- My research interests are multi-disciplinary and have a number of cross cutting themes that include research in anten... moreMy research interests are multi-disciplinary and have a number of cross cutting themes that include research in antenna design with the application of theoretical, computational analytical approaches, RF MEMS filter technologies, and Power amplifier. Specific themes include: antenna/tuneable antenna/MIMO, UWB antenna with tuneable notch, Beam steering antenna, Harmonics Rejection Antenna Techniques, Balanced and Unbalanced Antenna.edit
In this paper, we present the design of a compact and highly sensitive microwave sensor based on a metamaterial complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR), for liquid characterization at microwave frequencies. The design consists of a... more
In this paper, we present the design of a compact and highly sensitive microwave sensor based on a metamaterial complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR), for liquid characterization at microwave frequencies. The design consists of a two-port microstrip-fed rectangular patch resonating structure printed on a 20 × 28 mm2 Roger RO3035 substrate with a thickness of 0.75 mm, a relative permittivity of 3.5, and a loss tangent of 0.0015. A CSRR is etched on the ground plane for the purpose of sensor miniaturization. The investigated liquid sample is put in a capillary glass tube lying parallel to the surface of the sensor. The parallel placement of the liquid test tube makes the design twice as efficient as a normal one in terms of sensitivity and Q factor. By bending the proposed structure, further enhancements of the sensor design can be obtained. These changes result in a shift in the resonant frequency and Q factor of the sensor. Hence, we could improve the sensitivity 10-fold compare...
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This work proposes a new angle of arrival method for tracking applications using compact omni-directional spiral antenna arrays. The impact of mutual coupling is considered within the covariance matrix calculation and then a suitable... more
This work proposes a new angle of arrival method for tracking applications using compact omni-directional spiral antenna arrays. The impact of mutual coupling is considered within the covariance matrix calculation and then a suitable decoupling method is used to remove such effect. An urban area consisting of many buildings with different heights and characterized by various materials was modelled using Wireless<br> In-Site Software to extract the impulse response of the channel between non-stationary locations of the transmitted target and the receiver antenna array. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) scheme based on wideband spectrum is integrated with the proposed angle of arrival to improve the estimation accuracy. MATLAB code is developed to simulate the above conditions and the experiment results are presented and discussed.<br>
A shared ground shared radiator with wide angular coverage for mmWave 5G smartphones is proposed in this paper. A four-element corporate-fed array with conventional impedance matched power divider is designed. Stepped impedance... more
A shared ground shared radiator with wide angular coverage for mmWave 5G smartphones is proposed in this paper. A four-element corporate-fed array with conventional impedance matched power divider is designed. Stepped impedance transformers are integrated with the corner most elements to achieve pattern diversity with wide angular coverage without significant compromise in gain. The proposed three-port shared radiator conformal commercial antenna could be easily integrated with commercial mmWave 5G smartphones. All the three ports’ excitations operate in the 28 GHz band. Radiation pattern bandwidth of the multi-port system is high. The gain variation is from 6 to 11 dBi amongst the ports and across the operating spectrum. The highest mutual coupling is 10 dB, in spite of the electrically connected structure. The proposed shared radiator element has a wide angular coverage of 100°, maintaining high front-to-back ratio when the respective port is excited. Simulation and measurement re...
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This chapter will deal with the concepts, requirements, challenges and the evolution of antenna technologies, driven by subsequent releases of mobile generations from legacy 3G (Third Generation Mobile Systems) towards the latest release... more
This chapter will deal with the concepts, requirements, challenges and the evolution of antenna technologies, driven by subsequent releases of mobile generations from legacy 3G (Third Generation Mobile Systems) towards the latest release in LTE-A in particular. This chapter gives a brief overview of the latest techniques used to achieve several antenna designs for different applications. We also within this chapter provide concrete and practical examples of widely adopted multi-band, wideband, MIMO, balanced and mm-wave antenna technologies for current 3G and 4G mobile systems as well as for the forthcoming 5G era. Issues including design considerations, engineering design, measurement setup and methodology and practical applications are all covered in depth.
