A novel isolation of oil palm empty fruit bunch lignocellulose nanofibers (LCNFs) was successfull... more A novel isolation of oil palm empty fruit bunch lignocellulose nanofibers (LCNFs) was successfully applied using multimechanical stages assisted with different vibration milling times. Morphology, physical, chemical , and thermal properties of LCNFs were studied. All LCNF samples were agglomerated due to hornification process during the drying of its suspension. The external surface of the nanofibers was irregular, uneven, folding, and unsmooth with approximate nanofibers diameter of above 100 nm. The optimal size of oil palm empty bunch LCNFs was in the range of 53.72–446.80 nm. Bio-oil was suspended in all LCNF samples after analysis with GC–MS in which the most dominant extractives were aromatic and oxygenated compounds. The increase in milling time could lead to the decrease in silica and oxygen elemental compositions. IR analysis revealed that there were no pronounced changes of transmittance peaks during vibration milling processes. The increase in milling time induced the decrease in atomic crystal size of LCNFs but the increase in crystallinity index from 7 to 17 milling times. A pre-treatment of 7 vibration milling times to LCNFs brought about the lowest thermal stability.
Dry disk milling has been proven as a feasible mechanical process for obtaining finer particles. ... more Dry disk milling has been proven as a feasible mechanical process for obtaining finer particles. The milling was used to pulverize oven-heat untreated and treated oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fibers into micro to nano-sized fibers. Scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size analyser, fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry tests were performed for dry-milled OPEFB fibers with three different temperatures (unheated sample, 100 °C, and 190 °C for 15 min). The properties of oven-heat untreated and treated OPEFB fibers were noticeably shifted due to dry disk milling processes. Irregular cut-edge, unsmooth, uneven and damaged external structures with varied foldings and scars were found in the fibers. Dry disk milling was able to reduce the crys-tallinity index of oven-heat untreated and treated OPEFB fibers. The XRD spectra of the fibers were similar with JCPDS Card No: 46-1932. Median particle size of the fibers in the range of 100–1000 nm was successfully obtained by means of dry disk milling for 27 min at 2895 rpm. Dry milled fibers of both treated and untreated fibers contained of C (47.64–51.71%), O (43.33–46.09%), K (1.38–3.95%) and Si (0.37–1.70%). Cementing agents existed after the milling whereas silica bodies were tremendously removed. Thermal stability of dry-milled OPEFB fibers varied with dry disk milling assisted oven-heat treatments.
A novel isolation of oil palm empty fruit bunch lignocellulose nanofibers (LCNFs) was successfull... more A novel isolation of oil palm empty fruit bunch lignocellulose nanofibers (LCNFs) was successfully applied using multimechanical stages assisted with different vibration milling times. Morphology, physical, chemical , and thermal properties of LCNFs were studied. All LCNF samples were agglomerated due to hornification process during the drying of its suspension. The external surface of the nanofibers was irregular, uneven, folding, and unsmooth with approximate nanofibers diameter of above 100 nm. The optimal size of oil palm empty bunch LCNFs was in the range of 53.72–446.80 nm. Bio-oil was suspended in all LCNF samples after analysis with GC–MS in which the most dominant extractives were aromatic and oxygenated compounds. The increase in milling time could lead to the decrease in silica and oxygen elemental compositions. IR analysis revealed that there were no pronounced changes of transmittance peaks during vibration milling processes. The increase in milling time induced the decrease in atomic crystal size of LCNFs but the increase in crystallinity index from 7 to 17 milling times. A pre-treatment of 7 vibration milling times to LCNFs brought about the lowest thermal stability.
Dry disk milling has been proven as a feasible mechanical process for obtaining finer particles. ... more Dry disk milling has been proven as a feasible mechanical process for obtaining finer particles. The milling was used to pulverize oven-heat untreated and treated oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fibers into micro to nano-sized fibers. Scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size analyser, fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry tests were performed for dry-milled OPEFB fibers with three different temperatures (unheated sample, 100 °C, and 190 °C for 15 min). The properties of oven-heat untreated and treated OPEFB fibers were noticeably shifted due to dry disk milling processes. Irregular cut-edge, unsmooth, uneven and damaged external structures with varied foldings and scars were found in the fibers. Dry disk milling was able to reduce the crys-tallinity index of oven-heat untreated and treated OPEFB fibers. The XRD spectra of the fibers were similar with JCPDS Card No: 46-1932. Median particle size of the fibers in the range of 100–1000 nm was successfully obtained by means of dry disk milling for 27 min at 2895 rpm. Dry milled fibers of both treated and untreated fibers contained of C (47.64–51.71%), O (43.33–46.09%), K (1.38–3.95%) and Si (0.37–1.70%). Cementing agents existed after the milling whereas silica bodies were tremendously removed. Thermal stability of dry-milled OPEFB fibers varied with dry disk milling assisted oven-heat treatments.
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