Irina Castellanos
The Ohio State University, Otolaryngology, Faculty Member
- My research seeks to explain how underlying neurocognitive processes regulate and contribute to the large individual... moreMy research seeks to explain how underlying neurocognitive processes regulate and contribute to the large individual differences observed in outcomes following deafness and cochlear implantation.
Collaborators: David B. Pisoni, William G. Kronenberger, Derek M. Houston, Aaron Moberly, Lorraine E. Bahrickedit
Deaf children with cochlear implants (CIs) are at risk for psychosocial adjustment problems, possibly due to delayed speech-language skills. This study investigated associations between a core component of spoken-language ability—speech... more
Deaf children with cochlear implants (CIs) are at risk for psychosocial adjustment problems, possibly due to delayed speech-language skills. This study investigated associations between a core component of spoken-language ability—speech intelligibility—and the psychosocial development of prelingually deaf CI users. Audio-transcription measures of speech intelligibility and parent-reports of psychosocial behaviors were obtained for two age groups (preschool, school-age/teen). CI users in both age groups scored more poorly than typically-hearing peers on speech intelligibility and several psychosocial scales. Among preschool CI users, five scales were correlated with speech intelligibility: functional communication, attention problems, atypicality, withdrawal, and adaptability. These scales and four additional scales were correlated with speech intelligibility among school-age/teen CI users: leadership, activities of daily living, anxiety, and depression. Results suggest that speech intelligibility may be an important contributing factor underlying several domains of psychosocial functioning in children and teens with CIs, particularly involving socialization, communication, and emotional adjustment.
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Research has demonstrated that intersensory redundancy (stimulation synchronized across multiple senses) is highly salient and facilitates processing of amodal properties in multimodal events, bootstrapping early perceptual development.... more
Research has demonstrated that intersensory redundancy (stimulation synchronized across multiple senses) is highly salient and facilitates processing of amodal properties in multimodal events, bootstrapping early perceptual development. The present study is the first to extend this central principle of the intersensory redundancy hypothesis (IRH) to certain types of intrasensory redundancy (stimulation synchronized within a single sense). Infants were habituated to videos of a toy hammer tapping silently (unimodal control), depicting intersensory redundancy (synchronized with a soundtrack) or intrasensory redundancy (synchronized with another visual event; light flashing or bat tapping). In Experiment 1, 2-month-olds showed both intersensory and intrasensory facilitation (with respect to the unimodal control) for detecting a change in tempo. However, intrasensory facilitation was found when the hammer was synchronized with the light flashing (different motion) but not with the bat tapping (same motion). Experiment 2 tested 3-month-olds using a somewhat easier tempo contrast. Results supported a similarity hypothesis: intrasensory redundancy between two dissimilar events was more effective than that between two similar events for promoting processing of amodal properties. These findings extend the IRH and indicate that in addition to intersensory redundancy, intrasensory redundancy between two synchronized dissimilar visual events is also effective in promoting perceptual processing of amodal event properties.
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Prior research has demonstrated intersensory facilitation for perception of amodal properties of events such as tempo and rhythm in early development, supporting predictions of the Intersensory Redundancy Hypothesis (IRH). Specifically,... more
Prior research has demonstrated intersensory facilitation for perception of amodal properties of events such as tempo and rhythm in early development, supporting predictions of the Intersensory Redundancy Hypothesis (IRH). Specifically, infants discriminate amodal properties in bimodal, redundant stimulation but not in unimodal, nonredundant stimulation in early development, whereas later in development infants can detect amodal properties in both redundant and nonredundant stimulation. The present study tested a new prediction of the IRH: that effects of intersensory redundancy on attention and perceptual processing are most apparent in tasks of high difficulty relative to the skills of the perceiver. We assessed whether by increasing task difficulty, older infants would revert to patterns of intersensory facilitation shown by younger infants. Results confirmed our prediction and demonstrated that in difficult tempo discrimination tasks, 5-month-olds perform like 3-month-olds, showing intersensory facilitation for tempo discrimination. In contrast, in tasks of low and moderate difficulty, 5-month-olds discriminate tempo changes in both redundant audiovisual and nonredundant unimodal visual stimulation. These findings indicate that intersensory facilitation is most apparent for tasks of relatively high difficulty and may therefore persist across the lifespan.
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Background: Children with autism show impairments in social orienting and attention. Understanding these impairments requires understanding the typical development of social orienting across infancy, the period during which it develops.... more
Background: Children with autism show impairments in social orienting and attention. Understanding these impairments requires understanding the typical development of social orienting across infancy, the period during which it develops. However, no research has systematically assessed changes in attention to social versus nonsocial events across infancy. According to the Intersensory Redundancy Hypothesis (IRH, Bahrick & Lickliter, 2002), infants show heightened attention to multimodal events that provide intersensory redundancy (synchrony, rhythm, tempo common to audible and visible stimulation). Relative to nonsocial events, social events provide an extraordinary amount of intersensory redundancy (across face, voice, and gesture). We hypothesize that if sensitivity to intersensory redundancy underlies the development of social orienting, then infants should show differences in basic measures of attention across age as a function of redundancy. A slight disturbance of intersensory ...
