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The objective of this study is to analyze the impact of international investment, and trade of goods/services to Indonesia tourism sector, which used a Gravity model and Panel Least Square method where the cross-section data period 1990 -... more
The objective of this study is to analyze the impact of international investment, and trade of goods/services to Indonesia tourism sector, which used a Gravity model and Panel Least Square method where the cross-section data period 1990 - 2012 from 6 samples of countries are used. Gravity model analyzed tourism trade flows from 6 samples data of countries to/from Indonesia include determinant factors which affect trade flows. The analysis estimation showed that total government spending and total investment supply in Indonesian tourism has obtained least influenced by the supply of Indonesia tourism.
Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif, dimana dalam penelitian ini digunakan data-data sekunder periode tahun 1999-2012 yang dimabil dari berbagai sumber seperti Fishtat, FAO, Kementrian Perikanan dan Kelautan, dan... more
Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif, dimana dalam penelitian ini digunakan data-data sekunder periode tahun 1999-2012 yang dimabil dari berbagai sumber seperti Fishtat, FAO, Kementrian Perikanan dan Kelautan, dan Kementrian Perdagangan.Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Ordinary Least Square yang mana diawal digunakanlah persamaan Regresi Linier berganda yang kemudian dari hasil persamaannya dilakukan estimasi pendugaan perkembangan nilai psar ikan tuna dengan menggunakan metode OLS. Adapun hasil yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini adalah bahwa kebijakan eksopr tuna ke Eropa mempengaruhi perkembangan ekspor akibat adanya penerapan tariff dengan rata-rata cukup besar yaitu 20 persen di tahun 2008. Besarnya tariff yang diberlakukan oleh Uni Eropa thd komoditas tuna ini adalah berkaitan dengan kebijakan proteksi terhadap komoditas perikanan DN Uni Eropa sekaligus menjadi restriksi/hambatan perdagangan ekspor komoditas perikanan (tuna) Indonesia
Tourism is one of the most significant contributors to the Indonesia growth of economy, based on data from the Indonesia Central Bureau of Statistics in 2012, the share of national tourism to GDP is 13.9 percent and of course the... more
Tourism is one of the most significant contributors to the Indonesia growth of economy, based on data from the Indonesia Central Bureau of Statistics in 2012, the share of national tourism to GDP is 13.9 percent and of course the contribution of the sector to be helpful for the growth of the national economy, through foreign exchange earnings as revenue from tourist consumption. Besides that, it has provided a multiplier effect to other sectors which related to the sectors. Therefore, an improving of the contribution is a one of government’s effort to boost economic growth and increasing the welfare, thus the increasing of tourism investment and trade will be focus in the tourism development program. Meanwhile, the Indonesia Coordinating Board (BKPM) stated the average national investment for the tourism sector is Rp. 2.73 billion or 6 percent from total investment during 2006-2012, in other words an investment in tourism sector has not been able to provide optimal contribution to t...
This study aimed to analyses the impact of palm oil-based biodiesel development on growth and poverty in Indonesia that combined with government policy using simultaneous equation econometric 2 SLS’s models. The result shows that if the... more
This study aimed to analyses the impact of palm oil-based biodiesel development on growth and poverty in Indonesia that combined with government policy using simultaneous equation econometric 2 SLS’s models. The result shows that if the export tax, and government expenditure in industry increase; then domestic exchange rate (IDR) and interest rate decrease, those will give positive impact on economy growth and vice versa gives a negative impact to poverty. The simulation may apply to know the impact on economy growth, and poverty in Indonesia by the development. The study found that palm oil-based biodiesel development can create a growth and poverty in Indonesia and CPO biodiesel development can be synergized with the increasing export tax and government expenditure in industry, so growth and poverty-reducing in Indonesia will be better and qualify. However, government must maintain stability of exchange rate fluctuation because the impact can reduce CPO production industry.
The study aims to determine the socio-economic impacts of tourism development Mutun Beach District of Padang Cermin, Pesawaran, Indonesia. The main problem in this research is how to increase the business, income, and employment in Mutun... more
The study aims to determine the socio-economic impacts of tourism development Mutun Beach District of Padang Cermin, Pesawaran, Indonesia. The main problem in this research is how to increase the business, income, and employment in Mutun Beach. This type of research is quantitative descriptive research that is research that describes phenomena that occur in the community, especially local people that are around Mutun as a research object while the subjects to be studied is businesses and people around the Mutun Beach. The population in this study is the number of visitors, revenue, and number of parking stalls at Mutun Beach tourist area of Padang Cermin. Samples used in this study is a population of approximately and businesses in the surrounding area of coastal tourism total 30 people. The analysis technique used is to test the validity, reliability and descriptive percentage. The results showed that indicate business opportunities around Mutun Coast Tourism Attractions included i...