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A tunable notched band small monopole antenna is studied and investigated in this chapter. The rejected band was achieved by introducing an additional inner crescent shape along with an outer shape over the surface of the substrate. By... more
A tunable notched band small monopole antenna is studied and investigated in this chapter. The rejected band was achieved by introducing an additional inner crescent shape along with an outer shape over the surface of the substrate. By placing a small capacitor (varactor) between the inner and outer arches, the center frequency of each notch can be individually shifted downward. The antenna exhibits a wide impedance bandwidth from 1.5 to 5 GHz with good impedance matching (VSWR ≤2) and a tunable range of band rejection frequency (center frequency from 2.38 to 3.87 GHz). To validate the theoretical results, the antenna is fabricated and tested. Simulated and measured results are presented and show a wideband impedance bandwidth with a reconfigurable notched band, stable radiation patterns, and constant gain.
Wireless communication systems often suffer problems from multipath and interfering signals. This paper compares two types of adaptive beamforming algorithms for optimising and setting the weights of smart antenna systems, namely the... more
Wireless communication systems often suffer problems from multipath and interfering signals. This paper compares two types of adaptive beamforming algorithms for optimising and setting the weights of smart antenna systems, namely the Least Mean Square algorithm (LMS) and Sample Matrix Inversion (SIM). The direction of the main beam of the antenna system is adjusted to enhance the desired signal, while interfering signals are mitigated by having nulls pointed in their directions. The mathematical formulations and necessary conditions for the above algorithms are derived and verified by numerical examples, with overall behaviour obtained by MATLAB simulation. Performance evaluations are made for different cases of arrival angles, and in conclusion, the advantages and disadvantages of each algorithm are presented. Key-Words: Adaptive beam forming, Antenna array, Least Mean Square algorithm (LMS), Sample Matrix Inversion (SIM), Smart Antennas, Wireless communications.
Compact printed monopole antenna suitable for UWB applications has been studied and analyzed. The design procedure of the proposed antenna has been elaborated into five stages, Firstly, the antenna with full ground plane was built, in... more
Compact printed monopole antenna suitable for UWB applications has been studied and analyzed. The design procedure of the proposed antenna has been elaborated into five stages, Firstly, the antenna with full ground plane was built, in which shows a narrow band of around 10 GHz. Secondly, the ground plane was optimally cut in order to enhance the antenna bandwidth, this version demonstrates a wide bandwidth from 3.15 GHz to 7.20 GHz. Thirdly, to cover the whole range of the UWB spectrum, a rectangle slot was generated on the micro strip line, this version shows a broad frequency range from 3.15 GHz up to 11 GHz, in which meet the UWB system. However, an electromagnetic interference (EMI) may exist in the UWB spectrum, thus, a simple and effective approach of U-slot was used. The U-slot was printed over the radiating element, in which created a notched band around 6.5 GHz. However, this fixed filtering notch cannot be tuned, therefore, a lumped capacitor was positioned on the best pla...
A new and compact four-pole wide-band planar filter-antenna design is proposed in this article. The effect of the dielectric material type on the characteristics of the design is also investigated and presented. The filter-antenna... more
A new and compact four-pole wide-band planar filter-antenna design is proposed in this article. The effect of the dielectric material type on the characteristics of the design is also investigated and presented. The filter-antenna structure is formed by a fourth-order planar band-pass filter (BPF) cascaded with a monopole microstrip antenna. The designed filter-antenna operates at a centre frequency of 2.4 GHz and has a relatively wide-band impedance bandwidth of about 1.22 GHz and a fractional bandwidth (FBW) of about 50%. The effects of three different types of substrate material, which are Rogers RT5880, Rogers RO3003, and FR-4, are investigated and presented using the same configuration. The filter-antenna design is simulated and optimised using computer simulation technology (CST) software and is fabricated and measured using a Rogers RT5880 substrate with a height (h) of 0.81 mm, a dielectric constant of 2.2, and a loss tangent of 0.0009. The structure is printed on a compact ...
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The present work considers the investigation of the effects of both electrical and magnetic uniaxial anisotropies on the input impedance, resonant length, and fields distribution of a dipole printed on an anisotropic grounded substrate.... more
The present work considers the investigation of the effects of both electrical and magnetic uniaxial anisotropies on the input impedance, resonant length, and fields distribution of a dipole printed on an anisotropic grounded substrate. In this study, the associated integral equation, based on the derivation of the Green’s functions in the spectral domain, is numerically solved employing the method of moments. In order to validate the computing method and the evaluated calculation code, numerical results are compared with available data in the literature treating particular cases of electrical uniaxial anisotropy; reasonable agreements are reported. Novel results of the magnetic uniaxial anisotropy effects on the input impedance and the evaluated electromagnetic field are presented and discussed. This work will serve as a stepping stone for further works for a better understanding of the electromagnetic field behavior in complex anisotropic and bi-anisotropic media.
