vitro, voire in vivo dans quelques cas, mais avec les facteurs limitatifs exposés plus haut.
Selon l'invention, on peut avantageusement utiliser à cet effet une substance choisie parmi l'amiodarone, la quinine, la quinidine, la cinchonine, la cinchonidine, le vérapamil, la cyclosporine A, les céphalosporines, le bipéridène, la lidocaïne, la chlorpromazine, la pentazocine, la prométhazine, le potassium canrénoate, l'amitriptyline, le propanolol, le déméthoxyvérapamil, le diltiazème, la thioridazine, la trifluopérazine, la chloroquine, la sdb-éthylène diamine, la réserpine, le tamoxifène, le torémifène, l'hydrocortisone, la progestérone, le salbutamol et leurs dérivés acylés ou esters.
Comme indiqué, on peut utiliser au sein d'un même véhicule une ou plusieurs substances inhibitrices de la MDR. Des résultats particulièrement intéressants ont été obtenus in vivo au moyen de liposomes incorporant de l'adriamycine ou de la mitoxantrone, associée à de la quinine ou de la cinchonine. L'emploi de deux substances inhibitrices distinctes peut être avantageux lorsque l'on vise à inhiber des sites cellulaires distincts ou des mécanismes de MDR distincts.
Le rapport molaire cytotoxique/inhibiteur peut varier sensiblement selon les effets souhaités, selon la nature de l'agent cytotoxique et de la substance inhibitrice choisis, également selon le véhicule choisi, voire le mode d'administration de l'agent thérapeutique vectorisé.
Du point de vue structure, au niveau d'un véhicule particulaire tel un liposome par exemple, diverses situations peuvent être envisagées. Dans un premier cas, la substance à effet cytotoxique et la substance inhibitrice sont toutes deux au moins en partie incorporées dans la membrane du véhicule particulaire.
Dans un autre cas, la substance inhibitrice peut se trouver dans la vacuité du véhicule particulaire et la substance à effet cytotoxique est fixée à la membrane dudit véhicule. Il appartiendra à l'homme du métier de choisir la structure la plus appropriée, en fonction de la nature du véhicule et des effets recherchés.
Grâce à l'invention, on est en mesure de proposer un traitement thérapeutique approprié concernant de nombreuses tumeurs cancéreuses présentant à des degrés divers une résistance multiple aux agents anti-cancéreux (MDR). A ce propos, on peut citer entre autres la leucémie aigue myeloblastique, la leucémie aigue lymphoblastique, le neuroblastome, le cancer du poumon à petites cellules, le cancer de l'ovaire, le lymphome malin non hodgkinien et le plasmocytome diffus. Ce sont des cancers qui présentent une MDR induite, en réponse au traitement avec un agent cytotoxique.
On peut également traiter des cancers présentant une MDR innée ou, pour le moins, des cellules cancéreuses caractérisées par la présence, avant tout traitement, du gène correspondant de la P-gp (mdr 1) à un taux relativement élevé. Ce sont, par exemple, l'adénocarcinome du colon, l'adénocarcinome du rein, le carcinome corticosurrénalien, le phéochromocytome, les sarcomes de l'enfant et la leucémie secondaire. Cette liste n'est cependant pas exhaustive.
L'invention a aussi pour objet une composition pharmaceutique, destinée plus particulièrement au traitement préventif ou curatif de tumeurs cancéreuses développant le phénomène de MDR, comprenant à titre de principe actif un agent thérapeutique tel que défini ci-dessus. Une telle composition peut par exemple se présenter sous forme de suspension apte à une administration parentérale, ou également sous forme de gel apte à une administration intrapéritonéale. De telles formes d'administration ne sont bien entendu pas limitatives.
De façon plus générale, l'invention consiste en la mise au point d'un procédé original permettant d'augmenter de manière significative l'activité d'une substance cytotoxique que l'on souhaite utiliser dans le traitement de tumeurs cancéreuses développant le phénomène de MDR. Le dit procédé consiste à associer ladite substance cytotoxique, au sein d'un même véhicule particulaire, tel un liposome, à au moins une substance non cytotoxique inhibitrice de la résistance multidrogue (MDR). Les exemples ci-après illustreront l'invention de manière plus détaillée. Ces exemples ne sont en aucun cas limitatifs.
a. Expérimentation in vitro
Aux fins de mise en évidence, on a premièrement testé in vitro la potentialisation de l'activité antitumorale de la mitoxantrone (MXN) par de la quinine.
On a premièrement procédé à J0 à une implantation de cellules tumorales d'origine colique du rat DHD/K12/TRb dans des puits d'une plaque de culture. Cette lignée cellulaire est reconnue comme développant le phénomène de résistance multiple aux agents anti-cancéreux (MDR). A J1, on a procédé au traitement des cellules non confluentes au moyen de concentrations progressives de MXN, en présence de quinine en solution à dose fixe, sur une période de 84 heures. L'analyse de la survie cellulaire a été effectuée par un test au bleu de méthylène.