The increase in oil prices in the 1970s has had a quite significant impact over the decades since the rise in inflation has had an impact on hyperinflation, recession, lowered productivity and economic growth. The World Bank (2021)... more
The increase in oil prices in the 1970s has had a quite significant impact over the decades since the rise in inflation has had an impact on hyperinflation, recession, lowered productivity and economic growth. The World Bank (2021) forecasts that oil prices will exceed US$44 per barrel in 2021 and US$50 per barrel in 2022, while several factors affect the World Bank’s projections, including the persistence of economic issues in the coming years. The purpose of this paper was to empirically assess the impact of oil prices on ASEAN+3 inflation and economic growth. The framework that can be applied to linear dynamic panel data to achieve this goal is the First Difference-Generalized Moment Method (FD-GMM) estimator method. This study used panel data representing ASEAN+3 countries and annual data over the period 2011-2020. The findings of the study indicated that, over the period, increasing oil prices were associated with higher inflation, and higher economic growth in ASEAN+3. Another...
This paper explained an economic study in international trading after Asian China Free Trade Area (ACFTA) implementation using an econometrics model. On this paper, dometic fruits and vegetables as a part of holticulture commodities are... more
This paper explained an economic study in international trading after Asian China Free Trade Area (ACFTA) implementation using an econometrics model. On this paper, dometic fruits and vegetables as a part of holticulture commodities are used as an object of the research, where the analysis include model identification, predicting model, validating model, and economic policy simulation; hence 3 SLS is using to get a parameter value to predict and support the simulation of results. The result showed that an explanatory variable (total production) in the model can explain, the model behavior for 73.46 %, while F statistics 4.69 , which means that explanatory variable affect the endogenous variable (total export, total import, and Gross domestic Product) simultaneously and significantly. At the end, the paper conclude that the research is representative enough to explain the phenomenon of domestic fruits and vegetables market comparing to the interntional market, preferably from China f...
This study aims to analyze the role of universities in economic development in the areas of tourism-based communities in Lampung. This study uses secondary data related to tourism, higher education, and macroeconomics of Lampung Province... more
This study aims to analyze the role of universities in economic development in the areas of tourism-based communities in Lampung. This study uses secondary data related to tourism, higher education, and macroeconomics of Lampung Province during the period of 2000-2016. The analysis is done by using panel regression method. The results show that Higher Education plays an enormous role in the economic development of the economy in the blood-based areas of tourism and which has tourism potential in Lampung. Most of the villagers who are in tertiary education but work in urban areas as a weakness of their contribution and domino effect on low investment, welfare, and lack of employment. This is why they are wandering to the big city. There is also a social gap which has significant economic disparities. They have access to education, health, and supporting infrastructure. In terms of the number of existing universities, it was found that they have not been able to optimally improve econ...
Page 1. Agricultural Insurance in Latin America: Where Are We? Mark Wenner and DiegoArias Inter-American Development Bank Paving the Way Forward for Rural Finance International Conference June 2-4, 2003 Washington DC Page 2. Objectives ...
This  research  investigates  the  presence  of  Credit  Risk-Return  Puzzle  on  Indonesia,  China, Japan and Singapore,  by analyzing  the relationship  between  credit risk and stock return with the utilization of credit ratings from... more
This  research  investigates  the  presence  of  Credit  Risk-Return  Puzzle  on  Indonesia,  China, Japan and Singapore,  by analyzing  the relationship  between  credit risk and stock return with the utilization of credit ratings from Moody’s to represent credit risk. The data comprises of monthly data from January 2001 to December 2015, compiled in an unbalanced panel and then regressed with the Hausman-Taylor  Estimator  due to the presence  of time-invariant  variables  such as countries  and country classifications within the dataset.The results from this research show that Credit Risk-Return Puzzle exists in both developed and  developing  market for long-term  credit ratings, proven by the negative  relationship  between  stock return and credit ratings. On the other hand Credit Risk-Return Puzzle does not exist in the case of credit rating changes in terms of direction but do show some signs of existence through difference in magnitude,  as  different  reasons  underlying  ...
