CA1122406A - Trap for insects - Google Patents
Trap for insectsInfo
- Publication number
- CA1122406A CA1122406A CA336,987A CA336987A CA1122406A CA 1122406 A CA1122406 A CA 1122406A CA 336987 A CA336987 A CA 336987A CA 1122406 A CA1122406 A CA 1122406A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- tube
- insect trap
- trap according
- funnel
- openings
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 241000238631 Hexapoda Species 0.000 title claims abstract description 37
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 241000254173 Coleoptera Species 0.000 claims description 8
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 241000545593 Scolytinae Species 0.000 abstract description 4
- 241000218657 Picea Species 0.000 description 4
- BHMLFPOTZYRDKA-IRXDYDNUSA-N (2s)-2-[(s)-(2-iodophenoxy)-phenylmethyl]morpholine Chemical compound IC1=CC=CC=C1O[C@@H](C=1C=CC=CC=1)[C@H]1OCCNC1 BHMLFPOTZYRDKA-IRXDYDNUSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000251468 Actinopterygii Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000016068 Berberis vulgaris Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000335053 Beta vulgaris Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000518994 Conta Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001163743 Perlodes Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 241000238565 lobster Species 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01M—CATCHING, TRAPPING OR SCARING OF ANIMALS; APPARATUS FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF NOXIOUS ANIMALS OR NOXIOUS PLANTS
- A01M1/00—Stationary means for catching or killing insects
- A01M1/10—Catching insects by using Traps
- A01M1/106—Catching insects by using Traps for flying insects
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01M—CATCHING, TRAPPING OR SCARING OF ANIMALS; APPARATUS FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF NOXIOUS ANIMALS OR NOXIOUS PLANTS
- A01M1/00—Stationary means for catching or killing insects
- A01M1/02—Stationary means for catching or killing insects with devices or substances, e.g. food, pheronones attracting the insects
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01M—CATCHING, TRAPPING OR SCARING OF ANIMALS; APPARATUS FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF NOXIOUS ANIMALS OR NOXIOUS PLANTS
- A01M2200/00—Kind of animal
- A01M2200/01—Insects
- A01M2200/012—Flying insects
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Insects & Arthropods (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Catching Or Destruction (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE.
An insect trap, especially for extermination of typographer bark beetles, comprising a tubular housing having a plurality of openings in the walls thereof through which the insects can crawl. A collector chamber for the in-sects is placed at one end of the tube, and a lid at the other end. The trap contains a bait substance to attract the insects.
The tube has radially-protuding projections, and the openings are provided between the projections. The projections constitute peripheral ridges, either circular or spiral in shape, and the openings are disposed near the upper surface of the projections.
An insect trap, especially for extermination of typographer bark beetles, comprising a tubular housing having a plurality of openings in the walls thereof through which the insects can crawl. A collector chamber for the in-sects is placed at one end of the tube, and a lid at the other end. The trap contains a bait substance to attract the insects.
The tube has radially-protuding projections, and the openings are provided between the projections. The projections constitute peripheral ridges, either circular or spiral in shape, and the openings are disposed near the upper surface of the projections.
Description
"f~ 6 The present invention pertains to a trap for insects, especially for the extermination of typographer bark beetles.
Drought-weakened spruce forests have provided new and extensive feeding grounds for the typoyrapher bark beetle~ The beetle population is large ln the spruce forest districts over all of southern Norway, and the danger of substantial new attacks on the old spruce forest in coming years is imminent. It has therefore been found necessary to work consciously and system-atically to counteract the typographer bark beetle~
lQ It has been found that these particular beetles emit a certain odor when a beetle finds a fa~orable feeding ground, for example, a drought-damaged spruce. It has proved possible to synthesize this odorr and the substance is marketed under the trade name "Feromon". This substance is thus very suitable for use in connection with insect traps.
Insect traps are known, e.g., from Norwegian Patent No. 85,185, issued March 14, 1955 to Krogsaeter, which consist of a tubular body having a plurality of openings through which insects can enter, with a collector chamber for the insects at ; 20 one end and a lid at the other en~, and containing~a bait sub-stance to attract the insects.
The purpose of the present invention is to improve the previously known traps of this type.
According to the invention, therefore, traps of the - general type defined aboYe are chàracterized in that the tube has radially-projecting protrusions, and that the openings are provided between the protrusions. A preferred embodiment of the tube is characterized in that the projections comprise peripheral ridges, either circular or spiral in shape.
