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Présentation d'une expérimentation de minerai de fer francilien sur le site archéologique d'Orville (95)
The excavations at the Charitopoulos plot (Limenas, Thasos) revealed an important metallurgical context dating to the late Archaic period. In particular, a pear-shaped metallurgical furnace was revealed while its fill and surrounding area... more
The excavations at the Charitopoulos plot (Limenas, Thasos) revealed an important metallurgical context dating to the late Archaic period. In particular, a pear-shaped metallurgical furnace was revealed while its fill and surrounding area was characterized by the abundant presence of slag, fragments of crucibles and furnace lining. Based on the macroscopic examination and instrumental analysis it was shown that the slags and other waste products correspond to the preparation of ternary copper-based alloys (Cu, Sn, Pb). The significance of this finding is highlighted by the fact that the workshop is located within the urban core of Thasos. Based on the analytical results it could be suggested that bronze, containing lead was melted and re- cycled in crucibles at this workshop. Such ternary alloys were mostly used in bronze castings during this
period. The context is of the most significant because ternary alloys are very rare in this period. Also, it provides a precious testimony for bronze cast production in archaic Greece.
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The Aristotle University of Thessaloniki excavation at Karabournaki (2007 and 2008) explored the fill of two neighboring trenches that dates to the 7th-6th c. BC. In the research framework of the archaeometallurgical project of the École... more
The Aristotle University of Thessaloniki excavation
at Karabournaki (2007 and 2008) explored the fill
of two neighboring trenches that dates to the 7th-6th c.
BC. In the research framework of the archaeometallurgical
project of the École Française d’Athènes and
the Université de Lille (UMR 8164 Halma, project HeMEN) in collaboration with the Fitch Laboratory-British
School at Athens and the Laboratory of UCL-Qatar
we conducted investigation on metallurgical material
from Karabournaki.
The investigated material consists in particular of
metallurgical waste (iron working slags, other iron
waste, slag and other copper working waste) and a
cooking vessel which is used for metallurgical operations.
The material was recorded in its entirety in the
HeMEN database. The recording was followed by a
macroscopic study which allowed the classification and
identification of the objects. The macroscopic and
chemical investigation that followed showed that the
iron assemblage presents both variety and consistency.
Iron smithing slags rather indicate long operations and
voluminous productions. On the other hand, the vessel,
which is a quenching tub, must have been used for
objects of relatively small size. Likewise, copper working
waste indicates polyvalence, possibly a polymetallurgical
technical context. Finally the finding of evidence on the processing of other materials (amber? glass?), apart from metals supports the heterogeneous character of the find. Yet the results so far show that during this highly technical, diverse metallurgical activities were taking place at Karabournaki regardless of whether they were practiced in one or more workshops.
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The study of the iron smith’s craft and its productive process has attracted little interest in the context of Ancient Greece. Although many pioneering studies were conducted, both on literary evidence and limited archaeological data, the... more
The study of the iron smith’s craft and its productive process has attracted little interest in the context of Ancient Greece. Although many pioneering studies were conducted, both on literary evidence and limited archaeological data, the rest remain practically unknown. The earliest iron objects in the Aegean appear in the 2nd millennium, but the beginnings of this metallurgical production raises many questions, both in terms of chronology and of the material and cultural conditions of his development. Numerous regions across the Aegean are rich in raw materials, but the presence of archaeometallurgical remains suggests two pioneering areas: firstly the northern Aegean, especially Thasos, and secondly the Peloponnese (Laconia, Argolid, etc.). The major role of Sparta seems to be confirmed by the existing archaeometallurgical studies, but the question of exchanges in raw materials remains crucial. We hope that our concise synopsis, on the basis of the existing data, would stimulate the development of further research. La recherche sur la Grèce ancienne s’est peu préoccupée de l’artisanat du fer et de ses procédés de production. Même si plusieurs études pionnières ont été réalisées, aussi bien sur les textes que sur des données archéologiques limitées, tout reste pratiquement à faire. Si les objets en fer apparaissent dans l’Égée dès le IIe millénaire, les débuts de la métallurgie du fer posent de nombreuses questions, tant pour leur date que pour les conditions matérielles et culturelles de son évolution. De nombreuses régions de Grèce sont riches en matières premières mais les vestiges archéométallurgiques montrent pour l’instant deux grandes zones pionnières : d’une part le Nord de l’Égée, surtout Thasos, et, d’autre part, le Péloponnèse (Laconie, Argolide etc.). Le rôle majeur du fer laconien semble confirmé par l’archéométallurgie, tandis que la question des échanges de matières premières reste cruciale. Nous espérons qu’un premier tableau, à partir des éléments connus par les travaux en cours, pourra stimuler le développement de nouvelles recherches.