This research investigates the presence of Credit Risk-Return Puzzle on Indonesia, China, Japan and Singapore, by analyzing the relationship between credit risk and stock return with the utilization of credit ratings from Moody's to... more
This research investigates the presence of Credit Risk-Return Puzzle on Indonesia, China, Japan and Singapore, by analyzing the relationship between credit risk and stock return with the utilization of credit ratings from Moody's to represent credit risk. The data comprises of monthly data from January 2001 to December 2015, compiled in an unbalanced panel and then regressed with the Hausman-Taylor Estimator due to the presence of time-invariant variables such as countries and country classifications within the dataset. The results from this research show that Credit Risk-Return Puzzle exists in both developed and developing market for long-term credit ratings, proven by the negative relationship between stock return and credit ratings. On the other hand Credit Risk-Return Puzzle does not exist in the case of credit rating changes in terms of direction but do show some signs of existence through difference in magnitude, as different reasons underlying credit rating changes such as leverage changes can change the direction of stock price movement.
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Paper ini merupakan ulasan/review dari dua artikel yang berkaitan dengan topik mengenai asuransi pertanian, dimana dalam paper ini pertama-tama menjelaskan latar belakang dari asuransi yaitu mulai dari permasalahan-permasalahan berikut... more
Paper ini merupakan ulasan/review dari dua artikel yang berkaitan dengan topik mengenai asuransi pertanian, dimana dalam paper ini pertama-tama menjelaskan latar belakang dari asuransi yaitu mulai dari permasalahan-permasalahan berikut fakta-fakta yang dihadapi secara umum dalam sektor pertanian. Adapun fakta-fakta yang ada bahwa pertanian merupakan bidang usaha yang sangat rentan terhadap berbagai resiko dan ketidakpastian yang secara mayoritas umumnya disebabkan oleh berbagai faktor alam, hal ini disebabkan karena sektor pertanian merupakan jenis kegiatan yang sangat tergantung pada kondisi alam seperti bencana alam, kebakaran, musim dan cuaca, angin, dan sebagainya. Seperti diketahui kondisi tersebut sangatlah berpotensi bagi sektor pertanian untuk mengalami kerugian bahkan kehilangan bagi sebagian maupun keseluruhan sehingga pada akhirnya akan berdampak besar bagi kondisi makroekonomi suatu negara. Dari paper ini, tidak akan membahas lagi bagaimana dampak dari potensi resiko, akan tetapi lebih mengarah pada studi empiris dari pelaksanaan asuransi yang telah dilakukan oleh beberapa negara (baik negara berkembang maupun negara maju). Adapun tujuan dari paper ini adalah selain memberikan gambaran dari pelaksanaan program asuransi juga sekaligus melakukan evaluasi pelaksanaan dari program yang dilakukan ataupun yang pernah dilakukan sebelumnya. Secara garis besar dapat disimpulkan bahwa, paper ini bertujuan untuk mengulas kembali fakta-fakta secara empiris dari pengalaman-pengalaman beberapa negara dimulai dari sejarah awalnya sampai dengan pelaksanaannya. Adapun beberapa usulan program asuransi yang diusulkan adalah program asuransi yang dibuat berdasarkan kebutuhan dari sektor pertanian dalam negeri suatu negara. Ada beberapa usulan mengenai program asuransi pertanian yaitu area yield insurance dan weather insurance yang patut dipertimbangkan pada level kebijakan dalam hal ini pemerintah. Selain masalah-masalah klasik yang dihadapi seperti masalah adverse selection, moral hazard, komitmen pemerintah, efisiensi, dan efektifitas yang sangat berperngaruh dalam perkembangan dan keberlanjutan program pada paper ini juga akan dibahas.
