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Izzet Duyar

Bu çalışmada, Hatay ilinde doğmuş ve bu ilde yaşayan iki grup (ev ortamında yaşayanlar ile huzurevinde kalanlar) yaşlı nüfusta beden kitle endisi (BKE) değerleri karşılaştırmalı olarak irdelenmiştir. Çalışma Hatay’da benzer sosyoekonomik... more
Bu çalışmada, Hatay ilinde doğmuş ve bu ilde yaşayan iki grup (ev ortamında yaşayanlar ile huzurevinde kalanlar) yaşlı nüfusta beden kitle endisi (BKE) değerleri karşılaştırmalı olarak irdelenmiştir. Çalışma Hatay’da benzer sosyoekonomik koşullara sahip, evde yaşayan 242 (114 erkek, 128 kadın), huzurevinde yaşayan 83 (57 erkek, 26 kadın) 65 yaş ve üstü bireyler üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yaşlılarla görüşülerek onların sosyal ve demografik özelliklerini ve genel sağlık durumlarını belirlemek amacıyla anket uygulanmıştır. Buna ek olarak bireylerden, standart ölçüm tekniklerine uyularak boy uzunluğu ve vücut ağırlığı olmak üzere iki antropometrik ölçü alınmıştır. Bu ölçülerden yola çıkarak BKE değerleri hesaplanmış ve malnütrisyon durumları (zayıflık, fazla kiloluluk ve obezite) değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırmamızın bulguları hem huzurevinde hem de kendi evinde yaşayan yaşlı bireylerin Türkiye genelinde saptanandan daha az zayıflık, fazla kiloluluk ve obezite sorunuyla karşı karşıya ...
Amaç: Cinsiyet ayrımı açısından öne çıkan anatomik bölgelerden birisi yüz bölgesi ve bu bölgeyi oluşturan kemik yapılardır. Yapılan çalışmalar yüz bölgesindeki genişlik ölçülerinin, özellikle de bizigomatik genişliğin önemli bir cinsiyet... more
Amaç: Cinsiyet ayrımı açısından öne çıkan anatomik bölgelerden birisi yüz bölgesi ve bu bölgeyi oluşturan kemik yapılardır. Yapılan çalışmalar yüz bölgesindeki genişlik ölçülerinin, özellikle de bizigomatik genişliğin önemli bir cinsiyet ayırıcı değişken olduğunu ortaya koymakla birlikte üst yüz bölgesini oluşturan diğer elemanlar bu açıdan yeterince incelenmemiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, üst yüz bölgesini mercek altına alarak, görece az incelenmiş genişlik ölçülerinin cinsiyet ayrımında kullanılıp kullanılamayacağı sorusuna cevap aramaktır. Yöntem: Bu çerçevede, yaşları 18 ve 75 arasında değişen 200 yetişkin bireyin (100 kadın, 100 erkek) BT (bilgisayarlı tomografi) görüntüsü üzerinden 5 genişlik ölçüsü alınmıştır. Bu ölçüler şunlardır: (1) bimalar (interzigomatik) genişlik, (2) bizigomaksiller genişlik, (3) orbital genişlik, (4) biorbital genişlik ve (5) interorbital genişlik. Ölçülerin seksüel dimorfizm dereceleri, tek değişkenli ve çok değişkenli diskriminant fonksiyonları oluştu...
Objective: In this study, the relationship between malnutrition in the elderly population and the agriculture subsistence economy was examined.Methods: The study was conducted on two groups (farmers and non-farmers) aged 65 and over... more
Objective: In this study, the relationship between malnutrition in the elderly population and the agriculture subsistence economy was examined.Methods: The study was conducted on two groups (farmers and non-farmers) aged 65 and over living in the province of Hatay, Southern Turkey. Anthropometric measurements of 111 (67 males, 44 females) in the farmer group (Group 1) and 89 (41 males, 48 females) in the non-farmer group (Group 2) were taken and their nutritional status was determined. The stature and body weight of the elderly who accepted to participate in the study were measured following international procedures and then body mass index (BMI) values were calculated.Results: In our sample, both groups had a low rate of undernourishment (Group 1 %2.7; Group 2 %1.1); however, overweight (Group 1 %38.7; Group 2 %32.6) and obesity (Group 1 %35.1; Group 2 %40.5) were more common. Although the prevalence of “overweight + obese” was higher in females in studies of the elderly, the contr...