An important feature of the inYention is that the openings aFe arranged near the upper surface of the projections~
~, hZ4~6 ~ -~nother ~e?tl~re of tht? inl~en~-ion is that the outer sur-face of` the tube is ro~ h. i~n a(l;:litional advantarre is obtaine`l if the inner surface o~ the tube is elso rou~h, at least in the area around every opening.
A further feature of ~'ne~ inven~iorl is that the holes h-Lve a diameter of between 2 and 3 mm. Preferably, the tubes of the traps accordin~, to the lnvention ~re hetween l and 3 rneters lonr, and are dark in color on the outsicle, for e~ample, black.
F,xperiments h-.ve been carrie(l out usinr~ traps of the type cleflned above, and these traps have demonstrated especially fr,ood results as comp~red with traps made ln other ways. The trap was fastened vertically on a pole and was placed in a cleared area of the forest about 1/2 to 1 meter ahove the ~round. The odor of the "Feromon"-bait which was placed lnside the tube attracts the beetles to enter the tube throu~h the holes. Traps made ln accordance wlth the lnvention captured about 20,~00 beetle, ln the course of a two-week perlod ln May-June 1978. The reason that these traps exhlbit such rrood results is connected wlth i-,he fact that the projectlons, i.e., the rldrres, offer a good landinrr, slte for the lnsec-ts. It ls then natural for the insects to try to move inwards toward openings throu~h which they can crawl.
The insects wi]l flnd these openln~s ln the tube wall areas betwee:
-the projectlons. It has also been found to be important that the holes be placed near the upper surface of the projections. The insects l~lnd on the projections and crawl lnwards, being attracte~
by the odor Or the substance emanating from the holes. It is thus lmportant that the holes lie flush with the upper surface of the projections, such that the insects do not have to crawl upwards on the vertical tube portion between the projections.
The dark color of the tube results in an elevated terr,-perature in-s~de the tube; evaporation of -the bait substance -lncreases wi~,h increasin~ temperature and wlll thus be hirrh pre-cisely in the perlods of hot weather when the beetles are on the win~. The provlsion of a rourrhened surface also seems to increase the number of insects captured. It has also been observed that when the insects are ~,oin~, to crawl in throu,~,h the opening, they use their feeiers to examine the conditions inside the hole. If the inner surface is too smooth, the beetles will withdraw r-~rli crr~wl out A.~r~-lln. Tnercf`ore, providin~r a rou.~rhened surf~ce insicle the tllbe, at, l.eas~ rollncl t,he hole openin~s, i5 very desirable.
Experiments have a~lso shown that rel ~,ively long tubes are better traps than s~orter tubes. '~he c~ ;ch per runnin~J neter w-~s fr~reatest with tubes of` '-1/2 to 2 meters in len~th, The invention will be ex~ ined in ~r,reater detail in the followln~ with reference to the dr~win~r~s, which sho~ one embodi-ment of the insect trap of the invention, Fi~rure 1 shows a cross section t;hrough a trap made in accordance with the invention, with a ~le~ail of the trap also shown on an enl,~r~ed scale.
Fi~ure 2 is a cletail dra~in,~r of the lower portion of the trap.
The trap consists of a tubular body 1 with radially-projecting ribs 2. In the tube wall between the ribs, a lar~re number of openin~s 3 are cut into the tube. At the upper end of the tube 1 there is a lid 4. A bait substance 5 to attraGt the insects is suspended inside the tube f`rom the lid ~.
The tube ] terminat,es at the bot-tom in a funnel 6 which ~ 20 in turn is connected to a collector bot-tle 7 for the trapped : insects. ~'hen in use in the forest, the trap is attached to a vertical pole 3.
The bottom of the tube 1 can be provided with a thread : for en~agement ~ith a fixed, internally-threaded collar 9 at the upper, wide-mou.thed openin~, of the funnel. 6. If the radial pro--: jections 2 have the form of spiral-shaped rid~res, these can be used for enga~ement, with the thread in the collar ~. The upper free edge of the f'unnel 6 is formecl as an upwardLy ancl inwardly slopin~ lip 13. Provided above the lip at the ]ower end of the 30 tube 1 ~re drr~ina~e openin~s 11. Draina~,e oPeninf~,s 12 are ~lso provi.ded r~t ~ e lower portion o.f the collar 9. The purpose o.r' theSeC)pellingS i9 to catch water, resulting perhaps from conden-sation inside the tube, and to drain it o:~f such that i-t does not run down into the conta.lner 7; the openin~s thus prevent the contain(?r frorn ~eco~ing filled wl-th water, which ~ould irnpair the functionin~ of'the trap.