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ABSTRAK Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisa performa dari Program Asuransi Kesehatan di Indonesia yang mengarah kepada efisiensi dan kesinambungan dari perencanaan program. Dimana, program tersebut telah memenuhi kebutuhan... more
ABSTRAK Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisa performa dari Program Asuransi Kesehatan di Indonesia yang mengarah kepada efisiensi dan kesinambungan dari perencanaan program. Dimana, program tersebut telah memenuhi kebutuhan para anggotanya baik yang wajib maupun yang tidak wajib dari para pegawai negeri maupun non pegawai negeri. Mengingat begitu besarnya beban yang harus ditanggung oleh program dalam memenuhi kebutuhan jasa asuaransi kesehatan, maka program tersebut harus menyesuaikan antara biaya-biaya yang dikeluarkan oleh program tersebut maupun pendapatan yang berasal dari kontribusi peserta program dan subsidi pemerintah. Dalam penulisan ini, beberapa dokumnetasi, literature-literatur, interview, dan buku-buku manual digunakan. Selain itu beberapa standard inernasional seperti SNA 1993 (Social National Accounts 1993) dan Model Proyeksi Populasi dari United Nations dan ILO juga digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa metode proyeksi yang digunakan selama 50 tahun kedepan mengindikasikan terjadi peningkatan pada jumlah anggota dan tertanggung yang pada akhirnya berpengaruh pada jumlah permintaan pada jasa asuransi kesehatan. Bagaimanapun, setelah tahun 1997 yaitu dengan dimulainya krisis ekonomi di Indonesia yang mempengaruhi menurunnya GDP, Negara-negara khususnya Indonesia telah mengubah pada cara-cara lama yang lebih menekankan pada ekspansi program kepada kualitas pelayanan, sehingga kesinambungan dan pengaruh biaya-biaya yang dikeluarkan telah menjadi suatu tantangan sekaligus menjadi suatu ancaman, yaitu mengenai kelanjutan dan kesinambungan bagi berjalannya program tersebut secara jangka panjang ABSTRACT The objective of this research was to analyze the performance of Social Health Insurance in Indonesia that applied to the efficiency and sustainability of the scheme. Whereas, it covered the compulsory and voluntary members from the public employee and all Indonesian people, therefore the program should be matched to the covered people as a beneficiary and cost of program on the one side to the income from the contribution on the other side. aurani I Santi
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Pertanian, adalah suatu sektor yang sangat rentan terhadap berbagai resiko, dimana dalam berbagai kegiatan pertanian selalu melibatkan perubahan iklim, cuaca, dan ketergantungan lingkungan sekitarnya. Selain itu juga sebagai salah satu... more
Pertanian, adalah suatu sektor yang sangat rentan terhadap berbagai resiko, dimana dalam berbagai kegiatan pertanian selalu melibatkan perubahan iklim, cuaca, dan ketergantungan lingkungan sekitarnya. Selain itu juga sebagai salah satu bentuk aktivitas produksi manusia, pertanian juga merupakan suatu bentuk investasi jangka panjang dari petani untuk menghasilkan suatu produk (dalam hal ini produk pertanian) yang diharapkan dapat memperoleh hasil yang seperti diinginkan bahkan mengharapkan suatu keuntungan dari kegiatan tersebut. Sehingga dalam hal ini kendala modal, aksesibilitas, dan penguasaan teknologi selalu mengalami kendala termasuk dalam mengahdapi berbagai resiko Selain itu juga sebagai bentuk kegiatan investasi produksi yang menghasilkan suatu produk (baik itu produk mentah, setengah jadi, maupun produk jadi), dan pada akhirnya hasil-hasil produk tersebut membentuk suatu harga yang mana harga tersebut tercipta dari transaksi dan mekanisme transaksi di pasar. Baik itu pasar tradisional dan domestic maupun pasar internasional (untuk beberapa komoditas pertanian ataupun produk-produk turunannya). Dan kondisi seperti ini, tidaklah terlepas dari potensi resiko yang akan dihadapi. Sehingga memunculkan ketergantungan dan ketidakpastian (uncertainty) akan harga pasar dunia terhadap beberapa komoditi pertanian, dan perkebunan seperti : CPO, karet, kopi, tembakau, dan lain-lain. Dimana dalam mekanisme pasar, data dan informasi merupakan suatu hal yang sangat penting dalam menjalankan mekanisme/transaksi di pasar. Seringkali informasi dan data yang tersedia (misalnya data dan informasi mengenai produk seperti kualitas, kuantitas) tidak memadai bahkan tidak tersedia. Hal ini disebabkan karena adanya asimetrik informasi terhadap beberapa komoditi. Di Indonesia sendiri, pertanian secara umum merupakan pertanian konvensional yang hampir sebagian besar masih memiliki pola tanam tradisional sehingga sangat mengandalkan keadaan alam, cuaca, iklim dan letak geografis. Ketidakseimbangan antara jumlah permintaan suatu komoditas pertanian dengan ketersediaan komoditas yang menganggu eksistensi produksi pertanian dalam jangka panjang, sehingga mempengaruhi eskistensi kebijakan ketahan pangan nasional. Adapun beberapa efek samping pendekatan dan penerapan pertanian konvensional yang sering mengalami permasalahan sehingga berpotensi
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Tourism is one of the most significant contributors to the Indonesia economy of growth and trade, with share of national tourism to GDP is 13.9 percent (BPS RI, 2012), through foreign exchange earnings as revenue from tourist... more
Tourism is one of the most significant contributors to the Indonesia economy of growth and trade, with share of national tourism to GDP is 13.9 percent (BPS RI, 2012), through foreign exchange earnings as revenue from tourist consumption.  As an economic activity, tourism in Indonesia influenced by various factors economic and non - economic domestically and internationally that can influence the development of tourism (supply - demand side).