The study of the iron smith’s craft and its productive process has attracted little interest in the context of Ancient Greece. Although many pioneering studies were conducted, both on literary evidence and limited archaeological data, the... more
The study of the iron smith’s craft and its productive
process has attracted little interest in the context of
Ancient Greece. Although many pioneering studies were
conducted, both on literary evidence and limited archaeological
data, the rest remain practically unknown. The
earliest iron objects in the Aegean appear in the 2nd millennium,
but the beginnings of this metallurgical production
raises many questions, both in terms of chronology
and of the material and cultural conditions of his development.
Numerous regions across the Aegean are rich in
raw materials, but the presence of archaeometallurgical
remains suggests two pioneering areas: firstly the northern
Aegean, especially Thasos, and secondly the Peloponnese
(Laconia, Argolid, etc.). The major role of Sparta seems to
be confirmed by the existing archaeometallurgical studies,
but the question of exchanges in raw materials remains
crucial. We hope that our concise synopsis, on the basis
of the existing data, would stimulate the development of
further research.
La recherche sur la Grèce ancienne s’est peu préoccupée
de l’artisanat du fer et de ses procédés de production.
Même si plusieurs études pionnières ont été réalisées,
aussi bien sur les textes que sur des données archéologiques
limitées, tout reste pratiquement à faire. Si les objets en fer
apparaissent dans l’Égée dès le IIe millénaire, les débuts de
la métallurgie du fer posent de nombreuses questions, tant
pour leur date que pour les conditions matérielles et culturelles
de son évolution. De nombreuses régions de Grèce
sont riches en matières premières mais les vestiges archéométallurgiques
montrent pour l’instant deux grandes
zones pionnières : d’une part le Nord de l’Égée, surtout
Thasos, et, d’autre part, le Péloponnèse (Laconie, Argolide
etc.). Le rôle majeur du fer laconien semble confirmé par
l’archéométallurgie, tandis que la question des échanges
de matières premières reste cruciale. Nous espérons qu’un
premier tableau, à partir des éléments connus par les travaux
en cours, pourra stimuler le développement de nouvelles
recherches.
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Présentation d'une expérimentation de minerai de fer francilien sur le site archéologique d'Orville (95)
Présentation dans le cadre du catalogue de l'exposition sur La ville antique de Famars, de la chaîne opératoire du fer
La fouille et l’étude approfondie des sites liés à la métallurgie du fer sont relativement fréquentes. Elles sont généralement menées lorsque l’activité sidérurgique présente des dimensions importantes et que des vestiges caractéristiques... more
La fouille et l’étude approfondie des sites liés à la métallurgie du fer sont relativement fréquentes. Elles sont généralement menées lorsque l’activité sidérurgique présente des dimensions importantes et que des vestiges caractéristiques sont observables. On pense, par exemple, aux sites de production de fer et à la découverte de restes de bas fourneaux ou de structures de rejet caractéristiques (ferriers). Il en est de même pour les lieux de post-réduction qui ne sont généralement étudiés que lors de la découverte de fortes concentrations de rejets métallurgiques associées à des structures significatives (sol de forge, foyer, fosse de rejet…). La plupart des études se concentrent donc autour de ces grands pôles de production à la signature bien caractéristique. Mais que faire lorsque l’état de conservation du site ne permet pas de mettre en évidence les traces significatives d’une telle activité ? Ou bien tout simplement lorsque ces activités n’ont laissé que peu d’impact sur le sol et que les seuls indices disponibles pour l’archéologue sont la présence de scories en faible quantité découvertes dans le comblement de plusieurs structures non métallurgiques ? Ces forges de taille plus modeste et répondant à un besoin ponctuel (réparation d’objets, élaboration d’objets manufacturés en fer...) constituent néanmoins un pan important de l’économie du fer qui ne peut être négligé. Malgré cela, force est de constater que les études sur ce type d’espace, pourtant très courant, représentent un des parents pauvres de la recherche archéologique actuelle. Le recours à certaines techniques géophysiques peut permettre de pallier partiellement ce problème.
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An important archaeometallurgical context dating to the Archaic period (700-480 BC) has been excavated at Thasos (Greece). In particular a pear-shaped metallurgical furnace was revealed while its fill and surrounding area was... more
An important archaeometallurgical context dating to the Archaic period (700-480 BC) has been
excavated at Thasos (Greece). In particular a pear-shaped metallurgical furnace was revealed
while its fill and surrounding area was characterized by the abundant presence of slag,
fragments of crucibles and furnace lining. Based on macroscopic examination and
instrumental analysis it was shown that the slags and other waste products correspond to
the melting and recycling of bronze. The significance of this finding is highlighted by the
fact that the workshop is located within the urban core of Thasos. Based on the analytical
results it could be suggested that bronze, containing lead was melted and recycled in
crucibles at this workshop. Such ternary alloys were mostly used in bronze castings during
this period. The results presented here contribute to a better understanding of certain
metallurgical practices which were incorporated to the long technological tradition of Thasos. It's a first version ; a new full version will follow.
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