Çalıştırılan çocukların bedensel gelişimlerinin çalışma koşullarından nasıl etkilendiğini konu alan araştırmalar ağırlıklı olarak erkek çocuklar üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiş olup, kız çocuklarını bu açıdan ele alıp inceleyen çalışmalar son... more
Çalıştırılan çocukların bedensel gelişimlerinin çalışma koşullarından nasıl etkilendiğini konu alan araştırmalar ağırlıklı olarak erkek çocuklar üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiş olup, kız çocuklarını bu açıdan ele alıp inceleyen çalışmalar son derece sınırlıdır. Bu nedenle çalıştırılan kızların çalışma yaşamından ve koşullarından ne düzeyde etkilendiği yeterince bilinmemektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, çalışma koşullarının kız çocukların büyümeleri üzerindeki etkilerini erkeklerle karşılaştırmalı olarak ele alıp incelemektir. Araştırma, İstanbul’da farklı işkollarında çalışan ve yaşları 14-20 arasında değişen 231 çırağın incelenmesi suretiyle gerçekleştirilmiştir. Aynı yaş grubundan ve benzer sosyoekonomik özelliklere sahip 196 kız öğrenci de kontrol grubu olarak araştırmaya dâhil edilmiştir. Böylece araştırma kapsamında toplamda 427 çırak ve okul çocuğunun sosyodemografik ve antropometrik ölçüleri incelenmiştir. Çalışmada incelenen antropometrik değişkenler vücut ağırlığı, boy uzunluğu ve beden kitle indeksidir (BKİ). Ulaşılan bulgular, çalışan çocukların vücut ağırlığı, boy uzunluğu ve BKİ yönünden çalışmayan yaşıtlarının gerisinde kaldığını göstermektedir. Çalışan ve okula devam eden kız çocukları arasındaki büyüme farkı erkek çocuklar üzerinde yapılan çalışmaların sonuçlarıyla karşılaştırılmış ve kızlardaki değişkenliğin daha ileri boyutlarda olduğu ortaya konulmuştur. Bu bulgular, çocuk emeğinin ortadan kaldırılması gereken toplumsal bir sorun olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.
Gunumuzde insanlarin seyahatleri ve yer degistirmeleri son derece artmistir. Buartisa paralel olarak ucak ve hizli tren kazalarinda da artislar meydana gelmektedir.Ote yandan dogal olaylar neticesinde pek cok insan hayatini... more
Gunumuzde insanlarin seyahatleri ve yer degistirmeleri son derece artmistir. Buartisa paralel olarak ucak ve hizli tren kazalarinda da artislar meydana gelmektedir.Ote yandan dogal olaylar neticesinde pek cok insan hayatini kaybetmektedir. Bunlarabir de artan teror olaylari eklendiginde, toplu olumlerin cok ciddi boyutlara ulastigigozlenmektedir. Bu tur felaketlere maruz kalan insanlarinin kimliklerinin tespiti sonderece onemli bir konudur. Pek cok ulkede bu tur felaketlerde harekete gecebilecektimler olusturulmustur. Ancak adina ?Felaketlerde Kimlik Tespiti Timleri? denilenbu tur ekipler ne yazik ki ulkemizde halen olusturulamamistir.Tezin amaci, Turkiye'de henuz olusturulamamis olan bu timlerinin nasilolusturulacagi, ne tur bir organizasyon yapisina sahip olacagi ve nasil calisacagikonusunda bir model onermektir. Bu cercevede diger ulkelerin timleri ve nterpol'unuye ulkeler icin onerdigi ?Felaketlerde Kimlik Tespiti Timleri? yapilanmalariincelenmis ve gerekli literatur cal...
Presented here are a pair of preserved footprints discovered in 2014 at the site of Barcin Hoyuk, a Neolithic site located in northwestern Turkey. The footprints date to approximately 6400 cal. BC. This article provides anthropological... more
Presented here are a pair of preserved footprints discovered in 2014 at the site of Barcin Hoyuk, a Neolithic site located in northwestern Turkey. The footprints date to approximately 6400 cal. BC. This article provides anthropological estimations for the individuals who left the footprints and discusses the possibility of symbolism using contextual information and ethnographic and archaeological parallels.