Les résultats obtenus, tels que représentés par Fig. 1, démontrent une potentialisation in vitro de l'activité antitumorale de la MXN sous l'effet de la quinine.
On a procédé de manière identique, en utilisant de la cinchonine, de la cinchonidine, respectivement du vérapamil, pour parvenir à des résultats comparables. Il se confirme que ces substances exercent, in vitro, un effet inhibiteur de la MDR.
b. Expérimentation in vivo
Le modèle utilisé dans ce cas est un modèle de carcinomatose péritonéale d'origine colique, induite chez le rat syngénique BDIX. Cette induction est provoquée par l'injection à des rats de cellules DHD/K12/TRb, à J0.
Les sujets ont été répartis en 4 groupes de 3 rats chacun, le traitement débutant à J3 comme décrit ci-après: à H-1, exception faite des rats témoins, chaque rat reçoit une injection intramusculaire de quinine (100 mg/kg), le traitement à la MXN débutant à H0, par injection intrapéritonéale, aux doses indiquées.
Groupe 1: 3 mg/kg de MXN libre
Groupe 2: 3 mg/kg de MXN en liposomes
Groupe 3: pas de traitement à la MXN
Groupe 4: témoins
A J26, on a procédé au sacrifice des rats des 4 groupes ci-dessus et à leur autopsie aux fins d'examen des différents stades de développement des carcinomatoses péritonéales.
Les critères de jugement se définissent selon 4 classes distinctes.
Classe 0: Absence de nodules tumoraux macroscopiquement visibles dans la cavité péritonéale;
Classe 1: Présence de quelques petits nodules tumoraux d'un diamètre < 1 mm au niveau du mésentère seulement (épiploon sous gastrique);
Classe 2: Mésentère ou épiploon envahit par des nodules tumoraux confluents d'un diamètre > 1 mm, pas d'atteinte du péritoine pariétal;
Classe 3: Carcinomatoses péritonéales diffuses, infiltrant massivement le mésentère, l'épiploon, le péritoine pariétal et diaphragmatique (+ ascite hémoragique).
Les observations effectuées après autopsie permettent de conclure comme suit: les Groupes 3 et 4 présentent une carcinomatose de classe 3, tous les sujets étant vivants à J26. Le Groupe 2 présente une carcinomatose de classe 2, tous les sujets traités étant vivants à J26. Le Groupe 1 présente également une carcinomatose de classe 2, mais 2 sujets sur 3 étaient morts précocément.
On peut en déduire qu'il y a pour le moins conservation de l'activité antitumorale de la MXN, mais dans le cas de l'exemple de MXN libre (Groupe 1) la toxicité générale développée par le couple MXN/quinine va au-delà du seuil maximal admissible, provoquant la mort prématurée de 2 rats sur 3.
c. Agent thérapeutique selon l'invention
Le même modèle de carcinomatose que précédemment est utilisé pour la mise en évidence de l'efficacité du traitement.
c.1. On a premièrement préparé des liposomes au moyen des techniques usuelles, contenant de la quinine et de la mitoxantrone (MXN) dans un rapport pondéral 30:1.
Les rats au sein desquels la carcinomatose péritonéale a été préalablement induite à J0 ont été répartis en 4 groupes de 5 rats chacun et soumis à J1 au traitement ci-après.
Groupe 1: liposomes MXN/quinine à la dose de 2 mg/kg MXN, respectivement 60 mg/kg de quinine.
Groupe 2: MXN libre (2 mg/kg) + quinine libre (60 mg/kg).
Groupe 3: liposomes de quinine (60 mg/kg).
Groupe 4: témoins.
Le traitement à J1 est effectué par injection intrapéritonéale. A J34 on a procédé au sacrifice des rats, puis à leur autopsie comme défini précédemment. On a observé que les Groupes 3 et 4 présentent une carcinomatose de classe 3, tous les sujets étant vivants à J34.
Pour ce qui est du Groupe 2, la carcinomatose observée est de classe 0, mais seul un rat sur 5 était survivant à J34.
Pour ce qui est du Groupe 1, la carcinomatose développée est de classe 1 et tous les sujets étaient vivants à J34.
Ces résultats sont illustrés à l'aide des Fig. 2, 3, 4 et 5, regroupées sur une seule feuille.
c.2. On a préparé, au moyen des techniques usuelles, des liposomes contenant de la quinine et de la doxorubicine (DXR) dans le rapport pondéral 80:1.
Les rats au sein desquels la carcinomatose péritonéale a été préalablement induite (J0) ont été répartis en 4 groupes de 5 rats chacun et soumis à J1 au traitement ci-après.
Groupe 1: liposomes DXR/quinine à la dose de 1 mg/kg DXR, respectivement 80 mg/kg de quinine.
