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  1. Animals adaptively regulate aversive memories in safe environments through extinction, a process central to exposure therapy for anxiety disorders. The limbic thalamus controls cognitive function in concert wi...

    Authors: Yuki Mochizuki, Asuka Joji-Nishino, Kazuo Emoto and Akira Uematsu
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2025 18:18
    Content type: Research Published on:

  2. Following intracerebral hemorrhage, mitigating oxidative stress and removing excess iron are critical strategies for reducing secondary brain injury and improving neurological outcomes. In vitro, we synthesize...

    Authors: Guangyu Jia, Xinyu Yang, Yamei Yu, Yuanyuan Li, Zhe Zhang, Xiaolong Tang, Qi Wang, Heqing Zheng, Yao Xiao, Shiyong Li and Ye Wang
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2025 18:17
    Content type: Research Published on:

  5. Observational fear (OF) is the ability to vicariously experience and learn from another’s fearful situation, enabling adaptive responses crucial for survival. It has been shown that the anterior cingulate cort...

    Authors: Kritika Ramesh, Indrajith R. Nair, Naoki Yamamoto, Sachie K. Ogawa, Joseph I. Terranova and Takashi Kitamura
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2025 18:14
    Content type: Research Published on:

  6. Cardiac arrest (CA) is one of the most common illnesses worldwide. Post-CA brain injury (PCABI) is a major cause of death and poor recovery in CA patients and the current CA treatments are not very effective. ...

    Authors: Jianfei Sun, Liping Lu, Yingtao Lian, Song Xu, Ying Zhu, Yanping Wu, Qianhui Lin, Jing Hou, Yinping Li and Zhui Yu
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2025 18:13
    Content type: Research Published on:

  7. Angiogenesis in the ischemic penumbra compensates for microcirculatory dysfunction and promotes neuronal plasticity after stroke. However, the current understanding may be highly biased because the contributio...

    Authors: Luping Xue, Wei Ouyang, Peiyun Qi, Yan Zhu, Xiaoru Qi, Xiao Zhang, Xiangjian Zhang, Lina Wang and Lili Cui
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2025 18:12
    Content type: Research Published on:

  9. The microenvironment of the central nervous system is highly complex and plays a crucial role in maintaining the function of neurons, which influences Alzheimer’s disease (AD) progression. The pH value of the ...

    Authors: Xue Wang, Xiangqi Shao, Liang Yu, Jianru Sun, Xiang-Sha Yin, Zhen Chen, Yuanyuan Xu, Naili Wang, Di Zhang, Wenying Qiu, Fan Liu and Chao Ma
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2025 18:10
    Content type: Short report Published on:

  10. Brain regions drive multiple physiological functions through specific gene expression patterns that adapt to environmental influences, drug treatments and disease conditions. To generate a detailed atlas of th...

    Authors: François Brial, Aurélie Le Lay, Claude Rouch, Edouard Henrion, Mathieu Bourgey, Guillaume Bourque, Mark Lathrop, Christophe Magnan and Dominique Gauguier
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2025 18:9
    Content type: Research Published on:

  11. Recent studies have shown that abnormal activity of acid sphingomyelinase (Asm) has been associated with a range of psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia and depression. However, the role of Asm in the...

    Authors: Huiqi Yuan, Yanan Xu, Hailun Jiang, Meizhu Jiang, Luofei Zhang, Shifeng Wei, Cao Li and Zhigang Zhao
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2025 18:8
    Content type: Research Published on:

  13. It is unclear how steroid hormones contribute to stroke, and conducting randomized controlled trials to obtain related evidence is challenging. Therefore, Mendelian randomization (MR) technique was employed in...

    Authors: Yang Zhang, Miaowen Jiang, Di Wu, Ming Li and Xunming Ji
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2025 18:6
    Content type: Research Published on:

  15. Cognitive processes such as action planning and decision-making require the integration of multiple sensory modalities in response to temporal cues, yet the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. Sleep ...

    Authors: Ahmed Z. Ibrahim, Kareem Abdou, Masanori Nomoto, Kaori Yamada-Nomoto, Reiko Okubo-Suzuki and Kaoru Inokuchi
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2025 18:4
    Content type: Micro Report Published on:

  16. Kruppel-like factor 15 (KLF15), a member of the KLF family, is closely involved in many biological processes. However, the mechanism by which KLF15 regulates neural development is still unclear. Considering th...

    Authors: Dan Li, Shuijing Cao, Yanrong Chen, Yueyan Liu, Kugeng Huo, Zhuangqi Shi, Shuxin Han and Liecheng Wang
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2025 18:3
    Content type: Research Published on:

  18. Recent research has highlighted widespread dysregulation of alternative polyadenylation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 pathology (FTLD-TDP). Here, we i...

    Authors: Randall J. Eck, Paul N. Valdmanis, Nicole F. Liachko and Brian C. Kraemer
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2025 18:1
    Content type: Micro report Published on:

  19. Cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury (CIRI) is a major obstacle to neurological recovery after clinical treatment of ischemic stroke. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanism of Nek6 al...