The purposes of the present study were to contribute additional data regarding the frequency of multiple births in Ankara, and to reassess both the relation between maternal age and twinning, and the inter-relation between twinning and... more
The purposes of the present study were to contribute additional data regarding the frequency of multiple births in Ankara, and to reassess both the relation between maternal age and twinning, and the inter-relation between twinning and seasonality. The frequency of twinning was found to be 0.0084858 +/- 0.00028 (0.85%), triplets 0.0001087 +/- 0.000031 (0.011%), and quadruplets 0.000009 (0.0009%). It is observed that there is a correlation between the frequency of twinning, maternal age and parity, and that the rate of twinning increases with maternal age. The twinning rate varies according to the month of the year in which birth takes place. Accordingly, the frequency of twin births is greater between May and August, and lower between September and December.
Population-based growth studies are important to demonstrate social, cultural, and medical milieu of the societies. The fact that there is no nationwide head circumference growth references of Turkish children is a significant deficiency.... more
Population-based growth studies are important to demonstrate social, cultural, and medical milieu of the societies. The fact that there is no nationwide head circumference growth references of Turkish children is a significant deficiency. In this study, we aimed to create head growth references for 0-3-year-old children living in good conditions in Turkey. Within this scope, a total of 2061 infants and children with 1029 being boys and 1032 girls were examined in seven metropolitan city (Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, Adana, Samsun, Diyarbakir, and Erzurum) in Turkey. LMS method was used to create percentile curves. According to the data obtained, it can be said that children of our country who grow in optimal and/or sub-optimal conditions have somewhat larger head circumference compared to their peers from the USA, but the difference is relatively low. Great similarity between the results of this study, which was conducted as multicenter, and previous reference studies performed in Istan...
Son yillarda sayica azalma egilimine girse de ca- listirilan cocuklar halen kuresel capta bir sorun ol- maya devam etmektedir. Cocuk emeginin kullanimi cok yonlu bir olgu olmakla birlikte saglik uzerindeki etkileri her zaman on planda... more
Son yillarda sayica azalma egilimine girse de ca- listirilan cocuklar halen kuresel capta bir sorun ol- maya devam etmektedir. Cocuk emeginin kullanimi cok yonlu bir olgu olmakla birlikte saglik uzerindeki etkileri her zaman on planda olmustur. Agir islerde calismanin cocuk sagligini ve gelisimini olumsuz yonde etkiledigi genelde kabul goren bir gorustur; ancak “hafif” islerde calisma soz konusu oldugunda bir uzlasidan bahsedilemez. Bazi arastiricilar ozel- liklerle son yillarda “hafif” islerde calismanin co- cuklarin fiziksel ve ruhsal sagligini olumlu yonde etkileyebilecegini daha sik dillendirir olmuslardir. Bu calisma, literatur verileri isiginda calisma yasa- mina erken yaslarda girmis cocuklarin fiziksel sagli- ginin calisma kosullarindan nasil etkilendigini sektorler bazinda ele alip degerlendirmeyi amacla- maktadir. Arastirmalar, tarim, sanayi ve hizmetler sektorunde yuzlerce farkli iskolunda calistirilan co- cuklarin sagliginin is ortaminin cesitli olumsuzluk- lari nedeniyl...
Considerable research has examined human mate preferences across cultures, finding universal sex differences in preferences for attractiveness and resources as well as sources of systematic cultural variation. Two competing... more
Considerable research has examined human mate preferences across cultures, finding universal sex differences in preferences for attractiveness and resources as well as sources of systematic cultural variation. Two competing perspectives—an evolutionary psychological perspective and a biosocial role perspective—offer alternative explanations for these findings. However, the original data on which each perspective relies are decades old, and the literature is fraught with conflicting methods, analyses, results, and conclusions. Using a new 45-country sample ( N = 14,399), we attempted to replicate classic studies and test both the evolutionary and biosocial role perspectives. Support for universal sex differences in preferences remains robust: Men, more than women, prefer attractive, young mates, and women, more than men, prefer older mates with financial prospects. Cross-culturally, both sexes have mates closer to their own ages as gender equality increases. Beyond age of partner, ne...