Groupe 2: DXR libre (1 mg/kg) + quinine libre (80 mg/kg)
Groupe 3: liposomes de quinine (80 mg/kg)
Groupe 4: témoins.
Le traitement à J1 est effectuée par injection intrapéritonéale. A J34 on a procédé au sacrifice des rats, puis à leur autopsie comme défini précédemment. On a observé que les groupes 3 et 4 présentent une carinomatose de classe 3, tous les sujets étant vivants à J34.
Pour ce qui est du Groupe 2, la carcinomatose observée est de classe 0, mais seul un rat sur 5 était survivant à J34.
Pour ce qui est du Groupe 1, la carcinomatose déceloppée est de classe 1 et tous les sujets étaient vivants à J34.
c.3. On a procédé exactement comme indiqué ci-dessus, mais en remplaçcant la quinine par une quantité équivalente de cinchonine.
Groupe 1: liposomes DXR/cinchonine à la dose de 1 mg/kg DXR, respectivement 80 mg/kg de cinchonine
Groupe 2: DXR libre (1 mg/kg) + cinchonine libre (80 mg/kg).
Groupe 3: liposomes de cinchonine (80 mg/kg).
Groupe 4: témoins.
Le traitement à J1 est effectué par injection intrapéritonéale. A J34 on a procédé au sacrifice des rats, puis à leur autopsie comme défini précédemment. On a observé que les Groupes 3 et 4 présentent une carcinomatose de classe 3, tous les sujets étant vivants à J34.
Pour ce qui est du Groupe 2, la carcinomatose observée est de classe 0, mais seul un rat sur 5 était survivant à J34.
Pour ce qui est du Groupe 1, la carcinomatose développée est de classe 1 et tous les sujets étaient vivants à J34.
Sur la base des expérimentations répertoriées ci-dessus, on constate aisément que les substances inhibitrices testées potentialisent l'activité anti-cancéreuse de drogues cytotoxiques telles que mitoxantrone et doxorubicine. En outre, une fois associés au sein d'un véhicule particulaire comme un liposome conformément à l'invention, les dites substances inhibitrices et les dits agents anti-cancéreux, se révèlent significativement moins toxiques que les substances administrées sous leur forme libre.
c.4. On a procédé à J0 à une injection intrapéritonéale de 1 000 000 de cellules DHD/K12/TRb par rat, afin d'induire chez ces sujets la carcinomatose péritonéale d'origine colique utilisée précédemment comme modèle expérimental.
A J3, on a procédé à l'injection intrapéritonéale de solutions de liposomes de doxorubicine (DXR), respectivement de liposomes de DXR/quinine et DXR/cinchonine analogues à ceux figurant sous c.2 et c.3, aux doses indiquées.
Groupe 1: liposomes DXR/quinine à la dose de 0,5 mg/kg DXR, respectivement 80 mg/kg quinine.
Groupe 2: liposomes DXR/cinchonine à la dose de 0,5 mg/kg DXR, respectivement 80 mg/kg cinchonine.
Groupe 3 : liposomes DXR (0,5 mg/kg)
Groupe 4 : liposomes quinine (80 mg/kg)
Groupe 5 : liposomes cinchonine (80 mg/kg)
Groupe 6 : témoins.
Chaque groupe était constitué de 5 rats. Ceux-ci ont été sacrifiés à J34 et, après autopsie, on a procédé à la mesure du poids des nodules tumoraux de chaque sujet. Les valeurs répertoriées ci-dessous sont des moyennes obtenues sur 5 sujets par groupe.
Groupe 1: 2,0 g (+/- 1,0)
Groupe 2: 1,0 g (+/- 0,8)
Groupe 3: 2,0 g (+/- 0,6)
Groupe 4: 13,0 g (+/-10,0)
Groupe 5: 4,6 g (+/- 3,8)
Groupe 6: 5,0 g (+/- 1,2)
Cette expérimentation confirme que des substances telles que quinine et cinchonine, associées à un agent cytotoxique tel que la doxorubicine au sein d'un liposome, inhibent de façon significative la résistance des carcinomatoses testées aux agents anticancéreux.
The subject of the invention is a new therapeutic agent, more particularly a therapeutic agent intended for the treatment of cancerous tumors exhibiting the phenomenon of multiple resistance to anti-cancer agents, as well as a pharmaceutical composition containing the said therapeutic agent.
The invention also relates to a method making it possible to reinforce the effectiveness of cytotoxic substances used in the treatment of cancerous tumors exhibiting the phenomenon of multiple resistance to anti-cancer agents (multidrug resistance).
The phenomenon of multidrug resistance is known and is not limited only to anti-cancer agents. To date, various explanations have been advanced as to the understanding of the mechanisms or the sites involved. As regards the behavior of cancer tumor cells, we have been able to highlight several distinct resistance systems: for example, of the permeability of the cell membrane, the intervention of a specific glyco-protein (P-gp) is recognized, but it is recognized that other protein factors can intervene.