Background: Children with autism show self-awareness and social orienting deficits (e.g., Dawson, Meltzoff, Osterling, Rinaldi, & Brown, 1998; Gergely, 2001). Self-perception and social orienting develop in infancy, partly from detecting... more
Background: Children with autism show self-awareness and social orienting deficits (e.g., Dawson, Meltzoff, Osterling, Rinaldi, & Brown, 1998; Gergely, 2001). Self-perception and social orienting develop in infancy, partly from detecting contingent relations between visual and proprioceptive feedback from self-produced body motion (Bahrick, 1995). By five months, infants demonstrate social orienting and prefer to watch the noncontingent video display of a peer’s leg motions over the perfectly contingent display of their own leg motions (Bahrick & Watson, 1985). Objectives: We assessed self-perception and social orienting in young children with autism (ASD) and typically developing (TD) children. Methods: Nine ASD (M = 3.60 yrs) and nine TD children (M = 2.55 yrs), matched for functional age on the ABAS (TD: M = 2.30 yrs; SD = .54; ASD: M = 2.23, SD = .84), participated in a task identical to Bahrick & Watson’s (1985) visual paired-comparison procedure. A perfectly contingent, live v...
One of the overarching questions in the field of infant perceptual and cognitive development concerns how selective attention is organized during early development to facilitate learning. The following study examined how infants’... more
One of the overarching questions in the field of infant perceptual and cognitive development concerns how selective attention is organized during early development to facilitate learning. The following study examined how infants’ selective attention to properties of social events (i.e., prosody of speech and facial identity) changes in real time as a function of intersensory redundancy (redundant audiovisual, nonredundant unimodal visual) and exploratory time. Intersensory redundancy refers to the spatially coordinated and temporally synchronous occurrence of information across multiple senses. Real time macro- and micro-structural change in infants’ scanning patterns of dynamic faces was also examined. According to the Intersensory Redundancy Hypothesis, information presented redundantly and in temporal synchrony across two or more senses recruits infants’ selective attention and facilitates perceptual learning of highly salient amodal properties (properties that can be perceived a...
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Background Children with autism have difficulty disengaging attention from one stimulus and shifting to another (Landry & Bryson, 2004) and have specific impairments in orienting to social as compared with nonsocial events (Dawson,... more
Background Children with autism have difficulty disengaging attention from one stimulus and shifting to another (Landry & Bryson, 2004) and have specific impairments in orienting to social as compared with nonsocial events (Dawson, Meltzoff, Osterling, Rinaldi, & ...
Page 1. Audiovisual Interactions in Infant Categorization: Voice Gender Biases Face Categorization Lorraine E. Bahrick 1 , Rebecca Grossman 2 , Irina Castellanos 1 , Melissa A. Argumosa 1 , & Lisa C. Newell 3 1 Florida... more
Page 1. Audiovisual Interactions in Infant Categorization: Voice Gender Biases Face Categorization Lorraine E. Bahrick 1 , Rebecca Grossman 2 , Irina Castellanos 1 , Melissa A. Argumosa 1 , & Lisa C. Newell 3 1 Florida International University, 2 University of Central Florida, ...
... Unimodal Stimulation Lorraine E. Bahrick, James T. Todd, Melissa A. Argumosa, Rebecca Grossman, Irina Castellanos, & Barbara M. Sorondo Florida International University, Department of Psychology, Infant Development Research... more
... Unimodal Stimulation Lorraine E. Bahrick, James T. Todd, Melissa A. Argumosa, Rebecca Grossman, Irina Castellanos, & Barbara M. Sorondo Florida International University, Department of Psychology, Infant Development Research Center ...
Results Results (along with those of our prior study; see Figure 2) supported our predictions and demonstrated that infants who received bimodal asynchronous stimulation showed significant visual recovery to a novel face (t (11)= 5.63,... more
Results Results (along with those of our prior study; see Figure 2) supported our predictions and demonstrated that infants who received bimodal asynchronous stimulation showed significant visual recovery to a novel face (t (11)= 5.63, p=. 0002). These results converge ...
Research demonstrates that young infants are excellent perceivers of faces, however, little is know about their perception of faces in the context of naturalistic, dynamic, multimodal events such as audiovisual speech. Bahrick and... more
Research demonstrates that young infants are excellent perceivers of faces, however, little is know about their perception of faces in the context of naturalistic, dynamic, multimodal events such as audiovisual speech. Bahrick and Lickliter (2000, 2002) proposed an “ ...
Consistent with the intersensory redundancy hypothesis (IRH), research has shown that in early development information presented redundantly and in synchrony across two senses is highly salient and facilitates perceptual learning of... more
Consistent with the intersensory redundancy hypothesis (IRH), research has shown that in early development information presented redundantly and in synchrony across two senses is highly salient and facilitates perceptual learning of amodal properties such as tempo, to a greater extent than in unimodal stimulation (Bahrick & Lickliter, 2000, 2002). If redundancy highlights amodal properties, how do infants learn to detect amodal properties in unimodal stimulation? We (Lickliter, Bahrick, & Markham, 2006) postulated that ...