This study explores the relationship between institutional mechanisms and corporate social respon... more This study explores the relationship between institutional mechanisms and corporate social responsibility (CSR) in both Pakistan and New Zealand. Institutional factors are normally categorised as being either formal or informal. It is argued that a combination of formal institutions and informal institutions in any jurisdiction shape the adoption, or otherwise of CSR by business through its adherence to acceptable governance praxis. Corporate regulation in Pakistan is heavily influenced from elsewhere, especially from British common law. By contrast the institutional realities produce remarkably different outcomes in the two jurisdictions. This study examines which formal and informal institutions influence CSR disclosures, in that businesses disclose CSR practices in response to regulations; cognitive pressures that help people understand and interpret the practice correctly; and, cultural values enforcing the same practice. Quantitative content analyses of a sample of eight listed companies' annual reports were completed from each country. Reporting and disclosure practices were identified in both. Underlying institutions were then recorded as being recognised, acknowledged or inferred by the respective reporting business. The results highlighted that Pakistani companies disclose more about CSR than those analysed from New Zealand. This result is attributed to the recently developed corporate governance guidelines by the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan. The informal national institutions in both countries also play a vital role in the disparity of disclosures. This is not to suggest that New Zealand listed companies lag behind those in Pakistan with respect to their contribution to CSR initiatives, simply that the disclosure levels between the two favour those companies in Pakistan.
Over the past years tourism industry has been growing and developing rapidly and, as a result, be... more Over the past years tourism industry has been growing and developing rapidly and, as a result, became one of the fastest grooving economic sectors in the world. Such a change has led to the emergence of new types of tourism. The result if this was the appearance of ecotourism. For the first time the term of ecotourism was used by Mexican environmentalist and architect Hector Ceballos-Lascurain in 1983, who gave a rise to the idea of visiting frangible countries, places in a sustainable manner. In 1990 the International Ecotourism Society was established. The purposes of the International Ecotourism Society are to unite communities, to underline the importance of community cooperation, its engagement in facilitating social and environmental sustainability. Ecotourism is quite new tourism phenomenon for the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus and Karpaz Peninsula in particular. At the moment, ecotourism is developing in the Karpaz region with the help of the government and tourism organization
This study explores the relationship between institutional mechanisms and corporate social respon... more This study explores the relationship between institutional mechanisms and corporate social responsibility (CSR) in both Pakistan and New Zealand. Institutional factors are normally categorised as being either formal or informal. It is argued that a combination of formal institutions and informal institutions in any jurisdiction shape the adoption, or otherwise of CSR by business through its adherence to acceptable governance praxis. Corporate regulation in Pakistan is heavily influenced from elsewhere, especially from British common law. By contrast the institutional realities produce remarkably different outcomes in the two jurisdictions. This study examines which formal and informal institutions influence CSR disclosures, in that businesses disclose CSR practices in response to regulations; cognitive pressures that help people understand and interpret the practice correctly; and, cultural values enforcing the same practice. Quantitative content analyses of a sample of eight listed companies' annual reports were completed from each country. Reporting and disclosure practices were identified in both. Underlying institutions were then recorded as being recognised, acknowledged or inferred by the respective reporting business. The results highlighted that Pakistani companies disclose more about CSR than those analysed from New Zealand. This result is attributed to the recently developed corporate governance guidelines by the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan. The informal national institutions in both countries also play a vital role in the disparity of disclosures. This is not to suggest that New Zealand listed companies lag behind those in Pakistan with respect to their contribution to CSR initiatives, simply that the disclosure levels between the two favour those companies in Pakistan.
Over the past years tourism industry has been growing and developing rapidly and, as a result, be... more Over the past years tourism industry has been growing and developing rapidly and, as a result, became one of the fastest grooving economic sectors in the world. Such a change has led to the emergence of new types of tourism. The result if this was the appearance of ecotourism. For the first time the term of ecotourism was used by Mexican environmentalist and architect Hector Ceballos-Lascurain in 1983, who gave a rise to the idea of visiting frangible countries, places in a sustainable manner. In 1990 the International Ecotourism Society was established. The purposes of the International Ecotourism Society are to unite communities, to underline the importance of community cooperation, its engagement in facilitating social and environmental sustainability. Ecotourism is quite new tourism phenomenon for the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus and Karpaz Peninsula in particular. At the moment, ecotourism is developing in the Karpaz region with the help of the government and tourism organization
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fastest grooving economic sectors in the world. Such a change has led to the emergence of new types of tourism.
The result if this was the appearance of ecotourism. For the first time the term of ecotourism was used by
Mexican environmentalist and architect Hector Ceballos-Lascurain in 1983, who gave a rise to the idea of
visiting frangible countries, places in a sustainable manner. In 1990 the International Ecotourism Society was
established. The purposes of the International Ecotourism Society are to unite communities, to underline the
importance of community cooperation, its engagement in facilitating social and environmental sustainability.
Ecotourism is quite new tourism phenomenon for the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus and Karpaz
Peninsula in particular. At the moment, ecotourism is developing in the Karpaz region with the help of the
government and tourism organization
fastest grooving economic sectors in the world. Such a change has led to the emergence of new types of tourism.
The result if this was the appearance of ecotourism. For the first time the term of ecotourism was used by
Mexican environmentalist and architect Hector Ceballos-Lascurain in 1983, who gave a rise to the idea of
visiting frangible countries, places in a sustainable manner. In 1990 the International Ecotourism Society was
established. The purposes of the International Ecotourism Society are to unite communities, to underline the
importance of community cooperation, its engagement in facilitating social and environmental sustainability.
Ecotourism is quite new tourism phenomenon for the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus and Karpaz
Peninsula in particular. At the moment, ecotourism is developing in the Karpaz region with the help of the
government and tourism organization