The approach to this phenomenon is therefore multiple, if not complex, which makes the search for appropriate solutions all the more difficult.
The application of cytotoxic substances or drugs in the treatment of cancerous tumors comes up against several obstacles. Most of the drugs used for this purpose firstly have intrinsic, non-distinctive toxicity, which is a source of harmful side effects; on the other hand, in view of this intrinsic toxicity, their administration to the patient is quantitatively limited and, in many cases, the desired activity in tumors is no longer sufficient.
Various means have already been proposed in order to overcome such obstacles, such as the vectorization of the cytotoxic substance, for example in the form of its incorporation into a liposome. In such a case, however, if the intrinsic toxicity of the cytotoxic substance is temporarily obscured and therefore with limited side effects for the patient, its activity at the tumor site is not necessarily restored.
In addition, provided that the tumor cells subjected to this treatment exhibit the phenomenon of multidrug resistance ("Multiple Drug Resistance": MDR), innate or acquired, the cytotoxic substance loses almost all effectiveness.
To date, several substances are known which develop an inhibitory activity on MDR in vitro: these are essentially non-cytotoxic polycyclic substances, generally of hydrophobic character, such as alkaloids. Their use in conjunction with a cytotoxic drug appears in several cases to be satisfactory, the phenomenon known as MDR being significantly inhibited at the cellular level so that said drug fully plays its role.
It is quite different, however, when attempting to transpose such observations to a living organism. Substances inhibiting MDR, alkaloids or others, also exhibit intrinsic toxicity which limits their administration below a threshold (serum level) where the desired activity (inhibition of MDR) is also lost. In addition, whether the cytotoxic substance is administered in free form or in vectorized form, for example as a liposome, the concomitant increase in the intrinsic toxicity of the cytotoxic drug has been observed as an important limiting factor due to a significant change in its pharmacological distribution. in the body, precisely under the influence of the inhibitory substance used.
In fact, faced with such drawbacks, a person skilled in the art is particularly lacking in resources, as regards the in vivo treatment of cancerous tumors exhibiting the phenomenon of multidrug resistance (MDR).
The invention has the merit of providing an original and particularly effective solution to the problem set out above. It relates to a therapeutic agent comprising, associated within the same particulate vehicle, a substance with cytotoxic effect and at least one non-cytotoxic substance exerting an inhibitory activity of multidrug resistance (MDR). By this new means, the invention makes it possible to act effectively along two distinct axes. This significantly reduces the toxicity of the active agents used, that is to say anti-cancer agent (cytotoxic) and inhibitory substance; on the other hand, thanks to the choice of an appropriate particulate vehicle, we are able to guarantee better targeting of the therapeutic agent on the treated site, the cancer cells in this case.
Depending on the case, moreover, the particulate vehicle can exercise a purely passive role and thus constitute a delay formulation.
According to the invention, as a vector or particulate vehicle, it is possible to use a microparticle or microcapsule, a nanoparticle or a nanocapsule, for example a nanosphere. Such a vehicle is advantageously in the form of a liposome, for example a so-called stealth liposome.
According to the invention also, as cytotoxic substance, a series of substances is used which have in common being sensitive to the phenomenon of MDR: they are essentially hydrophobic substances, having in common a positively charged nitrogen residue . As cytotoxic substances within the meaning of the present invention, it is possible to use the vinca alkaloids, anthracyclines or similar products, epipodophyllotoxins or anti-tumor antibiotics for example.
Preferably, the cytotoxic substance will be chosen from vincristine, vinblastine, vindesine, vinorelbine, doxorubicin, deoxydoxorubicin, tetrahydropyranyl-adriamycin, epidoxorubicin, aclacinomycin, demethoxydaunorubicin, daunorubicin , mitoxantrone, bisanthrene, mithramycin, actinomycin D, puromycin, etoposide, tenoposide, emetine, ethidium bromide, cytochalasine, colchicine and taxol. Mention may also be made of the acylated or ester derivatives of the above-mentioned compounds.
In accordance with the present invention, within the same particulate vehicle such as a liposome, a cytotoxic substance as mentioned above is used, associated with a non-cytotoxic substance, exerting an inhibitory activity on MDR and the effect of which has been previously observed in vitro, or even in vivo in some cases, but with the limiting factors set out above.
According to the invention, it is advantageous to use for this purpose a substance chosen from amiodarone, quinine, quinidine, cinchonine, cinchonidine, verapamil, cyclosporine A, cephalosporins, biperidene, lidocaine, chlorpromazine , pentazocine, promethazine, potassium canrenoate, amitriptyline, propanolol, demethoxyverapamil, diltiazem, thioridazine, trifluoperazine, chloroquine, sdb-ethylene diamine, reserpine, tamoxifen, toremifene, hydrocortisone, progesterone, salbutamol and their acylated or ester derivatives.