This paper analyses whether ‘neck circumference’ could be used as a sign of the body structure or nutritional status, the relations of upper arm circumference with the anthropometric parameters, to what extent neck circumference reflects... more
This paper analyses whether ‘neck circumference’ could be used as a sign of the body structure or nutritional status, the relations of upper arm circumference with the anthropometric parameters, to what extent neck circumference reflects the physical body, the relations of neck circumference with the various anthropometric measurements.
There is growing interest in the topic of aging, and accordingly in the search for the evolution of human longevity and the prolongation of post-reproductive lifespan. Without doubt, one of the reasons for this interest is the absolute... more
There is growing interest in the topic of aging, and accordingly in the search for the evolution of human longevity and the prolongation of post-reproductive lifespan. Without doubt, one of the reasons for this interest is the absolute and relative increase of elderly people in ...
Sex, age, and body height are of fundamental importance in the identification of individuals in medicolegal investigations. Body height can be calculated more accurately from the measurements of main long bones of upper and lower limbs.... more
Sex, age, and body height are of fundamental importance in the identification of individuals in medicolegal investigations. Body height can be calculated more accurately from the measurements of main long bones of upper and lower limbs. In case of a lack of limb segments or the long bones of the extremities, the dimensions of the head, face, and sternum are thought to be good predictors for living stature. In the present study, the correlation between the measurements of the head, face and sternum and body height was examined and univariate and multivariate regression equations were developed. Anthropo-metric measurements were taken on 108 healthy male subjects with a mean age of 22.4 years (SD = 3.35 years). Equations were constructed based on the measurements taken from the study group (Group I, n = 54) and tested on a cross validation group (Group II, n = 54). The univariate analyses revealed that the measurements studied could not be used for estimating body height. With multivariate equations considered, the best predictors for stature are sternum length and total face height. Therefore, it is concluded that the only way to estimate stature reliably are the latter two variables combined when the cranium and sternum were brought for medicolegal examinations. Duyar et al. Euras J Anthropol 9(2):49-56, 2018 50
It has been suggested that the prevalence of obesity is higher in lower socioeconomic status of high-income countries and in upper socioeconomic strata of low-income countries. This pattern has not been thoroughly examined in... more
It has been suggested that the prevalence of obesity is higher in lower socioeconomic status of high-income countries and in upper socioeconomic strata of low-income countries. This pattern has not been thoroughly examined in middle-income countries. We aimed to clarify the distribution pattern of obesity and overweight among social classes in Ankara, Turkey. The pupils were chosen from lower, middle, and upper socioeconomic sectors of society. A total of 1074 males and 1045 females were measured anthropometrically (stature, body weight, and triceps skinfold thickness) and their body mass indices (BMI) were calculated. Obesity and overweight prevalence were assessed using the reference values derived from National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES I and II) conducted on US children. Our findings indicated that the prevalence of overweight and obesity were markedly different among social classes in Turkey. The prevalence of obesity was similar in lower and middle soci...
Ileri duzeydeki biyomekanik streslerin kemik dokuda artisa neden oldugu bilinmektedir. Biyomekanik streslerin kemik dokuda yarattigi etkileri ortaya koymanin guvenilir metotlarindan biri bilateral asimetri duzeylerini belirlemektir. Bu... more
Ileri duzeydeki biyomekanik streslerin kemik dokuda artisa neden oldugu bilinmektedir. Biyomekanik streslerin kemik dokuda yarattigi etkileri ortaya koymanin guvenilir metotlarindan biri bilateral asimetri duzeylerini belirlemektir. Bu calismada antrenman gecmisi (yil), haftalik antrenman sikligi ve saatinin tibia simetrisi uzerinde yarattigi etkiler amator sporcular uzerinde incelenmistir. Arastirma grubu futbol, basketbol, hentbol ve voleybol sporlariyla ilgilenen 72 erkek ve 54 kadin sporcudan olusturulmustur. Her bireyin bilateral tibia uzunluklari olculmus, yonel asimetri (YA) ve asimetrik sapma yuzdeleri (ASY) hesaplanmistir. Bulgulara gore, iki cinsiyette de tibia uzunluklari YA sergilemektedir. YA ve ASY acisindan cinsiyetler arasinda bir fark yoktur. Coklu regresyon analizi sonuclarina gore, antrenman gecmisi (yil) ile ASY arasinda pozitif bir iliski ortaya cikarken, haftalik antrenman sikligi ve saati ile ASY arasinda anlamli bir iliski yoktur. Sonuc olarak, amator atletle...