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This work develops a novel dynamic load modulation Power Amplifier (PA) circuity that can provide an optimum compromise between linearity and efficiency while covering multiple cellular frequency bands. Exploiting monolithic microwave... more
This work develops a novel dynamic load modulation Power Amplifier (PA) circuity that can provide an optimum compromise between linearity and efficiency while covering multiple cellular frequency bands. Exploiting monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMIC) technology, a fully integrated 1W Doherty PA architecture is proposed based on 0.1 μm AlGaAs/InGaAs Depletion-Mode (D-Mode) technology provided by the WIN Semiconductors foundry. The proposed wideband DPA incorporates the harmonic tuning Class-J mode of operation, which aims to engineer the voltage waveform via second harmonic capacitive load termination. Moreover, the applied post-matching technique not only reduces the impedance transformation ratio of the conventional DPA, but also restores its proper load modulation. The simulation results indicate that the monolithic drive load modulation PA at 4 V operation voltage delivers 44% PAE at the maximum output power of 30 dBm at the 1 dB compression point, and 34% power-added ...
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Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas with four and eight elements having connected grounds are designed for ultra-wideband applications. Careful optimization of the lines connecting the grounds leads to reduced mutual coupling... more
Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas with four and eight elements having connected grounds are designed for ultra-wideband applications. Careful optimization of the lines connecting the grounds leads to reduced mutual coupling amongst the radiating patches. The proposed antenna has a modified substrate geometry and comprises a circular arc-shaped conductive element on the top with the modified ground plane geometry. Polarization diversity and isolation are achieved by replicating the elements orthogonally forming a plus shape antenna structure. The modified ground plane consists of an inverted L strip and semi ellipse slot over the partial ground that helps the antenna in achieving effective wide bandwidth spanning from (117.91%) 2.84–11 GHz. Both 4/8-port antenna achieves a size of 0.61 λ × 0.61 λ mm2 (lowest frequency) where 4-port antenna is printed on FR4 substrate. The 4-port UWB MIMO antenna attains wide impedance bandwidth, Omni-directional pattern, isolation >15...
Research Interests: Physics and Electronics
A very compact microstrip reconfigurable filter for fourth-generation (4G) and sub-6 GHz fifth-generation (5G) systems using a new hybrid co-simulation method is presented in this manuscript. The basic microstrip design uses three coupled... more
A very compact microstrip reconfigurable filter for fourth-generation (4G) and sub-6 GHz fifth-generation (5G) systems using a new hybrid co-simulation method is presented in this manuscript. The basic microstrip design uses three coupled line resonators with λ/4 open-circuited stubs. The coupling coefficients between the adjacent and non-adjacent resonators are used to tune the filter at the required center frequency to cover the frequency range from 2.5 to 3.8 GHz. The coupling coefficient factors between the adjacent resonators are adjusted to control and achieve the required bandwidth, while the input and output external quality factors are adjusted to ensure maximum power transfer between the input and output ports. Two varactor diodes and biasing circuit components are selected and designed to meet the targeted performance for the tunable filter. The impedance bandwidth is maintained between 95 and 115 MHz with measured return losses of more than 17 dB and measured insertion l...
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The chapter of 4G (4th Generation) mobile systems is finally coming to an end, with waves of 4G systems having been deployed throughout Europe and worldwide [...]
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This paper presents a new compact microstrip filtering antenna with modified shaped slots to improve the impedance bandwidth. The proposed microstrip filtering antenna consists of three parts: the monopole radiating patch antenna; the... more
This paper presents a new compact microstrip filtering antenna with modified shaped slots to improve the impedance bandwidth. The proposed microstrip filtering antenna consists of three parts: the monopole radiating patch antenna; the Stepped Impedance Resonator (SIR) filter; and the feeding microstrip line. The designed structure is achieved on one-sided glass epoxy FR-4 substrate with dielectric constant εr = 4.4 and thickness h = 1.6 mm. The design procedure of the proposed filtering antenna starts from the second-order Chebyshev low pass filter (LPF) prototype. The achieved results show an excellent performance of S11-parameter with broadside antenna gain on +z-direction. Having two transmission zeros at 5.4 GHz and 7.7 GHz, good skirt selectivity and a wide-band impedance bandwidth of about 1.66 GHz makes the designed filtering antenna suitable for high-speed data communications. Both the simulation results generated by using the Computer Simulation Technology (CST) software pa...