As indicated, one or more substances that inhibit MDR can be used within the same vehicle. Particularly interesting results have been obtained in vivo using liposomes incorporating adriamycin or mitoxantrone, combined with quinine or cinchonine. The use of two distinct inhibitory substances can be advantageous when the aim is to inhibit distinct cell sites or distinct MDR mechanisms.
The cytotoxic / inhibitor molar ratio can vary appreciably according to the desired effects, according to the nature of the cytotoxic agent and of the inhibiting substance chosen, also according to the vehicle chosen, even the mode of administration of the vectorized therapeutic agent.
From the structural point of view, at the level of a particulate vehicle such as a liposome for example, various situations can be envisaged. In a first case, the substance with cytotoxic effect and the inhibiting substance are both at least partially incorporated into the membrane of the particulate vehicle.
In another case, the inhibitory substance may be in the vacuity of the particulate vehicle and the substance with cytotoxic effect is attached to the membrane of said vehicle. It will be up to the person skilled in the art to choose the most appropriate structure, depending on the nature of the vehicle and the effects sought.
Thanks to the invention, it is possible to propose an appropriate therapeutic treatment for numerous cancerous tumors exhibiting, to varying degrees, multiple resistance to anti-cancer agents (MDR). In this regard, there may be mentioned, inter alia, acute myeloblastic leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, neuroblastoma, small cell lung cancer, ovarian cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and diffuse plasmacytoma. These are cancers which present an induced MDR, in response to treatment with a cytotoxic agent.
It is also possible to treat cancers presenting an innate MDR or, at least, cancer cells characterized by the presence, before any treatment, of the corresponding gene of P-gp (mdr 1) at a relatively high rate. These are, for example, adenocarcinoma of the colon, adenocarcinoma of the kidney, adrenocortical carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, sarcomas of children and secondary leukemia. This list is not exhaustive, however.
The subject of the invention is also a pharmaceutical composition, intended more particularly for the preventive or curative treatment of cancerous tumors developing the phenomenon of MDR, comprising, as active principle, a therapeutic agent as defined above. Such a composition may for example be in the form of a suspension suitable for parenteral administration, or also in the form of a gel suitable for intraperitoneal administration. Such forms of administration are of course not limiting.
More generally, the invention consists of the development of an original method making it possible to significantly increase the activity of a cytotoxic substance which it is desired to use in the treatment of cancerous tumors developing the phenomenon of MDR. Said method consists in associating said cytotoxic substance, within the same particulate vehicle, such as a liposome, with at least one non-cytotoxic substance that inhibits multidrug resistance (MDR). The following examples will illustrate the invention in more detail. These examples are in no way limiting.
at. In vitro experimentation
For the purpose of demonstration, we first tested in vitro the potentiation of the antitumor activity of mitoxantrone (MXN) by quinine.
We first performed an implantation of tumor cells of colonic origin from the rat DHD / K12 / TRb in wells of a culture plate. This cell line is recognized as developing the phenomenon of multiple resistance to anti-cancer agents (MDR). On D1, the non-confluent cells were treated with progressive concentrations of MXN, in the presence of quinine in fixed dose solution, over a period of 84 hours. Analysis of cell survival was carried out by a methylene blue test.
The results obtained, as shown in FIG. 1, demonstrate an in vitro potentiation of the antitumor activity of MXN under the effect of quinine.
The procedure was the same, using cinchonine, cinchonidine, respectively verapamil, to achieve comparable results. It is confirmed that these substances exert, in vitro, an inhibitory effect on MDR.
b. In vivo experimentation
The model used in this case is a model of peritoneal carcinomatosis of colonic origin, induced in the syngenic rat BDIX. This induction is caused by the injection into rats of DHD / K12 / TRb cells, on D0.
The subjects were divided into 4 groups of 3 rats each, the treatment starting on D3 as described below: at H-1, except for the control rats, each rat receives an intramuscular injection of quinine (100 mg / kg), MXN treatment starting at H0, by intraperitoneal injection, at the doses indicated.
Group 1: 3 mg / kg of free MXN
Group 2: 3 mg / kg of MXN in liposomes
Group 3: no MXN treatment
Group 4: witnesses
On D26, the rats of the above 4 groups were sacrificed and their autopsy was carried out in order to examine the different stages of development of peritoneal carcinomatosis.
The judgment criteria are defined according to 4 distinct classes.
Class 0: Absence of macroscopically visible tumor nodules in the peritoneal cavity;
Class 1: Presence of a few small tumor nodules with a diameter <1 mm at the level of the mesentery only (epiploon under gastric);
Class 2: Mesentery or omentum invaded by confluent tumor nodules with a diameter> 1 mm, no involvement of the parietal peritoneum;
Class 3: Diffuse peritoneal carcinomatosis, massively infiltrating the mesentery, the omentum, the parietal and diaphragmatic peritoneum (+ hemorrhagic ascites).
