Hamad M O H A M E D Hamdeen

المستخلص:
يتناول هذا المقال وصف مدينة الخرطوم وسكانها عند الرحالة الألماني الفريد ادموند بريم ١٨٤٧-١٨٥٢م، حيث تناول وصف المدينة والمنازل وطرق بنائها، والمباني العامة، منزل الحاكم العام، السوق، الحدائق العامة، سكان الخرطوم والسمات الجسمانية لهمK وملابس الرجال والنساء والاعتناء بالجسد، الدين والتدين،  والشخصية السودانية الإيجابيات والسلبيات، وختان الإناث، والطعام وتجهيزه وطريقة تناوله، وكرم الضيافة، الخمر والمريسة وام بلبل وأماكن بيعها في الخرطوم، وتدخين التبغ والتمباك، وكذلك أطفال مدينة الخرطوم، هذا بالإضافة الي الزواج والموت والأسلحة التي كانت مستخدمة، والنظام الإداري والقضاء والتجارة والنشاط الاقتصادي الذي كان سائداً في تلك الفترة، والبريد، بالإضافة الي حالة الطقس والامراض التي كانت موجودة في الخرطوم في ذلك الزمان. وخلصت الدراسة الي أن ما كتبه الفريد ادموند بريم عن السودان والخرطوم بلا شك قيم جداً وبها من مادة علمية غزيرة في ضروب علوم كثير منها الاثار والعلوم الطبيعية والاثنوغرافيا وغيرها.
Abstract:
        This article deals with the description of the city of Khartoum and their inhabitants according to the German traveler Alfred Edmund Brehm 1847-1852  the city, houses, rods, public buildings, the house of the public ruler, the market, public gardens, the physical characterizes for the people, men and women clothes, body carry, foods and the ways of preparing, wine and places for sold it, smoking Tabaco, children, marriage, the death, weapons that were used, the administrative system, the judiciary,  trade and economic activities, the post, weather and the diseases,  the study concluded that Alfred Edmund Brehm wrote an accurate description of Sudan and Khartoum and it can be used for interpretation some facts in other sciences such as archaeology, natural sciences, ethnographic...etc

Documentation of medicinal plants utilization as an important non-timber forest resources are essential for their restoration and preservation. The present research aims to study the abundance of trees and shrubs in Azaza and Mokla forest in the Blue Nile state and to document their traditional use by two communities of Falata tribe living in the same locality. Field surveys were conducted during the period July-November in 2016 and 2017 following timed-meander survey method. Abundant, frequent, occasional, infrequent, and rare species were estimated. Ethnomedicinal data were collected using semistructured questionnaires. Documentation was taken from a total of 43 informants. 23 informants from Flata Willa in Amara Seraifa village which is located about 30 Km north of Roseires dam and 20 informants from Falata Odda who are displaced by the dam lake and now resettled in City3 which located south east of the dam lake. A total of 28 medicinal trees and shrubs were identified in the studied forests. The most utilized plant families were leguminosae followed by Malvaceae Apocynaceae, and Zygophyllaceae. The highest proportion of the medicinal plants are trees (68%) and the common treated diseases are stomach pain, respiratory inflammation, haemorrhoid, heart pain, uteritis, anemia, kidney disease, and dysentery. The study recommended further pharmacological and phytochemical research to study the efficiency of these plants to cure the diseases as well as sustainable management approach and proper conservation strategy to be integrated into forest management planning and activities for protection of the studied forests.

The animal remains discussed in this paper come from three archaeological sites in the el-Hamra Christian complex, excavated within the frame of the el-Ga'ab Depression archaeological, ethnographical and ecological project. During two seasons in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015, a team directed by Yahia Fadl Tahir collected and examined a total of 89 mammal, five ostrich egg and 16 mollusk remains. The bone assemblage was divided into seven groups representing the most and least attractive parts of the carcass in terms of nutritional value. Identified species include sheep (Ovis aries) and goat (Capra hircus), while other animal remains include ostrich egg fragments and mollusk species: Pila ovata, Melanoides tuberculata and Lanistes carinatus. Similarities can be observed in livestock husbandry and subsistence patterns in the early Christian period in the Dongola region, where the economy depended on small mammals like sheep and goats to provide milk and meat.