The purpose of this study to analyze the impact of  international investment, and  trade of goods/services to Indonesia tourism, which used a Gravity model and Panel Least Square method where the cross section data period 1990 - 2012 from 6 samples of countries (USA, Japan, ASEAN, Australia, the European Union, and Rest of the World) also used. The gravity model analyzed the tourism trade flows from 6 samples data of countries to/from Indonesia include determinant factors which affect the trade flows. The Gravity method  used to analyze the investment, and  trade flows of Indonesian tourism, and the results obtained are: (1) outflow of goods and services are influenced by economic distance, GDP per capita tourist countries, the price of Indonesian tourism in tourists countries, and tourism competitor prices, exchange rates, population, and outflow of tourism goods and services in previous period,  and (2) inflow of goods and services are influenced by GDP per capita of tourists countries, exchange rate, economic distance, price of Indonesian tourism in tourists origin countries, investments (physical) Indonesian tourism, and inflow of tourism goods and services in previous period.
While the Panel Least Square (PLS) method  will  analyze  the impact of  international trade flows to the tourism demand and supply  in Indonesia, and the results obtained as follows: (1) amount of visits by foreign tourists, and foreign tourists consumption per visit are the most  impact to demand side of tourism in Indonesia, where per capita income of tourists country, price of Indonesian tourism, value of the inflow/outflow of goods/services, transportation cost of the Indonesian tourism are factors that affect the amount of tourist arrivals, and tourist consumption as components of tourism Indonesian tourism demand, (2) total of goods/services of the Indonesian tourism affect the supply side of Indonesian tourism. The estimation showed that total government spending, and total investment supply in Indonesian tourism has obtained least influenced to the supply of Indonesia tourism.
Keywords:  inflow, outflow, demand-supply sides of tourism, determinant factors, and impact
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Research Interests:
Pangan adalah sumber energi bagi manusia dan pangan merupakan salah satu tujuan kenapa manusia berusaha dan melakukan kegiatan. Upaya memperoleh sumber pangan tidaklah terlepas dari peran sektor pertanian dalam rangka meningkatkan... more
Pangan adalah sumber energi bagi manusia dan pangan merupakan salah satu tujuan kenapa manusia berusaha dan melakukan kegiatan. Upaya memperoleh sumber pangan tidaklah terlepas dari peran sektor pertanian dalam rangka meningkatkan kuantitas dan kualitas pangan yang harus tersedia bagi masyarakat secara keseluruhan. Akan tetapi upaya pengadaan pangan seringkali terhambat dengan fenomena yang terjadi dilingkungan sekitar, dengan semakin bertambahnya jumlah penduduk diikuti dengan semakin besarnya kebutuhan pangan yang tersedia seringkali menjadi penghambat, belum lagi perilaku manusia yang diikuti dengan semakin berkembangnya pengetahuan dan teknologi yang ditemukan yang mendasari motivasi manusia untuk menemukan suatu inovasi dalam rangka meningkatkan kuantitas dan kualitas sumber pangan. Seringkali inovasi yang pada awalnya ditemukan bertujuan untuk meningkatkan sumber pangan, akan tetapi justru menjadi kendala bagi tujuan manusia tersebut. Sehingga seringkali pengetahuan dan teknologi justru menjebak manusia dalam dampak negatif yang dihasilkan setelahnya.
Untuk itu, upaya pelestarian/konservasi lahan khususnya lahan pertanian haruslah menjadi fokus bagi pemerintah dan masyarakat dalam rangka mengatasi potensi-potensi dan dampak yang bisa terjadi akibat semakin berkembangnya teknologi dan pengetahuan serta semakin besarnya tuntutan kebutuhan masyarakat akan ketersediaan pangan yang cukup dan berkualitas.
Adapun dalam artikel ini, dijelaskan bahwa peran masyarakat yang dikenal sebagai social capital sangatlah penting. Karena dengan peran dan keterlibatan masyarakat ini merupakan suatu modal kuat bagi eksistensi dan kesinambungan, serta daya dukung bagi program peningkatan kuantitas dan kualitas sumber pangan, sekaligus menjaga kelestarian alam yang pada nantinya akan kita wariskan bagi generasi selanjutnya.