, ,. .
~Z4(~
A f`ixed col]ar 14 is also provided at the n~rro~ end 13 of ~he funnel 6j ~he collar 14 havin~ internal threads which engage with external threads on the neck 15 of the container 7.
The outer, pointed end 1~ of the funnel 6 penetr~tes a distance inside the container 7 and thus functions in the same way,as the funnel-shaped entrance in a fish trap or lobster pot.
It has been shown that when the insects enter the tube throu~h the openin~s, they lose thei,r footinfr and fall down inside the tube. ~ecause the beet]es require a certain len~th of time to open their wln~s, they fall all the way down into the ; cont~iner 7. They are then un~hle to fly up a~ain because their flyin,~ capabilities are relati-vely poor. In addition, the narrow mouth 16 of the funnel provides an additional safe,Lruard a,~ainst the insect's bein~r able to leave the container even iI',it does try to fly.
,~ The invention should not be construed as bein~ limited to the embocliment illustrated in the drawings and described above, ~, but can be altered and modified and still remain within the scope outlined in the appurtenant patent cl~-iims. For example, the water drop collector (the lip 10) might be placed hi~her up or lower down, for example, at the lower end of the funnel, above ' the co~lar 14.
' ' ' . .
Drought-weakened spruce forests have provided new and extensive feeding grounds for the typoyrapher bark beetle~ The beetle population is large ln the spruce forest districts over all of southern Norway, and the danger of substantial new attacks on the old spruce forest in coming years is imminent. It has therefore been found necessary to work consciously and system-atically to counteract the typographer bark beetle~
lQ It has been found that these particular beetles emit a certain odor when a beetle finds a fa~orable feeding ground, for example, a drought-damaged spruce. It has proved possible to synthesize this odorr and the substance is marketed under the trade name "Feromon". This substance is thus very suitable for use in connection with insect traps.
Insect traps are known, e.g., from Norwegian Patent No. 85,185, issued March 14, 1955 to Krogsaeter, which consist of a tubular body having a plurality of openings through which insects can enter, with a collector chamber for the insects at ; 20 one end and a lid at the other en~, and containing~a bait sub-stance to attract the insects.
The purpose of the present invention is to improve the previously known traps of this type.
According to the invention, therefore, traps of the - general type defined aboYe are chàracterized in that the tube has radially-projecting protrusions, and that the openings are provided between the protrusions. A preferred embodiment of the tube is characterized in that the projections comprise peripheral ridges, either circular or spiral in shape.
An important feature of the inYention is that the openings aFe arranged near the upper surface of the projections~
~, hZ4~6 ~ -~nother ~e?tl~re of tht? inl~en~-ion is that the outer sur-face of` the tube is ro~ h. i~n a(l;:litional advantarre is obtaine`l if the inner surface o~ the tube is elso rou~h, at least in the area around every opening.
A further feature of ~'ne~ inven~iorl is that the holes h-Lve a diameter of between 2 and 3 mm. Preferably, the tubes of the traps accordin~, to the lnvention ~re hetween l and 3 rneters lonr, and are dark in color on the outsicle, for e~ample, black.
F,xperiments h-.ve been carrie(l out usinr~ traps of the type cleflned above, and these traps have demonstrated especially fr,ood results as comp~red with traps made ln other ways. The trap was fastened vertically on a pole and was placed in a cleared area of the forest about 1/2 to 1 meter ahove the ~round. The odor of the "Feromon"-bait which was placed lnside the tube attracts the beetles to enter the tube throu~h the holes. Traps made ln accordance wlth the lnvention captured about 20,~00 beetle, ln the course of a two-week perlod ln May-June 1978. The reason that these traps exhlbit such rrood results is connected wlth i-,he fact that the projectlons, i.e., the rldrres, offer a good landinrr, slte for the lnsec-ts. It ls then natural for the insects to try to move inwards toward openings throu~h which they can crawl.
The insects wi]l flnd these openln~s ln the tube wall areas betwee:
-the projectlons. It has also been found to be important that the holes be placed near the upper surface of the projections. The insects l~lnd on the projections and crawl lnwards, being attracte~
by the odor Or the substance emanating from the holes. It is thus lmportant that the holes lie flush with the upper surface of the projections, such that the insects do not have to crawl upwards on the vertical tube portion between the projections.