The observations made after autopsy allow us to conclude as follows: Groups 3 and 4 present with class 3 carcinomatosis, all the subjects being alive on D26. Group 2 presents class 2 carcinomatosis, all the subjects treated being alive on D26. Group 1 also has class 2 carcinomatosis, but 2 out of 3 subjects died early.
We can deduce that there is at least conservation of the antitumor activity of MXN, but in the case of the example of free MXN (Group 1) the general toxicity developed by the MXN / quinine pair goes to- beyond the maximum allowable threshold, causing the premature death of 2 out of 3 rats.
vs. Therapeutic agent according to the invention
The same model of carcinomatosis as before is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the treatment.
c.1. First, liposomes were prepared using standard techniques, containing quinine and mitoxantrone (MXN) in a 30: 1 weight ratio.
The rats in which peritoneal carcinomatosis was previously induced on D0 were divided into 4 groups of 5 rats each and subjected to D1 to the treatment below.
Group 1: MXN / quinine liposomes at a dose of 2 mg / kg MXN, respectively 60 mg / kg of quinine.
Group 2: free MXN (2 mg / kg) + free quinine (60 mg / kg).
Group 3: quinine liposomes (60 mg / kg).
Group 4: witnesses.
Treatment on D1 is carried out by intraperitoneal injection. On D34, the rats were sacrificed, then their autopsy as defined above. Groups 3 and 4 were observed to have class 3 carcinomatosis, all the subjects being alive on D34.
In Group 2, the carcinomatosis observed is class 0, but only one rat in 5 was surviving on D34.
As regards Group 1, the carcinomatosis developed is class 1 and all the subjects were alive on D34.
These results are illustrated using Figs. 2, 3, 4 and 5, gathered on a single sheet.
c.2. Liposomes containing quinine and doxorubicin (DXR) in the 80: 1 weight ratio were prepared using standard techniques.
The rats in which the peritoneal carcinomatosis was previously induced (D0) were divided into 4 groups of 5 rats each and subjected to D1 to the treatment below.
Group 1: DXR / quinine liposomes at a dose of 1 mg / kg DXR, respectively 80 mg / kg of quinine.
Group 2: Free DXR (1 mg / kg) + free quinine (80 mg / kg)
Group 3: quinine liposomes (80 mg / kg)
Group 4: witnesses.
Treatment on D1 is carried out by intraperitoneal injection. On D34, the rats were sacrificed, then their autopsy as defined above. Groups 3 and 4 were observed to show class 3 carinomatosis, all the subjects being alive on D34.
In Group 2, the carcinomatosis observed is class 0, but only one rat in 5 was surviving on D34.
As regards Group 1, the carcinomatosis detected is class 1 and all the subjects were alive on D34.
c.3. The procedure was exactly as indicated above, but replacing the quinine with an equivalent amount of cinchonine.
Group 1: DXR / cinchonine liposomes at a dose of 1 mg / kg DXR, respectively 80 mg / kg of cinchonine
Group 2: free DXR (1 mg / kg) + free cinchonine (80 mg / kg).
Group 3: cinchonine liposomes (80 mg / kg).
Group 4: witnesses.
Treatment on D1 is carried out by intraperitoneal injection. On D34, the rats were sacrificed, then their autopsy as defined above. Groups 3 and 4 were observed to have class 3 carcinomatosis, all the subjects being alive on D34.
In Group 2, the carcinomatosis observed is class 0, but only one rat in 5 was surviving on D34.
As regards Group 1, the carcinomatosis developed is class 1 and all the subjects were alive on D34.
On the basis of the experiments listed above, it can easily be seen that the inhibitory substances tested potentiate the anti-cancer activity of cytotoxic drugs such as mitoxantrone and doxorubicin. In addition, once associated within a particulate vehicle such as a liposome in accordance with the invention, the said inhibitory substances and the said anti-cancer agents prove to be significantly less toxic than the substances administered in their free form.
c.4. D0 was carried out an intraperitoneal injection of 1,000,000 DHD / K12 / TRb cells per rat, in order to induce in these subjects peritoneal carcinomatosis of colonic origin previously used as an experimental model.
On D3, intraperitoneal injection was carried out of solutions of doxorubicin liposomes (DXR), respectively of liposomes of DXR / quinine and DXR / cinchonine similar to those appearing under c.2 and c.3, at the doses indicated.
Group 1: DXR / quinine liposomes at a dose of 0.5 mg / kg DXR, respectively 80 mg / kg quinine.
Group 2: DXR / cinchonine liposomes at a dose of 0.5 mg / kg DXR, respectively 80 mg / kg cinchonine.
Group 3: DXR liposomes (0.5 mg / kg)
Group 4: quinine liposomes (80 mg / kg)
Group 5: cinchonine liposomes (80 mg / kg)
Group 6: witnesses.
Each group consisted of 5 rats. These were sacrificed on D34 and, after an autopsy, the weight of the tumor nodules of each subject was measured. The values listed below are averages obtained on 5 subjects per group.