Selain faktor-faktor sosiologis, faktor-faktor ekonomis seperti cost-benefit framework sebagai landasan penentuan kebijakan pemerintah maupun komunitas masyarakat juga patut diperhatikan, karena jika kita bicara mengenai upaya pelestarian alam berarti kita juga bicara mengenai suatu kegiatan investasi, yang jika dipandang sepintas tidaklah terlalu menguntungkan dalam jangka pendek tetapi justru akan dirasakan manfaatnya dalam jangka waktu panjang. Dengan kata lain investasi yang berkaitan dengan upaya kelestarian alam/lahan akan dirasakan baru setelah beberapa tahun kemudian. Namun demikian setelah dipelajari dan dipertimbangkan lebih jauh lagi, jenis investasi ini justru akan menghasilkan hasil yang jauh berlipat ganda daripada biaya yang telah dikeluarkan.

Kata kunci: kebijakan, konservasi lahan pertanian, social capital, dan cost-benefit framework
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This paper explained an economic study in international trading after Asian China Free Trade Area (ACFTA) implementation using an econometrics model. On this paper, dometic fruits and vegetables as a part of holticulture commodities are... more
This paper explained an economic study in international trading after Asian China Free Trade Area (ACFTA) implementation using an econometrics model.
On this paper, dometic fruits and vegetables as a part of holticulture commodities are used as an object of the research, where the analysis include model identification, predicting model, validating model, and economic policy simulation; hence 3 SLS is using to get a parameter value to predict and support the simulation of results.
The result showed that an explanatory variable (total production) in the model can explain, the model behavior for 73.46 %, while F statistics 4.69 , which means that explanatory variable affect the endogenous variable (total export, total import, and Gross domestic Product) simultaneously and significantly.
At the end, the paper conclude that the research is representative enough to explain the phenomenon of domestic fruits and vegetables market comparing to the interntional market, preferably from China fruits and vegetables commodities. Therefore, some of implications for policy are identified as well, such as (1) improvement of competitiveness domestic holticulture products which include in export tax subsidy, banking credit systems, standardization and labeling product, cost efficiency, physically  and non-physcically infraturucture , complement products, and linkage programme which support the competitiveness; (2) development of agribusiness area through the central area of production and industrial area production; and (3) campaign of local product
Keyword: International trading, simultaneously, and domestic commodities.
Tourism is one of the most significant contributors to the Indonesia growth of economy, based on data from the Indonesia Central Bureau of Statistics in 2012, the share of national tourism to GDP is 13.9 percent and of course the... more
Tourism is one of the most significant contributors to the Indonesia growth of economy, based on data from the Indonesia Central Bureau of Statistics in 2012, the share of national tourism to GDP is 13.9 percent and of course the contribution of the sector to be helpful for the growth of the national economy, through foreign exchange earnings as revenue from tourist consumption. Besides that, it has provided a multiplier effect to other sectors which related to the sectors. Therefore, an improving of the contribution is a one of government’s effort to boost economic growth and increasing the welfare, thus the increasing of tourism investment and trade will be focus in the tourism development program. Meanwhile, the Indonesia Coordinating Board (BKPM) stated the average national investment for the tourism sector is Rp. 2.73 billion or 6 percent from total investment during 2006-2012, in other words an investment in tourism sector has not been able to provide optimal contribution to the national economy development considering to its potential.
The purpose of this study was to analyze the determinants of investment, demand and supply of Indonesian tourism sector. Regarding to answer the problems, this research used series data from 1990 – 2012 periods, by using simultaneous model (2SLS) the model analyzed impact of investment, and international trade of Indonesia tourism sector to the national economic growth. Based on the Two Stages Least Squares method on simultaneous model, the results of the analysis gives some conclusions including: (1) tourism arrivals, tourism expenditure, investment, consumption price index, total consumption, government spending, export and import tourism affected the national tourism demand, (2) Current investment and investment on previous year, total consumption on previous year, and  travel warning have positive impact to national tourism supply, (3) GDP was the most influenced variable beside Indonesia tourism price and neighbor countries’ tourism price as competitors of Indonesia tourism. Finally, the simulations showed the fiscal and monetary policy impact to the national economic tourism sector.