The dark color of the tube results in an elevated terr,-perature in-s~de the tube; evaporation of -the bait substance -lncreases wi~,h increasin~ temperature and wlll thus be hirrh pre-cisely in the perlods of hot weather when the beetles are on the win~. The provlsion of a rourrhened surface also seems to increase the number of insects captured. It has also been observed that when the insects are ~,oin~, to crawl in throu,~,h the opening, they use their feeiers to examine the conditions inside the hole. If the inner surface is too smooth, the beetles will withdraw r-~rli crr~wl out A.~r~-lln. Tnercf`ore, providin~r a rou.~rhened surf~ce insicle the tllbe, at, l.eas~ rollncl t,he hole openin~s, i5 very desirable.
Experiments have a~lso shown that rel ~,ively long tubes are better traps than s~orter tubes. '~he c~ ;ch per runnin~J neter w-~s fr~reatest with tubes of` '-1/2 to 2 meters in len~th, The invention will be ex~ ined in ~r,reater detail in the followln~ with reference to the dr~win~r~s, which sho~ one embodi-ment of the insect trap of the invention, Fi~rure 1 shows a cross section t;hrough a trap made in accordance with the invention, with a ~le~ail of the trap also shown on an enl,~r~ed scale.
Fi~ure 2 is a cletail dra~in,~r of the lower portion of the trap.
The trap consists of a tubular body 1 with radially-projecting ribs 2. In the tube wall between the ribs, a lar~re number of openin~s 3 are cut into the tube. At the upper end of the tube 1 there is a lid 4. A bait substance 5 to attraGt the insects is suspended inside the tube f`rom the lid ~.
The tube ] terminat,es at the bot-tom in a funnel 6 which ~ 20 in turn is connected to a collector bot-tle 7 for the trapped : insects. ~'hen in use in the forest, the trap is attached to a vertical pole 3.
The bottom of the tube 1 can be provided with a thread : for en~agement ~ith a fixed, internally-threaded collar 9 at the upper, wide-mou.thed openin~, of the funnel. 6. If the radial pro--: jections 2 have the form of spiral-shaped rid~res, these can be used for enga~ement, with the thread in the collar ~. The upper free edge of the f'unnel 6 is formecl as an upwardLy ancl inwardly slopin~ lip 13. Provided above the lip at the ]ower end of the 30 tube 1 ~re drr~ina~e openin~s 11. Draina~,e oPeninf~,s 12 are ~lso provi.ded r~t ~ e lower portion o.f the collar 9. The purpose o.r' theSeC)pellingS i9 to catch water, resulting perhaps from conden-sation inside the tube, and to drain it o:~f such that i-t does not run down into the conta.lner 7; the openin~s thus prevent the contain(?r frorn ~eco~ing filled wl-th water, which ~ould irnpair the functionin~ of'the trap.
, ,. .
~Z4(~
A f`ixed col]ar 14 is also provided at the n~rro~ end 13 of ~he funnel 6j ~he collar 14 havin~ internal threads which engage with external threads on the neck 15 of the container 7.
The outer, pointed end 1~ of the funnel 6 penetr~tes a distance inside the container 7 and thus functions in the same way,as the funnel-shaped entrance in a fish trap or lobster pot.
It has been shown that when the insects enter the tube throu~h the openin~s, they lose thei,r footinfr and fall down inside the tube. ~ecause the beet]es require a certain len~th of time to open their wln~s, they fall all the way down into the ; cont~iner 7. They are then un~hle to fly up a~ain because their flyin,~ capabilities are relati-vely poor. In addition, the narrow mouth 16 of the funnel provides an additional safe,Lruard a,~ainst the insect's bein~r able to leave the container even iI',it does try to fly.
,~ The invention should not be construed as bein~ limited to the embocliment illustrated in the drawings and described above, ~, but can be altered and modified and still remain within the scope outlined in the appurtenant patent cl~-iims. For example, the water drop collector (the lip 10) might be placed hi~her up or lower down, for example, at the lower end of the funnel, above ' the co~lar 14.
' ' ' . .
Claims (13)
1. An insect trap, especially for exterminating typographer bar beetles, comprising a tubular housing having a plurality of openings in the walls thereof through which the insects can crawl, a collector chamber for the insects at one end of the tube, a lid at the other end, and containing a bait substance to attract the insects, the tube having radially-protruding projections, and said openings being provided between the projections.
2. An insect trap according to claim 1, wherein the pro-jections constitute peripheral circular or spiral ridges.
3. An insect trap according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the openings are disposed near the upper surface of the projections.
4. An insect trap according to claim 1, wherein the tube has a rough outer surface.
5. An insect trap according to claim 4, wherein the inner surface of the tube is also rough, at least in an area around each opening.