Group 1: 2.0 g (+/- 1.0)
Group 2: 1.0 g (+/- 0.8)
Group 3: 2.0 g (+/- 0.6)
Group 4: 13.0 g (+/- 10.0)
Group 5: 4.6 g (+/- 3.8)
Group 6: 5.0 g (+/- 1.2)
This experiment confirms that substances such as quinine and cinchonine, associated with a cytotoxic agent such as doxorubicin within a liposome, significantly inhibit the resistance of the carcinomatoses tested to anticancer agents.
Claims (15)
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CH (1) | CH681780A5 (en) |
Cited By (14)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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FR2729569A1 (en) * | 1995-01-19 | 1996-07-26 | Consultants Internationaux Sur | Antiarrhythmics, esp. bis-phenethyl-amine(s), with positive inotropic effect |
WO1998004250A1 (en) * | 1996-07-25 | 1998-02-05 | Consultants Internationaux Sur Le Medicament (S.A.R.L.) | Pharmaceutical compositions for the reversion of multiple resistance to drugs |
WO1998050018A1 (en) * | 1997-05-06 | 1998-11-12 | Xiao Yu Wu | Drug delivery system |
WO2001085153A2 (en) * | 2000-05-11 | 2001-11-15 | The Government Of The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary, Dept. Of Health And Human Services | Potentiation of antineoplastic agents using sigma-2 ligands |
WO2002058684A2 (en) * | 2000-11-06 | 2002-08-01 | Combinatorx, Incorporated | Combinations of drugs (e.g., chlorpromazine and pentamidine) for the treatment of neoplastic disorders |
EP1347752A2 (en) * | 2000-11-29 | 2003-10-01 | Ramot at Tel-Aviv University Ltd. | Anti-proliferative drugs |
WO2004087094A2 (en) * | 2003-04-02 | 2004-10-14 | Celator Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Nano-sized vehicles transporting a therapeutic agent and at least one drug resistance modulator for the treatment of multi drug resistance |
WO2008038291A1 (en) * | 2006-09-27 | 2008-04-03 | Yissum Research Development Company Of The Hebrew University Of Jerusalem | Combination of liposomal anti-cancer drugs and lysosome/endosome ph increasing agents for therapy |
US7572762B1 (en) | 1998-06-29 | 2009-08-11 | University Of Dundee | Materials and methods relating to the induction of apoptosis in target cells |
WO2009138806A1 (en) * | 2008-05-13 | 2009-11-19 | Dendrigen S.A. | Novel liposome cocktail formulations containing doxorubicin and the potent multidrug resistance inhibitor amiodarone |
ITRM20090578A1 (en) * | 2009-11-10 | 2011-05-11 | Noi Per Voi Onlus | NEW COMPOSITIONS FOR THE TREATMENT OF CHEMORESISTENT AND / OR LEUKEMIC POTENTIALLY CHEMICAL LEUCEMIES. |
CN103520159A (en) * | 2013-09-29 | 2014-01-22 | 邱利焱 | Quinine drug-vincristine drug co-carried liposome and preparation method thereof |
EP2656849A4 (en) * | 2011-01-27 | 2016-08-17 | Univ Zhejiang | LIPOSOME COMPRISING A COMBINATION OF CHLOROQUINE AND ADRIAMYCIN AND PREPARATION METHOD THEREOF |
EP3024456A4 (en) * | 2013-07-26 | 2017-04-12 | Update Pharma Inc. | Combinatorial methods to improve the therapeutic benefit of bisantrene |
-
1991
- 1991-02-25 CH CH57791A patent/CH681780A5/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Cited By (31)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2729569A1 (en) * | 1995-01-19 | 1996-07-26 | Consultants Internationaux Sur | Antiarrhythmics, esp. bis-phenethyl-amine(s), with positive inotropic effect |
WO1998004250A1 (en) * | 1996-07-25 | 1998-02-05 | Consultants Internationaux Sur Le Medicament (S.A.R.L.) | Pharmaceutical compositions for the reversion of multiple resistance to drugs |
WO1998050018A1 (en) * | 1997-05-06 | 1998-11-12 | Xiao Yu Wu | Drug delivery system |
US7572762B1 (en) | 1998-06-29 | 2009-08-11 | University Of Dundee | Materials and methods relating to the induction of apoptosis in target cells |
WO2001085153A2 (en) * | 2000-05-11 | 2001-11-15 | The Government Of The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary, Dept. Of Health And Human Services | Potentiation of antineoplastic agents using sigma-2 ligands |
WO2001085153A3 (en) * | 2000-05-11 | 2002-08-15 | Us Gov Health & Human Serv | Potentiation of antineoplastic agents using sigma-2 ligands |