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Tourism is one of the most significant contributors to the Indonesia economy growth, based on data from the Indonesia Central Bureau of Statistics in 2012, the share of national tourism to GDP is 13.9 percent through foreign exchange... more
Tourism is one of the most significant contributors to the Indonesia economy growth, based on data from the Indonesia Central Bureau of Statistics in 2012, the share of national tourism to GDP is 13.9 percent through foreign exchange earnings as revenue from tourist consumption. Besides that, it has provided a multiplier effect to other sectors which related to the sectors. Therefore, the increasing of tourism investment and trade will be focus in the tourism development program to improve the contribution. Meanwhile, the Indonesia Coordinating Board (BKPM) stated the average national investment for the tourism sector is Rp. 2.73 billion or 6 percent from total investment during 2006-2012, in other words an investment in tourism sector has not been able to provide optimal contribution to the national economy development considering to its potential.
The purpose of this study was to analyze the determinants of tourism investment, goods and services, demand and supply flows in Indonesia that used panel data from 1990 – 2012 periods; by applying a panel gravity model, the model analyzed the flow of investment (inward-outward), and international trade of Indonesia tourism sector to the growth of national economy. Based on the model, the results of the analysis give some conclusions including: (1) the magnitude of investment inflows to Indonesia influenced by the population of the country of origin of tourists and distances, (2) the flow of goods and services exports of Indonesian tourism is affected by the distance variable, price of Indonesian tourism in the country of origin of tourists, exchange rate, population, exports of the previous year (3) the flow of goods and services for Indonesian tourism influenced by distance, Indonesian GDP, the exchange rate, the price of Indonesian tourism in the countries of origin of tourists, and imports of goods and services in the Indonesian tourism previously (4) the flow of Indonesian tourism demand, affected by Indonesian GDP, GDP of the country of origin of tourists, Indonesia tourism, Asean Tourism (competitor), and tourism consumption by foreign tourists in Indonesia. (5) the result also define there is relationship between magnitude supply of Indonesian tourism deals with variable-GDP Indonesia, Indonesian tourism price, exchange rate, domestic consumption, and consumption in other countries
Keyword: Flows, investment, international trade, supply and demand tourism
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Artikel ini menggambarkan/menjelaskan kondisi 2 blok perdagangan regional kawasan (Uni Eropa dan Negara-negara Asean) dengan menggunakan model game teori (teori permainan), yang menjelaskan keberhasilan terhadap kondisi internal pasar... more
Artikel ini menggambarkan/menjelaskan kondisi 2 blok perdagangan regional kawasan (Uni Eropa dan Negara-negara Asean) dengan menggunakan model game teori (teori permainan), yang menjelaskan keberhasilan terhadap kondisi internal pasar dalam negeri dari kedua regional daerah tersebut apabila dilaksanakan hubungan dagang bilateral yang berujud usaha/bisnis kartel dari tiap-tiap blok dagang negara-negara tersebut, dimana kondisi pasar tersebut terbentuk dari fungsi permintaan dan biaya sebagai focus parameter yang digunakan dalam mewujudkan kesepakatan dagang dengan tujuan adalah mencapai keuntungan yang maksimum dari tiap-tiap perusahaan yang ada dalam lingkungan regional/wilayah tersebut. Sebagai hasil dari kesepakatan yang telah disetujui oleh para anggota adalah pembentukan usaha/bisnis yang berbentuk kartel pada tiap-tiap internal negara (baik EU maupun Asean), dengan konsentrasi pada hubungan dagang antara perusahaan-perusahaan kartel, biaya, price maximization, dan output yang dihasilkan (sebagai parameter atau tolak ukur keberhasilan). Model Regional Trade Blok dibangun berdasarkan atas keinginan suatu negara yang tergabung dalam kelompok tersebut yang membentuk suatu kesepakatan bersama. Berdasarkan teori sebelumnya (Patinkin, 1967), RTB model terstruktur dari kebutuhan terhadap keinginan untuk mencapai profit maximization, dimana model mikroekonomi pada dasarnya merupakan model dinamika/perubahan yang memiliki keterbatasan yang hanya mampu dijelaskan oleh fenomena satu atau dua variabel yang mempengaruhi. Sehingga dapat dikatakan bahwa sangatlah sulit untuk mengukur keberhasilan kesepakatan yang disebabkan oleh keterbatasan yang dapat disediakan oleh model social bargaining kedalam model RTB (Intrilligrator, 1986). Selain itu juga Kuh Tucker menyarankan untuk mengevaluasi model optimalisasi pada satu perusahaan atas dasar perusahaan yang memiliki keuntungan yang terbesar (Draper & Klingman, 1972). Dari hasil estimasi didapat 1 persamaan yang dapat mengurangi kerugian dan inilah yang merupakan keputusan yang akan dianalisa. Sehingga dalam mengaplikasikan model RTB, penulis bisa mengukur pengaruh dari kebijakan terhadap para kondisi pasar di Negara-negara anggota.
