Department of Law

With the global issue of environment being more visible and environmental Catastrophes being frequent occurrences, the issue of environment protection since the later half of the last century had become the area of concern for the world community. Among the various steps undertaken to tackle the issue, the creation of the special court is an important instrument for achieving environmental protection. Clean environment is the basic human right which should not only be realised through laws but also through their actual implementation. The journey of development of environmental jurisprudence in India has been a long one. The constitutional reform in India paved the way for the deep involvement of judges on environmental matters. The first decade of the 21st century has witnessed an astounding growth of the green courts and tribunals. The main factor for the establishment of the National Green Tribunal of India is the proactive Supreme Court of India who had affirmed through several interventions the necessity of a specialised environment court. The National Green Tribunal was formed to ensure that India fulfilled its commitments made at the Stockholm and Rio Conferences to take adequate actions to safeguard and improve the human environment. It has been created to recognise the right to a healthy environment which has been construed as a part of the right to life under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution. Allegations have been constantly leveled against NGT for exceeding its jurisdiction. The present paper examines the environmental dispute resolution system in India with reference to its shortcomings.

The Constitution makers gave the power to amend the Constitution in the hands of the Parliament by making it neither too rigid nor too flexible with a purpose that the Parliament will amend it as to cope up with the changing needs. The Parliament in exercise of its constituent power under Article 368 of the Indian Constitution can amend any of the provisions of the Constitution and this power empowers the Parliament to amend even Article 368 itself. The "Doctrine of Basic Structure" is a judge-made doctrine to put a limitation on the amending powers of the Parliament so that the "basic structure of the basic law of the land" cannot be amended in exercise of its "constituent power" under the Constitution. So the question arises, is not there any limitation on the amending powers of the Parliament? If the answer of this question is not in affirmative with a reason that the Constitution makers did not intend for such limitation otherwise they would have provided for such limitation in the Constitution, then another question arises to what extent can the Parliament amend the basic law of the land? And, if there will be no limitation on the amending power of the Parliament, are there no chances that this power of amendment in the name of "constituent power" can be abused? This paper seeks to answer these questions and its scope through judicial pronouncements.

The present study aims at studying the spatial and temporal deictic expressions in English and Persian. The values of deictic are uncontroversial determined pragmatically but are also input to semantic interpretation. The deictic devices in a language commit a speaker to set up a frame of reference around her. Every language carries an implicit division of the space around the current speaker, a division of time relative to the act of speaking, and, via pronouns, a shorthand naming system for the participants involved in the talk. While languages contain such deictic divisions of space and time, their use has to be calculated by the participants in actual contexts. The present study is a descriptive-analytic research. By comparing some sentences from English and Persian, we argued that in order to reach the exact interpretation of the place and time deictic expressions, the speaker uses the most economical means to describe a particular place and time.

در پژوهش حاضر پس از معرفی انواع اشاره‌گرها به بررسی اشاره‌گرهای مکانی زبان کردی در چهارچوب معنی‌شناسی شناختی پرداخته‌ایم. توجه اصلی این نوشته از میان عبارت‌های مختلفی که کارکرد اشاره‌گر برای مفاهیم مکانی دارند بر ضمایر اشاره، صفات اشاره و قیدهای مکانی می‌باشد. در این مطالعه نشان داده‌ایم که در ضمایر سوم شخص زبان کردی مفهوم فاصله رمزگذاری می‌شود. همچنین کدگذاری فاصله‌ی دور به وسیله‌ی اشاره‌گر/ʔɐw/ تنها در صورتی انجام می‌پذیرد که این ضمیر سوم شخص در تقابل مستقیم با ضمیر سوم شخص /ʔɐm/ قرار بگیرد؛ به گونه‌ای که هر دو ضمیر در یک پاره‌گفتار در تقابل با هم توسط گوینده یا در جمله‌ای پرسشی و جواب آن توسط گوینده و شنونده بیان شوند؛ تنها حالت استثنایی این قضیه زمانی است که گوینده به جای زمینه در داخل نما، شئ یا مکان مورد اشاره، قرار می‌گیرد.کدگذاری مفهوم فاصله در چهار اشاره‌گر اصلی/ɐmɐ/، /ʔɐwɐ/،/ʔɐmɑnɐ/،/ʔɐwɑnɐ/ نیزمتأثر از اشتقاق آن‌ها از ضمایر سوم شخص است و کدگذاری فاصله در این اشاره‌گرها به همان صورت است که در ضمایر سوم شخص انجام می‌پذیرد. مفهوم‌سازی مکان در سایر اشاره‌گرهای مشتق شده‌ی فرعی...

Tamoxifen, a nonsteroidal antiestrogenic agent, is used widely as adjunctive therapy for women with breast cancer. Most studies have found that the increased relative risk of developing endometrial cancer for women taking Tamoxifen is two to three times higher than that of an age-matched population. So we designed this study to assess the endometrial status in patients taking Tamoxifen for breast carcinoma. The study was conducted at Govt. Medical College and Rajindra Hospital, Patiala, India. A total of 50 patients of Ca Breast taking Tamoxifen were selected as per study criterion and TVS performed. If endometrial thickness was more than 5 mm hysteroscopy and endometrial HPE was done and data analysed. On ultrasonography 35 patients (70%) had an endometrial thickness up to 5 mm. 15 patients (30%) had an endometrial thickness more than 5mm. Out of these, 11 patients, i.e. 22% of total, had an endometrial thickness of 5.1 to 10 mm and 2 patients, i.e. 4% of total had an endometrial t...

... Almost a decade earlier, Mr. Arun Singh, the then Minister of State for Defence had headed a Committee on Defence Brigadier Vinod Anand is a Senior Fellow at IDSA. Strategic Analysis, Vol. XXIV, No. ... 19. Shishir Gupta, The Hindustan Times, October 1, 2000. 20. Ibid. ...

Chemotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma with unknown primary (SCUP) has not been prospectively studied. To evaluate the efficacy of cis-diaminedichloroplatinum (cisplatin) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in advanced SCUP, we treated 15 patients with measurable disease. A prospective trial was conducted of cisplatin and 5-FU in patients presenting with SCUP. All patients had evaluation in search for primary disease with computed tomographic scan of the head, neck, and chest and endoscopic evaluation of the nasopharynx, larynx, esophagus, and tracheobronchial passages with negative blind biopsies. Chemotherapy consisted of cisplatin 100 mg/m2 on day 1 and 5-FU 1000 mg/m2 continuous infusion over 24 hr for 4 days. The regimen was repeated every 21 days. Responses were seen in 8 of 15 patients [1 complete response (CR) and 7 partial responses (PR)], for an overall response rate of 53%. These results suggest that cisplatin-5-FU combination has efficacy in advanced SCUP and deserves further trials both in advanced disease and in combined modality programs with surgery and radiation therapy.