    Authors: Qingzhi Wang, Xinjing Liu, Jing Yuan, Ting Yang, Lan Ding, Bo Song and Yuming Xu
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2024 17:96
    Content type: Research Published on:

  20. The vast majority of gene mutations and/or gene knockouts result in either no observable changes, or significant deficits in molecular, cellular, or organismal function. However, in a small number of cases, mu...

    Authors: Amber J. Zimmerman, Antonio Serrano-Rodriguez, Melody Sun, Sandy J. Wilson, David N. Linsenbardt, Jonathan L. Brigman and Jason P. Weick
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2024 17:95
    Content type: Research Published on:

  23. Coordinated activity of neuronal ensembles is a basis for information processing in the brain. Recent development of miniscope imaging technology enabled recordings of neuronal circuits activity in vivo in fre...

    Authors: Evgenii Gerasimov, Ekaterina Pchitskaya, Olga Vlasova and Ilya Bezprozvanny
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2024 17:92
    Content type: Research Published on:

  24. Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common form of medically-intractable epilepsy. Subicular hyperexcitability is frequently observed with TLE, presumably caused by impaired inhibition of local excitatory...

    Authors: Jianbang Lin, Jing Liu, Qi Zhang, Taian Liu, Zexuan Hong, Yi Lu, Cheng Zhong, Zhonghua Lu, Yuantao Li and Yu Hu
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2024 17:91
    Content type: Research Published on:

  27. The histaminergic system plays a key role in modulating learning and memory, wakefulness, and energy balance. Histamine H3 receptors constitutively inhibit the synthesis and release of histamine and other neurotr...

    Authors: Sentaro Kaita, Yoshikazu Morishita, Kenta Kobayashi and Hiroshi Nomura
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2024 17:88
    Content type: Research Published on:

  29. Depression, a prevalent neuropsychiatric disorder, involves the dysregulation of neurotransmitters such as dopamine (DA). The restoration of DA balance is a pivotal therapeutic target for this condition. Recen...

    Authors: Tae-Yong Choi, Jeongseop Kim and Ja Wook Koo
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2024 17:86
    Content type: Micro report Published on:

  30. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is known for its potent prosurvival effect. Despite successfully replicating this effect in various clinical and pre-clinical models, the complete characterization of t...

    Authors: Joanna Mackiewicz, Julia Tomczak, Malwina Lisek, Feng Guo and Tomasz Boczek
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2024 17:85
    Content type: Micro report Published on:

  31. Neuroinflammation is a significant contributor to the pathology of glaucoma. Targeting key-mediators in this process is a realistic option to slow disease progression. Galectin-3 is a β-galactoside binding lec...

    Authors: Anne Rombaut, Rune Brautaset, Pete A. Williams and James R. Tribble
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2024 17:84
    Content type: Micro report Published on:

  32. CNS tumours encompass a diverse group of neoplasms with significant morbidity and mortality. The SHH signalling pathway plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of several CNS tumours, including gliomas, medu...

    Authors: Andrew Awuah Wireko, Adam Ben-Jaafar, Jonathan Sing Huk Kong, Krishitha Meenu Mannan, Vivek Sanker, Sophie-Liliane Rosenke, Allswell Naa Adjeley Boye, Princess Afia Nkrumah-Boateng, Jeisun Poornaselvan, Muhammad Hamza Shah, Toufik Abdul-Rahman and Oday Atallah
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2024 17:83
    Content type: Review Published on:

  33. P/Q-type (Cav2.1) calcium channels mediate Ca2+ influx essential for neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission. The CACNA1A gene, encoding the Cav2.1 pore forming subunit, is highly expressed throughout the...

    Authors: Anne-Sophie Sack, Gennerick J. Samera, Anna Hissen, Robert J. Wester, Esperanza Garcia, Paul J. Adams and Terrance P. Snutch
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2024 17:82
    Content type: Research Published on:

  35. The mechanisms through which systemic inflammation exerts its effect on the central nervous system (CNS) are still not completely understood. Exosomes are small (30 to 100 nm) membrane-bound extracellular vesi...

    Authors: Mahesh Chandra Kodali, Chinnu Salim, Saifudeen Ismael, Sarah Grace Lebovitz, Geng Lin and Francesca-Fang Liao
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2024 17:80
    Content type: Short report Published on:

  36. Chronic exposure to glucocorticoids in response to long-term stress is thought to be a risk factor for major depression. Depression is associated with disturbances in the gut microbiota composition and periphe...

    Authors: Hirotaka Shoji, Yasuhiro Maeda and Tsuyoshi Miyakawa
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2024 17:79
    Content type: Research Published on:

  37. Understanding the mechanisms of synaptic plasticity is crucial for elucidating how the brain adapts to internal and external stimuli. A key objective of plasticity is maintaining physiological activity states ...