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A compact four-element multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) antenna is proposed for medical applications operating at a 2.4 GHz ISM band. The proposed MIMO design occupies an overall volume of 26 mm × 26 mm × 0.8 mm. This antenna... more
A compact four-element multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) antenna is proposed for medical applications operating at a 2.4 GHz ISM band. The proposed MIMO design occupies an overall volume of 26 mm × 26 mm × 0.8 mm. This antenna exhibits a good impedance matching at the operating frequency of the ISM band, whose performance attributes include: isolation around 25 dB, envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) less than 0.02, average channel capacity loss (CCL) less than 0.3 bits/s/Hz and diversity gain (DG) of around 10 dB. The average peak realized gain of the four-element MIMO antenna is 2.4 dBi with more than 77 % radiation efficiency at the frequency of interest (ISM 2.4 GHz). The compact volume and adequate bandwidth, as well as the good achieved gain, make this antenna a strong candidate for bio-medical wearable applications.
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A theoretical study of the electromagnetic propagation in a complex medium suspended multilayer coplanar waveguide (CPW) is presented. The study is based on the generalized exponential matrix technique (GEMT) combined with Galerkin’s... more
A theoretical study of the electromagnetic propagation in a complex medium suspended multilayer coplanar waveguide (CPW) is presented. The study is based on the generalized exponential matrix technique (GEMT) combined with Galerkin’s spectral method of moments applied to a CPW printed on a bianisotropic medium. The analytical formulation is based on a Full-GEMT, a method that avoids usual procedures of heavy and tedious mathematical expressions in the development of calculations and uses matrix-based mathematical expressions instead. These particularities are exploited to develop a mathematical model for the characterization of wave propagation in a three-layer shielded suspended CPW structure. This study is based on the development of mathematical formulations in full compact matrix-based expressions resulting in Green’s functions in a matrix form. The implemented method incorporates a new accelerating procedure developed in the GEMT which provides an initial value used to speed up...
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This survey addresses the cutting-edge load modulation microwave and radio frequency power amplifiers for next-generation wireless communication standards. The basic operational principle of the Doherty amplifier and its defective... more
This survey addresses the cutting-edge load modulation microwave and radio frequency power amplifiers for next-generation wireless communication standards. The basic operational principle of the Doherty amplifier and its defective behavior that has been originated by transistor characteristics will be presented. Moreover, advance design architectures for enhancing the Doherty power amplifier’s performance in terms of higher efficiency and wider bandwidth characteristics, as well as the compact design techniques of Doherty amplifier that meets the requirements of legacy 5G handset applications, will be discussed.
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A printed and minimal size antenna having the functionality of frequency shifting as well as pattern reconfigurability is presented in this work. The antenna proposed in this work consists of three switches. Switch 1 is a lumped switch... more
A printed and minimal size antenna having the functionality of frequency shifting as well as pattern reconfigurability is presented in this work. The antenna proposed in this work consists of three switches. Switch 1 is a lumped switch that controls the operating bands of the antenna. Switch 2 and Switch 3 controls the beam switching of the antenna. When the Switch 1 is ON, the proposed antenna operates at 3.1 GHz and 6.8 GHz, covering the 2.5–4.2 GHz and 6.2–7.4 GHz bands, respectively. When Switch 1 is OFF, the antenna operates only at 3.1 GHz covering the 2.5–4.2 GHz band. The desired beam from the antenna can be obtained by adjusting the ON and OFF states of Switches 2 and 3. Unique beams can be obtained by different combination of ON and OFF states of the Switches 2 and 3. A gain greater than 3.7 dBi is obtained for all four cases.