This paper deals with the multidisciplinary approach in archaeology such as novel literature in Sudan, the aim of this paper is to clarify some archaeological aspects, folklore of archaeological sites, and the employment of the popular myths in the novel “ Manifesto of a Nubian rooster”  for the writer Abdalaziz Baraka Sakin. The importance of this paper back to the lack of studies that combine archaeology and novel literature in Sudan and the Arab world. The paper concluded that novel literature, especially what can be called the historical novel and folk legends, contains rich data for archaeologists so that sometimes the historical novel works don’t contradict with the historical or archaeological truths, this way a good for the present the past for the public, but as archaeologist and researcher in the past should be not only looking for historical and archaeological facts in novels.تأتي هذه الورقة لكشف تداخل علم الاثار مع الادب الروائي في السودان، حيث تتناول  رواية مانفستو الديك النوبي لعبدالعزيز بركة ساكن وذلك بهدف توضيح البعد والجوانب الاثارية التي تتطرق لها كاتب الرواية وكذلك فولكلور المواقع الاثارية وتوظيف الأسطورة الشعبية حول المواقع الآثارية، وترجع أهمية هذه الورقة الي قصور وانعدام الدراسات التي تجمع ما بين علم الاثار والادب الروائي في السودان والوطن العربي. توصلت الدراسة الي ان الادب الروائي وخاصة ما يمكن تسميتها الرواية التاريخية والاساطير الشعبية بها مادة غنية لعلماء الاثار يمكنهم الاستفادة منها، وكما ان اعمال الادباء قد تضمنت بعض الحقائق الاثارية والتاريخية في متون رواياتهم في اطار ثلاثة مدارس، كذلك  يمكن لعلماء الاثار وهم أهل لذلك ان يسطروا نتائج ابحاثهم  في صورة علمية، أدبية - روائية موجهة للجمهور في شكل بسيط دون اخلال بالحقيقة العلمية أو التاريخية حيث أن الاعمال الروائية والسردية بوجه عام، قد لا تتناقض مع الحقيقة التاريخية او الآثارية وانما العيب كل العيب ان نشدو التاريخ والآثار في الرواية فقط فتصبح الرواية وثيقة من وثائق التاريخ او  مقال وكتاب من كتب الآثار.

El-Ga’ab area is a dry depression situated on the western bank of the Nile River in northern Sudan. It is considered to be an old basin flooded by the Nile during Early and Mid-Holocene. The larger part of the area is an absolute desert with almost no vegetation. The aim of this study is to report on the vegetation of El-Ga’ab depression, as well as to discuss its ecology related to past settlement activities. For the purpose of this study the area was divided into four parts: Bab El-Ga’ab ,Wadi El-Hasha, Ga’abs (Oasis) and Gravel Plateau. Five different zones or habitats were recorded. These are: (i) Rock furrows and depressions, (ii) Sandy plains, (iii) Shallow depressions on annual streams and wadis in the Gravel plateau, (iv) Sand dunes, and (v) Vegetation mounds. Floristic composition and vegetation analysis which include the density, relative density and frequency were reported. For the trees and shrubs, in Northern Bab El-Ga’ab, as well as in the Gravel plateau and Ga’ab El-Mangoor, Acacia ehrenbergiana dominated the plant communities showing both maximum frequency and higher relative density. On the other hand, Hyphaene thebiaca dominated in Ga’ab oasis. The most common annuals reported for northern Bab El-Ga’ab, and for both the upper and the lower zones of the Gravel plateau were Boerhavia repens, Senna alexandarina and Portulaca quadrifida, whereas Corchorus depressus showed a wide distribution in both Wadi El-Hasha north and Wadi El-Hasha south. The underground water level, the soil type (different chemical and physical properties) and the intensity of human activity were probably the most important factors affecting the distribution of plant species in the studied sit.

Twenty three species of birds belonging to fourteen Families and nine Orders were reported from El Ga'ab Depression. The possibility of finding more species was discussed. The bird species found in the depression adds to the distribution atlas of Sudan’s birds.

يحفل أدب الرحالة بمادة ثرة يمكن أن تشكل أهمية في الدراسات البيئية الآثارية
و الأنثربولوجية والفلكلورية واللغوية والتاريخية والطبية وغيرها،كما يمكن أن تساهم
في طرح أو إجابة أسئلة في ضروب تلك العلوم. وقد كان السودان منذ القدم منطقة
جاذبة يحفها الغموض وقد وجد حظاً في كتابات الكتاب الكلاسيكيين )الإغريق
والرومان( وفي القرون الوسطى والمتأخرة. وتعتبر الحشرات إحدى مكونات البيئة.ونجد
أن بعض الرحالة قد ذكروا أنواعا من الحشرات يمكن أن تساهم في فهم البيئة
وا لأمراض والاقتصاد وغيرها. ومن أنواع الحشرات التى تم التعرف عليها نجد كلاً من
الجراد، النحل، الأرضة، الجعارين، البق، البعوض والذباب، كما هناك بعض الحيوانات
القريبة الشبة من الحشرات وهي العنكبوتيات وشملت كلاً من العناكب والعقارب.