Recent cross-cultural and neuro-hormonal investigations have suggested that love is a near universal phenomenon that has a biological background. Therefore, the remaining important question is not whether love exists worldwide but which... more
Recent cross-cultural and neuro-hormonal investigations have suggested that love is a near universal phenomenon that has a biological background. Therefore, the remaining important question is not whether love exists worldwide but which cultural, social, or environmental factors influence experiences and expressions of love. In the present study, we explored whether countries’ modernization indexes are related to love experiences measured by three subscales (passion, intimacy, commitment) of the Triangular Love Scale. Analyzing data from 9474 individuals from 45 countries, we tested for relationships with country-level predictors, namely, modernization proxies (i.e., Human Development Index, World Modernization Index, Gender Inequality Index), collectivism, and average annual temperatures. We found that mean levels of love (especially intimacy) were higher in countries with higher modernization proxies, collectivism, and average annual temperatures. In conclusion, our results grant ...
The aim of this study was to investigate whether body proportions change as stature increases in elite Spanish athletes. The sample includes a total of 2,030 participants, comprised of 1,357 adult males, and 673 adult females. The male... more
The aim of this study was to investigate whether body proportions change as stature increases in elite Spanish athletes. The sample includes a total of 2,030 participants, comprised of 1,357 adult males, and 673 adult females. The male athletes were classified into five groups by stature, and the female athletes were classified separately into four stature groups. Ten anthropometric measurements were collected, and eleven body proportions were calculated. The body proportions with significant differences between stature groups in males were relative arm length (0.53-1.60%), relative forearm length (0.69-2.08%), relative thigh length (1.17-1.56%), relative tibial length (1.37-6.39%), cormic index (-0.94 - -4.49%), Manouvrier index (1.60-9.60%), and crural index (1.05-4.79%). In females, the body proportions with significant differences were relative forearm length (1.43%), relative thigh length (1.94-3.88%), relative tibial length (2.74-4.56%), cormic index (-0.74 - -3.72%), and Manouvrier index (1.97-8.71%). The distal parts of the upper and lower limbs increase proportionally as stature increases, whereas relative hand and foot lengths, which are the most distal parts of the extremities, remain constant in elite athletes.
Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-psp-10.1177_0146167220988373 for Affective Interpersonal Touch in Close Relationships: A Cross-Cultural Perspective by Agnieszka Sorokowska, Supreet Saluja, Piotr Sorokowski, Tomasz Frąckowiak, Maciej... more
Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-psp-10.1177_0146167220988373 for Affective Interpersonal Touch in Close Relationships: A Cross-Cultural Perspective by Agnieszka Sorokowska, Supreet Saluja, Piotr Sorokowski, Tomasz Frąckowiak, Maciej Karwowski, Toivo Aavik, Grace Akello, Charlotte Alm, Naumana Amjad, Afifa Anjum, Kelly Asao, Chiemezie S. Atama, Derya Atamtürk Duyar, Richard Ayebare, Carlota Batres, Mons Bendixen, Aicha Bensafia, Boris Bizumic, Mahmoud Boussena, David M. Buss, Marina Butovskaya, Seda Can, Katarzyna Cantarero, Antonin Carrier, Hakan Cetinkaya, Dominika Chabin, Daniel Conroy-Beam, Jorge Contreras-Graduño, Marco Antonio Correa Varella, Rosa María Cueto, Marcin Czub, Daria Dronova, Seda Dural, Izzet Duyar, Berna Ertugrul, Agustín Espinosa, Carla Sofia Esteves, Farida Guemaz, Mária Haľamová, Iskra Herak, Ivana Hromatko, Chin-Ming Hui, Jas Laile Jaafar, Feng Jiang, Konstantinos Kafetsios, Tina Kavcic, Leif Edward Ottesen Kennair, Nicolas O. Kervyn, Imran Ahmed Khilji, Nils...