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Conference code: 88832, Export Date: 21 December 2012, Source: Scopus, Language of Original Document: English, Correspondence Address: Hussaini, A.S.; School of Engineering, Design and Technology, University of BradfordUnited Kingdom;... more
Conference code: 88832, Export Date: 21 December 2012, Source: Scopus, Language of Original Document: English, Correspondence Address: Hussaini, A.S.; School of Engineering, Design and Technology, University of BradfordUnited Kingdom; email: ashussa2@bradford.ac.uk, References: Cripps, S.C., (1999) RF Power Amplifier for Wireless Communications, , Norwood, MA: Artech House;, Sponsors: Inst. Electr. Electron. Eng. (IEEE); United Kindom Repub. Ireland Sect. (UKRI); British Computer Society (BCS); Chester and North Wales Branch; Inst. Eng. Technol. (IET) Wales North Branch; et. al.
A compact planar inverted F antenna (PIFA) with a tunable frequency response is presented. Tuning of the resonant frequency is realized by loading a varactor on an embedded slot of the proposed antenna structure without further optimizing... more
A compact planar inverted F antenna (PIFA) with a tunable frequency response is presented. Tuning of the resonant frequency is realized by loading a varactor on an embedded slot of the proposed antenna structure without further optimizing other antenna geometry parameters. The antenna exhibits a wide frequency range from 1570 to 2600 MHz with a good impedance matching (S11 ≤-10 dB) covering the GPS, PCS, DCS, UMTS, WLAN and LTE systems. To validate the theoretical model and design concept, the antenna prototype was fabricated and measured. The compact size of the antenna is 15mm × 8mm × 3mm, which makes this antenna a good candidate for mobile handset and wireless communication applications. Keywords: Tunable antenna, varactor diode, PIFA antenna.
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ABSTRACT This paper presents a physically compact, frequency tunable antenna design for use in mobile terminals. The full operating bandwidth is between 1750 MHz and 2400 MHz with good impedance match in the entire tuning range to meet... more
ABSTRACT This paper presents a physically compact, frequency tunable antenna design for use in mobile terminals. The full operating bandwidth is between 1750 MHz and 2400 MHz with good impedance match in the entire tuning range to meet the coverage requirements of the DCS, PCS, UMTS and WLAN bands . The antenna bandwidth is is realized by loading the embedded resonant slot of a PIFA, with a varactor diode, with an equivalent capacitance range of 0.5 pF to 2.5 pF. Index Terms ?? PIFA antenna; Tunable antenna; Varactor.
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ABSTRACT In this work we have studied the performance of MIMO-DWT based multicarrier system using the feedback circuit from the receiver to the transmitter to understand the channel state information (CSI) and to create a steering matrix... more
ABSTRACT In this work we have studied the performance of MIMO-DWT based multicarrier system using the feedback circuit from the receiver to the transmitter to understand the channel state information (CSI) and to create a steering matrix in order to constructively combine the received signal at the receiver which provides the advantage of keeping the burden of processing at the transmitter which has more power and less constraints. Index Terms ?? MIMO wavelet, Beamforming, Wavelet multicarrier system, Closed Loop.
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A design procedure for reconfigurable mobile antenna module is presented. A tuneable antenna, including a varactor diode placed at specific position over the radiating slot, was fabricated and tested over several targeted frequency bands... more
A design procedure for reconfigurable mobile antenna module is presented. A tuneable antenna, including a varactor diode placed at specific position over the radiating slot, was fabricated and tested over several targeted frequency bands (centred at 1.7, 1.8, 1.9 and 2.04 GHz) and their harmonics. A limitation of the tuneable antenna is its non-linear behaviour at the transmitter. A method to measure the radiated power from an active antenna (AA) at fundamental and harmonic frequencies is introduced to suppress the harmonic radiations of the active antenna. The experimental results on the received power show a very good capability for harmonic suppression.
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Abstract This paper studies the effect of nonlinear and linear crosstalk in a MIMO (multiple in, multiple out) transceiver. These effects are mainly due to the power amplifier (PA) nonlinear behaviour and mutual coupling of antennas in... more
Abstract This paper studies the effect of nonlinear and linear crosstalk in a MIMO (multiple in, multiple out) transceiver. These effects are mainly due to the power amplifier (PA) nonlinear behaviour and mutual coupling of antennas in the MIMO transmitter. The effects of the ...