AU2002246636B8 (en) * | 2000-11-06 | 2006-01-19 | Combinatorx, Incorporated | Combinations of drugs (e.g., chlorpromazine and pentamidine) for the treatment of neoplastic disorders |
WO2002058684A2 (en) * | 2000-11-06 | 2002-08-01 | Combinatorx, Incorporated | Combinations of drugs (e.g., chlorpromazine and pentamidine) for the treatment of neoplastic disorders |
WO2002058684A3 (en) * | 2000-11-06 | 2003-04-17 | Combinatorx Inc | Combinations of drugs (e.g., chlorpromazine and pentamidine) for the treatment of neoplastic disorders |
KR100720205B1 (en) * | 2000-11-06 | 2007-05-21 | 콤비네이토릭스, 인코포레이티드 | Combination of drugs for the treatment of tumor disease (eg chlorpromazine and pentamidine) |
US7148216B2 (en) | 2000-11-06 | 2006-12-12 | Combinatorx, Inc. | Combinations of drugs for the treatment of neoplastic disorders |
EP1347752A2 (en) * | 2000-11-29 | 2003-10-01 | Ramot at Tel-Aviv University Ltd. | Anti-proliferative drugs |
AU2002218467B2 (en) * | 2000-11-29 | 2006-07-13 | Ramot At Tel-Aviv University Ltd. | Anti-proliferative drugs |
EP1347752A4 (en) * | 2000-11-29 | 2005-04-06 | Univ Ramot | Anti-proliferative drugs |
JP2006525236A (en) * | 2003-04-02 | 2006-11-09 | セレーター ファーマスーティカルズ、インク. | Drug resistant therapeutic composition |
WO2004087094A3 (en) * | 2003-04-02 | 2004-11-25 | Celator Technologies Inc | Nano-sized vehicles transporting a therapeutic agent and at least one drug resistance modulator for the treatment of multi drug resistance |
WO2004087094A2 (en) * | 2003-04-02 | 2004-10-14 | Celator Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Nano-sized vehicles transporting a therapeutic agent and at least one drug resistance modulator for the treatment of multi drug resistance |
AU2004226888B2 (en) * | 2003-04-02 | 2009-09-10 | Celator Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Nano-sized vehicles transporting a therapeutic agent and at least one drug resistance modulator for the treatment of multi drug resistance |
WO2008038291A1 (en) * | 2006-09-27 | 2008-04-03 | Yissum Research Development Company Of The Hebrew University Of Jerusalem | Combination of liposomal anti-cancer drugs and lysosome/endosome ph increasing agents for therapy |
WO2009138806A1 (en) * | 2008-05-13 | 2009-11-19 | Dendrigen S.A. | Novel liposome cocktail formulations containing doxorubicin and the potent multidrug resistance inhibitor amiodarone |
ITRM20090578A1 (en) * | 2009-11-10 | 2011-05-11 | Noi Per Voi Onlus | NEW COMPOSITIONS FOR THE TREATMENT OF CHEMORESISTENT AND / OR LEUKEMIC POTENTIALLY CHEMICAL LEUCEMIES. |
WO2011058508A3 (en) * | 2009-11-10 | 2011-10-06 | Noi Per Voi Onlus | Compositions for the treatment of chemoresistant leukaemia and/or of potentially chemoresistant leukaemia |
EP2656849A4 (en) * | 2011-01-27 | 2016-08-17 | Univ Zhejiang | LIPOSOME COMPRISING A COMBINATION OF CHLOROQUINE AND ADRIAMYCIN AND PREPARATION METHOD THEREOF |
EP3024456A4 (en) * | 2013-07-26 | 2017-04-12 | Update Pharma Inc. | Combinatorial methods to improve the therapeutic benefit of bisantrene |
EP3024457A4 (en) * | 2013-07-26 | 2017-06-28 | Update Pharma Inc. | Compositions to improve the therapeutic benefit of bisantrene |
US10500192B2 (en) | 2013-07-26 | 2019-12-10 | Race Oncology Ltd. | Combinatorial methods to improve the therapeutic benefit of bisantrene and analogs and derivatives thereof |
US10548876B2 (en) | 2013-07-26 | 2020-02-04 | Race Oncology Ltd. | Compositions to improve the therapeutic benefit of bisantrene and analogs and derivatives thereof |
US11135201B2 (en) | 2013-07-26 | 2021-10-05 | Race Oncology Ltd. | Compositions to improve the therapeutic benefit of bisantrene and analogs and derivatives thereof |
US11147800B2 (en) | 2013-07-26 | 2021-10-19 | Race Oncology Ltd. | Combinatorial methods to improve the therapeutic benefit of bisantrene and analogs and derivatives thereof |
CN103520159A (en) * | 2013-09-29 | 2014-01-22 | 邱利焱 | Quinine drug-vincristine drug co-carried liposome and preparation method thereof |
CN103520159B (en) * | 2013-09-29 | 2015-06-17 | 邱利焱 | Quinine drug-vincristine drug co-carried liposome and preparation method thereof |
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