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Since tourism is an economic activity where involving the demand as consumption and supply as providing the all activity. Therefore , the tourism sector occur many problems on mechanism regarding to equilibrium (partially or generally)... more
Since tourism is an economic activity where involving the demand as consumption  and supply as providing the all activity. Therefore , the tourism sector occur many problems on mechanism regarding to equilibrium (partially or generally) and of course the impact .
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Tourism is one of the most significant contributors to the Indonesia economy of growth and trade, with share of national tourism to GDP is 13.9 per cent (BPS RI, 2012), through foreign exchange earnings as revenue from tourist... more
Tourism is one of the most significant contributors to the Indonesia economy of growth and trade, with share of national tourism to GDP is 13.9 per cent (BPS RI, 2012), through foreign exchange earnings as revenue from tourist consumption. As an economic activity, tourism in Indonesia influenced by various factors economic and non-economic domestically and internationally that can influence the development of tourism (supply-demand side). The study purposed to analyze determinants of investment, demand and supply of Indonesian tourism sector. Based on the 2 SLS method on simultaneous model, the results of the analysis are: (1) tourism arrivals, tourism expenditure, investment, CPI, consumption, government spending, export and import tourism affected the national tourism demand, (2) investment, total consumption on previous year, and travel warning have positive impact to national tourism supply, (3) GDP, Indonesia tourism price, and competitor price as competitors of Indonesia tourism was the most influenced variable, (4) International tourism investment in Indonesia has significant impact to the development of tourism, and (5) tourism supply and demand in Indonesia are impacted by international tourism trade (goods/services).
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Perekonomian dunia mengalami proses liberalisasi perdagangan ditandai dengan mulai terbentuknya General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) pada tahun 1947 yang perannya sekarang telah digantikan oleh World Trade Organisation (WTO).... more
Perekonomian dunia mengalami proses liberalisasi perdagangan ditandai dengan mulai terbentuknya General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) pada tahun 1947 yang perannya sekarang telah digantikan oleh World Trade Organisation (WTO). Perdagangan yang lebih liberal tampaknya menjadi tujuan hampir sebagian besar negara di dunia dengan harapan adanya liberalisasi dapat meningkatkan volume dan nilai perdagangan yang pada akhirnya dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi dan kesejahteraan masyarakat. Liberalisasi ditandai salah satunya dengan penurunan atau bahkan penghapusan hambatan perdagangan berupa tarif maupun non tarif. Hambatan perdagangan penting untuk dihapuskan karena tanpa hambatan dapat mendorong arus pergerakan barang dan jasa (flow of goods and services). Berdasarkan salah satu putaran perundingan di WTO yaitu Putaran Uruguay, negara maju memotong besaran tarif sampai sepertiga sedangkan negara berkembang memotong tarif sampai paling besar hanya 40%. Sebelum Putaran Uruguay, rata-rata tarif produk manufaktur di negara maju adalah 6,2% dan negara berkembang adalah 20,5%. Sesudah Putaran Uruguay, rata-rata tarif di negara maju 3,7% dan di negara berkembang 14,4%. Hambatan non tarif seperti kuota, perijinan dan spesifikasi teknis juga secara bertahap dihapuskan tetapi tidak secepat penurunan tarif (www.wto.org). Kebijakan perdagangan Indonesia mengalami masa-masa proteksi dan juga masa liberalisasi. Pada awal 1970-an sampai awal 1980-an, tingkat proteksi di Indonesia masih cukup tinggi. Gencarnya proses liberalisasi perdagangan yang dilakukan tentunya berkaitan dengan tujuan Indonesia untuk mendapatkan gains from trade yang statis maupun dinamis yaitu meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi melalui surplus neraca perdagangan. Liberalisasi perdagangan berhubungan dengan pembukaan akses pasar produk ekspor Indonesia ke dunia. Perdebatan akhir-akhir ini mengenai daya saing produk yang berkaitan dengan adanya keunggulan kompetitif dari produk-produk yang dihasilkan suatu Negara sehingga mampu memberikan nilai tambah yang tinggi dengan cara memperhitungkan semua factor pokok yang mampu mempengaruhi daya saing suatu industry.
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Data panel adalah gabungan antara data runtut waktu (time series) dan data silang (cross section).  Buku ini berisi bagaimana membuat model ekonomi dengan menggunakan data panel dan program Eviews.
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