6. An insect trap according to claim 1, wherein the openings have a diameter of between 2 and 3 mm.
7. An insect trap according to claim 1, wherein the tube is between 1 and 3 meters long.
8. An insect trap according to claim 1, wherein the trap is dark in color on the outside.
9. An insect trap according to claim 1, wherein a funnel is arranged at the lower end of the tube with the wide-mouthed opening of the funnel being fastened to the tube, and a container is fastened to the narrow end of the funnel in such a way that the pointed end of the funnel penetrates a distance inside the container.
10. An insect trap according to claim 1, wherein at the lower end of the tube, an internal water drop collector is provided in the form of an annular, peripheral and upwardly-sloping lip, and drainage openings through the tube wall are provided at the top side of the lip.
11. An insect trap according to claim 10, wherein the lip is disposed at the upper, free edge of the funnel.
12. An insect trap according to claim 9, wherein the opening of the funnel at the pointed end is at least 15 mm in diameter.
13. An insect trap according to claim 9, wherein the pointed end of the funnel projects 10 - 15 mm into the container.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| NO783,820 | 1978-11-14 | ||
| NO783820A NO142602C (en) | 1978-11-14 | 1978-11-14 | INSECT TRAP. |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1122406A true CA1122406A (en) | 1982-04-27 |
Family
ID=19884538
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA336,987A Expired CA1122406A (en) | 1978-11-14 | 1979-10-04 | Trap for insects |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| AT (1) | AT371310B (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1122406A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2940240A1 (en) |
| FI (1) | FI64264C (en) |
| NO (1) | NO142602C (en) |
| PL (1) | PL120629B1 (en) |
| SE (1) | SE438240B (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7669362B2 (en) | 2003-07-31 | 2010-03-02 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Trap for catching woodland, garden and agricultural insect pests and method for trapping and storing woodland, garden and agricultural insect pests |
Families Citing this family (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3209196A1 (en) * | 1982-03-13 | 1983-10-20 | Martin Englert Wachswaren- und Erste Bayerische Kunstwabenfabrik, 8710 Kitzingen | Trap for the varroa mite |
| DE3303889C2 (en) * | 1982-08-20 | 1985-03-14 | Der Niedersächsische Minister für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Forsten, 3000 Hannover | Device for trapping bark beetles |
| DE8335273U1 (en) * | 1983-12-09 | 1984-03-01 | Röchling Haren KG, 4472 Haren | ATTRACTION TRAP FOR FLYING FOREST PEDES, ESPECIALLY BORK BEETLE |
| AU2002257988B2 (en) * | 2001-06-14 | 2008-02-28 | The Enterprise Cradle Limited | Trap and method for trapping flying insects |
| US6754988B1 (en) * | 2003-06-10 | 2004-06-29 | Joel F. Downey | Insect containment trap having disposable capture vessel and joining mechanism |
| WO2018132670A1 (en) * | 2017-01-16 | 2018-07-19 | AgBiome, Inc. | Methods and compositions for feeding piercing and sucking insects |
-
1978
- 1978-11-14 NO NO783820A patent/NO142602C/en unknown
- 1978-12-19 SE SE7813063A patent/SE438240B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1979
- 1979-10-04 DE DE19792940240 patent/DE2940240A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1979-10-04 CA CA336,987A patent/CA1122406A/en not_active Expired
- 1979-10-05 AT AT0650979A patent/AT371310B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1979-10-22 FI FI793276A patent/FI64264C/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1979-10-25 PL PL1979219202A patent/PL120629B1/en unknown
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7669362B2 (en) | 2003-07-31 | 2010-03-02 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Trap for catching woodland, garden and agricultural insect pests and method for trapping and storing woodland, garden and agricultural insect pests |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AT371310B (en) | 1983-06-27 |
| PL219202A1 (en) | 1980-07-28 |
| DE2940240A1 (en) | 1980-05-29 |
| NO142602B (en) | 1980-06-09 |
| PL120629B1 (en) | 1982-03-31 |
| FI64264B (en) | 1983-07-29 |
| FI64264C (en) | 1983-11-10 |
| NO142602C (en) | 1980-09-17 |
| SE438240B (en) | 1985-04-15 |
| NO783820L (en) | 1980-05-16 |
| SE7813063L (en) | 1979-03-01 |
| ATA650979A (en) | 1982-11-15 |
| FI793276A (en) | 1980-05-15 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MKEX | Expiry |