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ABSTRACT This paper presents a broadband dielectric resonator antenna operating from 1.15 to 6 GHz to cover most of the existing wireless mobile standards. This antenna assembly is constructed by a printed monopole antenna and a defected... more
ABSTRACT This paper presents a broadband dielectric resonator antenna operating from 1.15 to 6 GHz to cover most of the existing wireless mobile standards. This antenna assembly is constructed by a printed monopole antenna and a defected cylindrical dielectric resonator. The broad impedance bandwidth of this antenna is achieved by loading the crescent shaped radiator of the printed monopole antenna with a high permittivity dielectric material of 81. The envelope size of this antenna is 57 × 37.5 × 5.8 mm3. The simulated results in term of return loss, far field and gain of this antenna were shown and compared with the published work. The results of parametric study of this antenna were given in order to understand the influence of the permittivity and the height of the dielectric resonator to the return loss of the antenna. These results have demonstrated that the proposed antenna is potential candidate for mobile handset application.
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Abstract This paper presents a tunable balanced antenna covering WLAN frequency bands near 2.4 GHz (2.4-2.4835 GHz) and 5 GHz (5.15-5.35 GHz & 5.650-5.925 GHz), for mobile application. The design is based on loading two variable... more
Abstract This paper presents a tunable balanced antenna covering WLAN frequency bands near 2.4 GHz (2.4-2.4835 GHz) and 5 GHz (5.15-5.35 GHz & 5.650-5.925 GHz), for mobile application. The design is based on loading two variable capacitors onto the planar ...
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Legacy mobile handsets already incorporate multimode features, with dual, tri and quad band functionality already the norm, and the very latest smart phone having WiFi connectivity. However, complete interoperability is still in its... more
Legacy mobile handsets already incorporate multimode features, with dual, tri and quad band functionality already the norm, and the very latest smart phone having WiFi connectivity. However, complete interoperability is still in its infancy with several hurdles still to overcome, and energy efficiency is one of them. Unless mobile handsets are smart enough to be energy aware and flexible in switching between several standards, the 5G slogan of anytime, anywhere connectivity could remain a “vision” rather than close to market. To attain true energy efficiency lays down stringent design requirements on the RF system that in today’s handset is a key consumer of power. In fact the power amplifier is the main culprit for stealing energy from the battery supply, and the reason why mobile handset become hot after a lengthy call. This effect will multiply when ubiquitous broadband connectivity becomes the standard, leading to significant research on active cooling, considering approaches similar to fan techniques in laptop and desktop devices. However, rather than trying to reduce the effects of overheating, we aim to tackle the problem at the bud, by considering energy efficient designs. In fact, this chapter is the sequel to the former that was dedicated to the study of new designs for hardware components that can provide truly flexible and energy efficient multi-standard transceivers. This chapter completes this study by focusing on energy efficient power amplifier design. We consider three innovative designs, to operate at varying operating frequencies, covering the frequency bands 400 MHz, 1,920 MHz and 3.5 GHz. The proposed RF Power Amplifiers show considerable enhancements compared to the state-of-the-art existing technologies.
Next generation handsets will need to be energy aware so as to support 5G services, that are likely to be intelligent and bandwidth hungry, as well as support multi-mode operation (LTE, LTE+, HSDPA, 3G, WiFi among others) in Heterogeneous... more
Next generation handsets will need to be energy aware so as to support 5G services, that are likely to be intelligent and bandwidth hungry, as well as support multi-mode operation (LTE, LTE+, HSDPA, 3G, WiFi among others) in Heterogeneous Networking (HetNet) environment. This vision gives way to stringent design requirements on the RF system design that in today’s handset is a key consumer of power. This vision provides the impetus for new research lines that will encompass techniques and the implementation of functional entities so as minimize the carbon footprint in mobile 5G handsets. The performance of the future handset transceiver depends primarily on the performance of antennae and RF circuit designs. The future handset requires the transceiver to operate efficiently and to be reconfigurable. The current chapter and the sequel present a comprehensive study of new hardware components that can provide a flexible and energy efficient multi-standard transceivers architecture, with proof-of-concept validation for specific use-cases including LTE, TETRA and TETRAPOL. This chapter addresses the global transceiver architecture design in next generation handsets and the antenna front end unit, that is bridged to the RF front end with tunable matching network to provide an adaptive response for maximum power transfer.