Supplemental material, sj-docx-2-psp-10.1177_0146167220988373 for Affective Interpersonal Touch in Close Relationships: A Cross-Cultural Perspective by Agnieszka Sorokowska, Supreet Saluja, Piotr Sorokowski, Tomasz Frąckowiak, Maciej... more
Supplemental material, sj-docx-2-psp-10.1177_0146167220988373 for Affective Interpersonal Touch in Close Relationships: A Cross-Cultural Perspective by Agnieszka Sorokowska, Supreet Saluja, Piotr Sorokowski, Tomasz Frąckowiak, Maciej Karwowski, Toivo Aavik, Grace Akello, Charlotte Alm, Naumana Amjad, Afifa Anjum, Kelly Asao, Chiemezie S. Atama, Derya Atamtürk Duyar, Richard Ayebare, Carlota Batres, Mons Bendixen, Aicha Bensafia, Boris Bizumic, Mahmoud Boussena, David M. Buss, Marina Butovskaya, Seda Can, Katarzyna Cantarero, Antonin Carrier, Hakan Cetinkaya, Dominika Chabin, Daniel Conroy-Beam, Jorge Contreras-Graduño, Marco Antonio Correa Varella, Rosa María Cueto, Marcin Czub, Daria Dronova, Seda Dural, Izzet Duyar, Berna Ertugrul, Agustín Espinosa, Carla Sofia Esteves, Farida Guemaz, Mária Haľamová, Iskra Herak, Ivana Hromatko, Chin-Ming Hui, Jas Laile Jaafar, Feng Jiang, Konstantinos Kafetsios, Tina Kavcic, Leif Edward Ottesen Kennair, Nicolas O. Kervyn, Imran Ahmed Khilji, Nils...
Supplemental material, WalterOpenPracticesDisclosure_rev for Sex Differences in Mate Preferences Across 45 Countries: A Large-Scale Replication by Kathryn V. Walter, Daniel Conroy-Beam, David M. Buss, Kelly Asao, Agnieszka Sorokowska,... more
Supplemental material, WalterOpenPracticesDisclosure_rev for Sex Differences in Mate Preferences Across 45 Countries: A Large-Scale Replication by Kathryn V. Walter, Daniel Conroy-Beam, David M. Buss, Kelly Asao, Agnieszka Sorokowska, Piotr Sorokowski, Toivo Aavik, Grace Akello, Mohammad Madallh Alhabahba, Charlotte Alm, Naumana Amjad, Afifa Anjum, Chiemezie S. Atama, Derya Atamtürk Duyar, Richard Ayebare, Carlota Batres, Mons Bendixen, Aicha Bensafia, Boris Bizumic, Mahmoud Boussena, Marina Butovskaya, Seda Can, Katarzyna Cantarero, Antonin Carrier, Hakan Cetinkaya, Ilona Croy, Rosa María Cueto, Marcin Czub, Daria Dronova, Seda Dural, Izzet Duyar, Berna Ertugrul, Agustín Espinosa, Ignacio Estevan, Carla Sofia Esteves, Luxi Fang, Tomasz Frackowiak, Jorge Contreras Garduño, Karina Ugalde González, Farida Guemaz, Petra Gyuris, Mária Halamová, Iskra Herak, Marina Horvat, Ivana Hromatko, Chin-Ming Hui, Jas Laile Jaafar, Feng Jiang, Konstantinos Kafetsios, Tina Kavčič, Leif Edward Ottese...
Human physique has been ignored in forensic field up to date, but for a reliable identification it is without doubt of importance. The main aim of the present study is to examine whether it is possible to estimate the somatotype... more
Human physique has been ignored in forensic field up to date, but for a reliable identification it is without doubt of importance. The main aim of the present study is to examine whether it is possible to estimate the somatotype components from anthropometric measurements and/or proportions and to evaluate its use in forensic anthropology. The study was held on 220 healthy male subjects aged between 18.05-62.52 years. After anthropometric measurements had been taken, somatotypes of each individual were rated by Heath-Carter technique. Additionally, some proportional variables were also evaluated. Of 220 subjects randomly selected 170 were accepted as calibration group and the remaining 50 as validation group. Regression equations were established to estimate somatotype components depending on the measurements taken from the calibration group by stepwise regression model and tested on the validation group. The results of our statistical analysis indicate that proportional variables a...

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