    Authors: Maximilian Lenz, Paul Turko, Pia Kruse, Amelie Eichler, Zhuo Angel Chen, Juri Rappsilber, Imre Vida and Andreas Vlachos
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2024 17:78
    Content type: Short report Published on:

  38. Protein turnover is crucial for cell survival, and the impairment of proteostasis leads to cell death. Aging is associated with a decline in proteostasis, as the progressive accumulation of damaged proteins is...

    Authors: Tomonori Hoshino, Atsushi Mukai, Hirofumi Yamashita, Hidemi Misawa, Makoto Urushitani, Yoshitaka Tashiro, Shu-ichi Matsuzawa and Ryosuke Takahashi
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2024 17:77
    Content type: Micro report Published on:

  39. The present study uses electron microscopy to document ultrastructural characteristics of hippocampal GABAergic inhibitory synapses under resting and stimulated conditions in three experimental systems. Synapt...

    Authors: Jung-Hwa Tao-Cheng, Sandra Lara Moreira and Christine A. Winters
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2024 17:76
    Content type: Research Published on:

  40. Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disorder with high heritability, characterized by positive and negative symptoms as well as cognitive abnormalities. Dysfunction in glutamate synapse is strongly implicate...

    Authors: Xiaoxuan Sun, Hu Meng, Tianlan Lu, Weihua Yue, Dai Zhang, Lifang Wang and Jun Li
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2024 17:75
    Content type: Research Published on:

  41. The relationship between working memory (WM) and neuronal oscillations can be studied in detail using brain stimulation techniques, which provide a method for modulating these oscillations and thus influencing...

    Authors: Mohammed Abubaker, Wiam Al Qasem, Kateřina Pilátová, Petr Ježdík and Eugen Kvašňák
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2024 17:74
    Content type: Research Published on:

  43. Working memory (WM) is essential for the temporary storage and processing of information required for complex cognitive tasks and relies on neuronal theta and gamma oscillations. Given the limited capacity of ...

    Authors: Wiam Al Qasem, Mohammed Abubaker, Kateřina Pilátová, Petr Ježdík and Eugen Kvašňák
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2024 17:72
    Content type: Research Published on:

  44. Abnormalities in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurotransmission play a role in the pathogenesis of autism, although the mechanisms responsible for alterations in specific brain regions remain unclear. D...

    Authors: Zuzana Bačová, Bohumila Jurkovičová-Tarabová, Tomáš Havránek, Denisa Mihalj, Veronika Borbélyová, Zdenko Pirnik, Boris Mravec, Daniela Ostatníková and Ján Bakoš
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2024 17:71
    Content type: Research Published on:

  45. Midazolam is widely used for intravenous sedation. However, wide interindividual variability is seen in the sensitivity to midazolam. The association between genetic factors and interindividual differences in ...

    Authors: Yoshihiko Kosaki, Daisuke Nishizawa, Junko Hasegawa, Kaori Yoshida, Kazutaka Ikeda and Tatsuya Ichinohe
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2024 17:70
    Content type: Research Published on:

  46. Pain aversion is an avoidance response to painful stimuli. Previous research has indicated that the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is involved in pain aversion processing. However, as interneurons, the role o...

    Authors: Yichen Zhu, Haiju Sun, Siqi Xiao, Zui Shen, Xixiao Zhu, Yifang Wang, Xiaofen He, Boyi Liu, Yongliang Jiang, Yi Liang, Janqiao Fang and Xiaomei Shao
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2024 17:69
    Content type: Research Published on:

  47. DHPS deficiency syndrome is an ultra-rare neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD) which results from biallelic mutations in the gene encoding the enzyme deoxyhypusine synthase (DHPS). DHPS is essential to synthesize hy...

    Authors: Elham Shojaeinia, Teresa L. Mastracci, Remon Soliman, Orrin Devinsky, Camila V. Esguerra and Alexander D. Crawford
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2024 17:68
    Content type: Short report Published on:

  48. Primary cilia are dynamic sensory organelles that continuously undergo structural modifications in response to environmental and cellular signals, many of which exhibit rhythmic patterns. Building on our previ...

    Authors: Kiki Chen, Kousha Changizi Ashtiani, Roudabeh Vakil Monfared, Pierre Baldi and Amal Alachkar
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2024 17:67
    Content type: Research Published on:

  49. TRPM4 is a non-selective cation channel activated by intracellular Ca2+ but only permeable to monovalent cations, its activation regulates membrane potential and intracellular calcium. This channel participates i...

    Authors: Denise Riquelme, Nicole Juanchuto-Viertel, Carlos Álamos and Elias Leiva-Salcedo
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2024 17:66
    Content type: Micro report Published on:

  50. It is a consensus in the international manned space field that factors such as microgravity during the space flight can cause anxiety, depression and other important brain function abnormalities in astronauts....

    Authors: Yuting Li, Xu Zhang, Zhen Xu, Xixia Chu, Zhiqiang Hu, Zhengyang Ye, Caiqin Li, Zhenbo Wang, Bin Zeng, Jingyu Pan, Qian Zhao, Chengbin Zhou, Zhaohui Lan, Guanghan Kan, Guang He, Xiaodan Xu…
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2024 17:65
    Content type: Micro report Published on:
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